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Existing and new evidence on the effects of airline hubs. 关于航空枢纽影响的现有和新证据。
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1400/16903
Kai Hüschelrath, M. Schnell
We review evidence on airline hubs and supplement existing literature by our own data. We start with an outline of how hubs can be classified, followed by an analysis of the drivers of the importance of hubs to airlines and an investigation of whether regions differ in the intensity of hubbing. Subsequently, we review empirical studies that deal with the location of hubs and with the effects that hubs have on the hub operator, passengers and competition. Finally, we outline questions not yet answered by evidence and discuss the future of hubs. jel Classification: L 93
我们回顾了航空枢纽的证据,并用我们自己的数据补充了现有的文献。我们首先概述了如何对枢纽进行分类,然后分析了枢纽对航空公司重要性的驱动因素,并调查了各地区在枢纽密集度上是否存在差异。随后,我们回顾了处理枢纽位置的实证研究,以及枢纽对枢纽运营商、乘客和竞争的影响。最后,我们概述了证据尚未回答的问题,并讨论了枢纽的未来。凝胶等级:l93
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引用次数: 10
Supply chain bottlenecks: border crossing inefficiences between Mexicoi and the United States. 供应链瓶颈:墨西哥和美国之间的过境效率低下。
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1400/16909
M. P. Londono-Kent, H. Haralambides
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引用次数: 29
AN AIR TRAFFIC DEMAND FORECASTING MODEL APPLIED TO SANTANDER AIRPORT 应用于桑坦德机场的空中交通需求预测模型
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1400/16910
P. Coto-Millán, R. Sainz-Gonzáles, V. Sabando, G. Carrera-Gómez
The main contribution of this study is its use of the Box-Jenkins method to estimate passenger demand models for two different demand segments: business travel and leisure travel. This research presents an air traffic forecasting model based on an arima model. Firstly, we offer the intervention model for Easter, the number of working days and the impact of the iberia strike. Then we analyze day of week impact and carry out the forecasting. jel Classification: C53, L93, R41.
本研究的主要贡献在于它使用了Box-Jenkins方法来估计两个不同需求细分的乘客需求模型:商务旅行和休闲旅行。本文提出了一种基于arima模型的空中交通预测模型。首先给出复活节、工作日数和伊比利亚罢工影响的干预模型。然后对周影响进行分析,并进行预测。凝胶分类:C53、L93、R41。
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引用次数: 1
Asset revaluation and company rates of return in the shipping industry 航运业的资产重估和公司回报率
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2003-10-01 DOI: 10.1400/16890
G. Wright
Shipping entities have in the past, on average, reported poor financial performance and yet have continued to retain and attract capital. This paper explores this apparent contradiction by investigating how alternative approaches to the question of asset revaluation affect financial performance calculations. Asset revaluation has traditionally been seen as reducing the value of assets in company accounts to reflect depreciation. However, economic theory suggests asset values are determined by expected future earnings, with fluctuations in expectations leading to increases or decreases in asset prices. In such circumstances, the use of the traditional accounting approach to calculate company rates of return will lead to errors. To illustrate this finding, data on the 120,000 dwt dry bulk carrier market is used to calculate company financial performance, defined as the 1 year rate of return, for a hypothetical single vessel shipping company on both the traditional accounting basis and the economic basis. The 2 approaches produce results that are both quantitatively different and uncorrelated, indicating that past use of the traditional method has resulted in an inaccurate, distorted picture of the financial performance of the shipping industry.
航运实体过去的平均财务表现不佳,但仍继续保留和吸引资本。本文通过研究资产重估问题的替代方法如何影响财务绩效计算,探讨了这一明显的矛盾。传统上,资产重估被视为减少公司账户中资产的价值,以反映折旧。然而,经济理论表明,资产价值是由预期的未来收益决定的,预期的波动会导致资产价格的上涨或下跌。在这种情况下,使用传统的会计方法来计算公司收益率将导致错误。为了说明这一发现,使用120,000载重吨干散货船市场的数据来计算公司财务绩效,并将其定义为假设的单船航运公司在传统会计基础和经济基础上的1年收益率。这两种方法产生的结果在数量上不同且不相关,表明过去使用传统方法导致了航运业财务业绩的不准确和扭曲的情况。
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引用次数: 0
THE MEASUREMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF PORTUGUESE SEA PORT AUTHORITIES WITH DEA 用dea衡量葡萄牙海港管理效率
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2003-10-01 DOI: 10.1400/16891
C. Barros
This paper analyzes the technical efficiency and technological change of Portuguese seaports. Depending on the managerial procedure adopted by management, improvements or deterioration of efficiency can be induced. In order to analyze the efficiency of the aforementioned activity, a benchmark procedure is employed: data envelopment analysis (DEA), which permits the separation of total productivity into technical efficiency and technological change. It is found that the seaport authorities, which are state-owned but in some cases have private exploration, did not achieve total productivity improvements in the period considered, with most of them achieving improvements in technical efficiency, but not all advancing in technological change, thus denoting that there is room for further improvement in this activity.
本文分析了葡萄牙海港的技术效率和技术变革。根据管理部门所采用的管理程序,可以提高或降低效率。为了分析上述活动的效率,采用了一个基准程序:数据包络分析(DEA),它允许将总生产率分离为技术效率和技术变革。报告发现,在本报告所述期间,国有港口当局(但在某些情况下有私人勘探)没有实现总体生产率的提高,其中大多数海港当局实现了技术效率的提高,但并非所有海港当局都在技术变革方面取得了进展,因此表明这一活动还有进一步改进的空间。
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引用次数: 130
Airport Marginal Cost Pricing: Discussion and an Application to Swedish Airports 机场边际成本定价:探讨及在瑞典机场的应用
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2003-10-01 DOI: 10.1400/16888
F. Carlsson
We derive an optimal airport-pricing model, both with and without a constraint on the revenues, that includes all relevant external marginal costs,. Given the results of the model we discuss the implications on the profit of airports, and find that given that the proceeds of the environmental charges are seen as revenue for the airport, it is not obvious that a marginal cost-pricing scheme would result in financial deficits for the airports, this despite the reasonable assumption of increasing returns to scale in airport capacity. Using relatively crude estimates of the marginal costs, we compare the current pricing scheme with a marginal cost pricing scheme. We find that the effect on revenues of moving towards a marginal cost pricing scheme may not be so dramatic; especially not if the marginal external costs include estimated marginal costs of CO2 emissions.
我们推导了一个最优机场定价模型,包括所有相关的外部边际成本,该模型对收入有和没有限制。鉴于模型的结果,我们讨论了对机场利润的影响,并发现,考虑到环境费用的收益被视为机场的收入,边际成本定价方案会导致机场的财政赤字并不明显,尽管机场容量的规模回报增加是合理的假设。使用相对粗略的边际成本估计,我们比较了当前定价方案与边际成本定价方案。我们发现,转向边际成本定价方案对收入的影响可能没有那么显著;尤其是如果边际外部成本包括二氧化碳排放的估计边际成本的话。
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引用次数: 13
Does airport regulation benefit consumers 机场管制对消费者有利吗
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2003-06-01 DOI: 10.1400/16884
C. Barbot
Airport regulation is aimed to impose price caps or other schemes on services supplied by airports to airlines that use them. However, it is not clear that regulation benefits the final consumers, the passengers. In the context of a very simple model, this paper finds out that this doesn’t always happen, and that passengers may be worse off with price capping than in an unregulated equilibrium. Besides, the paper provides an insight of the results of other regulation approaches (other than price caps) that have been suggested for airports.
机场监管旨在对机场向航空公司提供的服务实施价格上限或其他方案。然而,目前尚不清楚监管是否有利于最终消费者,即乘客。在一个非常简单的模型的背景下,本文发现这种情况并不总是发生,并且乘客在价格上限下的情况可能比在不受管制的均衡中更糟糕。此外,本文还提供了对机场建议的其他监管方法(除了价格上限)的结果的见解。
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引用次数: 28
A Private-Public comparison of bus service operators. 巴士服务营办商公私比较。
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2003-06-01 DOI: 10.1400/16880
T. Urakami, F. Mizutani
Due to the steady increase in the use of private autos in Japan, the bus business is facing hard times. In particular, bus services owned by public organizations have been struggling with increases in operating deficits and subsidies, so that recently in many cities there has been a call for restructuring. Publicly and privately owned bus operators co-exist in the Japanese market. Although their financial situation is not completely healthy, privately owned bus operators have performed better than their publicly owned counterparts. The main purpose of this study is to find the key factors causing the differences in efficiency between private and public bus operators, especially in these areas: efficiency in service production, wage, utilization of vehicles, and cost. In this study, we will make an analysis using observations of both private and public bus operators in the Kansai region in Japan for the five years from 1996 to 2000. After we examine the performance differences between the two sectors, we will estimate with econometric methods certain functions such as the production function of bus services and the wage function. Based on these functions, we will evaluate the differences in efficiency between private and public bus operators.
由于日本私家车使用量的持续增长,公共汽车行业正面临困难时期。特别是公共机关公共汽车公司,由于经营赤字和补助金的增加,最近在很多城市出现了结构调整的呼声。在日本市场上,公共和私营巴士运营商并存。虽然他们的财务状况不是完全健康,但私营巴士公司的表现比公共巴士公司要好。本研究的主要目的是找出造成私营和公共巴士运营商之间效率差异的关键因素,特别是在这些方面:服务生产效率,工资,车辆利用率和成本。在本研究中,我们将对日本关西地区从1996年到2000年的五年间的私人和公共巴士运营商进行分析。在我们研究了两个部门之间的绩效差异之后,我们将用计量经济学方法估计某些函数,如公共汽车服务的生产函数和工资函数。基于这些功能,我们将评估私营和公共巴士运营商之间的效率差异。
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引用次数: 23
Urban environment and travel times to work 城市环境和上班时间
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2003-06-01 DOI: 10.1400/16881
S. Mainardi
The increasingly long time spent on daily travels to work causes heavy economic and non-economic losses in many cities worldwide. Possible determinants of the length of urban trips to work can be found at different levels of spatial focus, based on demographic, socioeconomic, and transport infrastructure characteristics. Following a brief review of two broad hypotheses, the paper discusses theoretical fundamentals and results of alternative duration models applied to average work travel times across 92 cities in 66 countries. Estimates are fairly robust to sample size and specification of the hazard rate. Relatively smaller and /or wealthier cities tend to have higher hazard ratios, thus implying reduced average time spent in work trips. In two out of five parametric models, the shape of the hazard function is non-monotonic, with duration dependence changing from positive into mildly negative at a long spell stage. This outcome may be interpreted as a sign of possible 'stickiness' of travel time beyond a certain threshold of high urban congestion.
每天花在上班路上的时间越来越长,在世界上许多城市造成了严重的经济和非经济损失。根据人口、社会经济和交通基础设施的特征,可以在不同的空间焦点水平上找到城市上班旅行长度的可能决定因素。在简要回顾了两个广泛的假设之后,本文讨论了适用于66个国家92个城市的平均工作旅行时间的替代持续时间模型的理论基础和结果。估计是相当稳健的样本量和危险率的规格。相对较小和/或较富裕的城市往往具有较高的风险比,因此意味着在工作旅行中花费的平均时间减少。在5个参数模型中,有2个模型的风险函数形状是非单调的,在较长的时间阶段,风险函数的时值依赖从正变为轻度负。这一结果可能被解释为旅行时间可能“粘性”的标志,超过了城市高度拥堵的某个阈值。
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引用次数: 1
Impact of shuttle rates on local grain flows. 穿梭速度对当地粮食流动的影响。
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2003-02-01 DOI: 10.1400/16866
K. Button, K. Vachal
Investment in shuttle elevators and the ability of these facilities to utilize the more competitive rates in attracting grain have the potential to influence future local grain flow patterns. This analysis provides an estimate of how shuttle train rates will impact grain flows in North Dakota's grain gathering network. In comparative terms, 2% of the elevators may originate up to 32% of the average annual flows of the grain produced in the state grains. Increased concentration of bushels has implications for local roads, elevators, short-line railroads, bridge infrastructure and local communities.
对穿梭升降机的投资以及这些设施利用更具竞争力的价格吸引粮食的能力有可能影响当地未来的粮食流动模式。这一分析提供了穿梭列车费率将如何影响北达科他州粮食收集网络的粮食流动的估计。相比之下,2%的升降机可能源于国家谷物生产的粮食年平均流量的32%。蒲式耳的日益集中对当地的道路、电梯、短线铁路、桥梁基础设施和当地社区都有影响。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
International Journal of Transport Economics
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