This paper examines the role of ports in the economy of Sardinia by means of the employment generated by port and port-related industries. The subject is important since Sardinia and other Mediterranean islands suff er from chronic unemployment and poor economic performance. The increase of the Europe-Asia commercial fl ows, the European Union enlargement and the renewed centrality of the Mediterranean have induced optimistic expectations on the development opportunities that may be created for the island communities by the maritime and port sectors. The employment generated by the maritime and port industry is an essential, although partial, measurement of the development impact of ports. Therefore its quantifi cation is indispensable in order to correctly estimate the impacts that a more central role of the Mediterranean might have on the local island economies. In the case of Sardinia, ports generate approximately three percent of the total island employment, and over eight percent on average of the employment of the single municipalities. This result adds to the vital role that ports have to play as transportation nodes and in creating value added.
{"title":"The Role of Ports in the Development of Mediterranean Islands","authors":"M. Acciaro","doi":"10.1400/99565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/99565","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the role of ports in the economy of Sardinia by means of the employment generated by port and port-related industries. The subject is important since Sardinia and other Mediterranean islands suff er from chronic unemployment and poor economic performance. The increase of the Europe-Asia commercial fl ows, the European Union enlargement and the renewed centrality of the Mediterranean have induced optimistic expectations on the development opportunities that may be created for the island communities by the maritime and port sectors. The employment generated by the maritime and port industry is an essential, although partial, measurement of the development impact of ports. Therefore its quantifi cation is indispensable in order to correctly estimate the impacts that a more central role of the Mediterranean might have on the local island economies. In the case of Sardinia, ports generate approximately three percent of the total island employment, and over eight percent on average of the employment of the single municipalities. This result adds to the vital role that ports have to play as transportation\u0000nodes and in creating value added.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"99 1","pages":"295-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74031587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order for Norwegian ferry industry short-run, medium-term and long-run marginal costs (LRMC) to be simultaneously estimated, there is application of a multi-product cost model. Three capacity utilization measures define the independent variable whose interrelationships are used to calculate marginal cost concepts. In this model, capacity utilization's important role is specifically addressed. Fares should be based on marginal costs for welfare to be maximized. Norwegian ferry industry 2003 empirical data shows that with respect to LRMC, short-distance crossing passengers are charged relatively higher than long-distance crossing passengers. From a marginal-cost pricing perspective, therefore, this highly regulated industry's fare scheme is not welfare optimal.
{"title":"Marginal Costs and Capacity Utilization: Calculating Short-Run, Medium-Term, and Long-Run Marginal Costs in the Ferry Industry","authors":"T. Mathisen","doi":"10.1400/99568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/99568","url":null,"abstract":"In order for Norwegian ferry industry short-run, medium-term and long-run marginal costs (LRMC) to be simultaneously estimated, there is application of a multi-product cost model. Three capacity utilization measures define the independent variable whose interrelationships are used to calculate marginal cost concepts. In this model, capacity utilization's important role is specifically addressed. Fares should be based on marginal costs for welfare to be maximized. Norwegian ferry industry 2003 empirical data shows that with respect to LRMC, short-distance crossing passengers are charged relatively higher than long-distance crossing passengers. From a marginal-cost pricing perspective, therefore, this highly regulated industry's fare scheme is not welfare optimal.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"16 1","pages":"373-389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84420875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A homogeneous economic impact analysis of a selection of Western Mediterranean leisure ports is presented by the authors. Leontif's quantities model and input-output analysis quantify impact. Comparative analysis of various port infrastructures is possible because of this study. The authors can ascertain such installations' direct, indirect, and induced effects on the area when they are located when study results are used as a basis.
{"title":"Economic impact of western Mediterranean leisure ports","authors":"J. Guerrero, Luisa Martí Selva, R. P. Medina","doi":"10.1400/96866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/96866","url":null,"abstract":"A homogeneous economic impact analysis of a selection of Western Mediterranean leisure ports is presented by the authors. Leontif's quantities model and input-output analysis quantify impact. Comparative analysis of various port infrastructures is possible because of this study. The authors can ascertain such installations' direct, indirect, and induced effects on the area when they are located when study results are used as a basis.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":"1000-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72735223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the backdrop of a steep rise in the volume of air cargo, an ever expanding openness in trade policy, and increased international market integration, there is development of an empirical model for relationships to be examined between trade policy, air freight volume and per capita GDP openness. For the sample consisting of OECD member countries during the 1970-2002 period, Pedroni's panel cointegration test is used and fully modified OLS techniques are employed. Cointegrated relationship among these variables are fully supported by the empirical findings, with air freight shocks and positive trade accounting for marked real per capita GDP contributions. That air cargo is indeed an economic growth stimulation engine via the channel of openness is confirmed through a panel seemingly unrelated regression estimation. Important policy implications for policymakers emerge in sample countries from concrete evidence.
{"title":"Air Cargo as an Impetus for Economic Growth through the Channel of Openness : the Case of OECD Countries.","authors":"Y. Ying, Chun-ping Chang, M. Hsieh","doi":"10.1400/91930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/91930","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of a steep rise in the volume of air cargo, an ever expanding openness in trade policy, and increased international market integration, there is development of an empirical model for relationships to be examined between trade policy, air freight volume and per capita GDP openness. For the sample consisting of OECD member countries during the 1970-2002 period, Pedroni's panel cointegration test is used and fully modified OLS techniques are employed. Cointegrated relationship among these variables are fully supported by the empirical findings, with air freight shocks and positive trade accounting for marked real per capita GDP contributions. That air cargo is indeed an economic growth stimulation engine via the channel of openness is confirmed through a panel seemingly unrelated regression estimation. Important policy implications for policymakers emerge in sample countries from concrete evidence.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"22 1","pages":"31-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88571866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of Chinese airport efficiency has been largely neglected, despite the Chinese civil aviation industry's recent impressive growth. The authors used the Data Envelopment Analysis and Endogenous-Weight Total Factor Productivity methods to study Chinese airport operational efficiency at 41 facilities, including regional airports, regional hubs, and international hubs. The study's empirical results show that among Chinese airports there is a statistically significant operational efficiency variation, and that strongly increasing returns to scale are exhibited by most Chinese airports, especially relatively efficient ones. Accordingly, a significant widening of the efficiency gap between Chinese airports may occur if investment is focused solely on efficient airports. A policy may need to be devised by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, therefore, not only to improve the operational efficiency of major airports, but also to maintain balanced regional airport development nationwide.
{"title":"Measuring the Efficiency of Ariports in China with the DEA and Endogenous-Weight TFP Methods.","authors":"C. Chow, M. Fung, J. Law, Y. V. Hui","doi":"10.1400/91931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/91931","url":null,"abstract":"The study of Chinese airport efficiency has been largely neglected, despite the Chinese civil aviation industry's recent impressive growth. The authors used the Data Envelopment Analysis and Endogenous-Weight Total Factor Productivity methods to study Chinese airport operational efficiency at 41 facilities, including regional airports, regional hubs, and international hubs. The study's empirical results show that among Chinese airports there is a statistically significant operational efficiency variation, and that strongly increasing returns to scale are exhibited by most Chinese airports, especially relatively efficient ones. Accordingly, a significant widening of the efficiency gap between Chinese airports may occur if investment is focused solely on efficient airports. A policy may need to be devised by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, therefore, not only to improve the operational efficiency of major airports, but also to maintain balanced regional airport development nationwide.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"1000-1029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86792121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Progressive total factor productivity changes of U.S. transit systems are examined in this paper using non-parametric frontier techniques. Farrell's measure or single period efficiency measures for 1982-2001 were applied to the first part of the analysis. Then the panel data had the Malmquist productivity index applied to it, and, for the period 1982 to 2001 for transit systems, the total factor productivity growth was partitioned into technical efficiency change and technological progress. There can be further partitioning of the efficiency measure into scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency, as the analysis gives, since there is application of variable return to scale. That analysis results revealed that transit system average loss was .10 percent for the sample, with the decline attributed to efficiency, was available through empirical results applying the Malmquist productivity index.
{"title":"Performance Measurement of U.S. Transit Systems, 1982-2001","authors":"B. Sloboda","doi":"10.1400/91929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/91929","url":null,"abstract":"Progressive total factor productivity changes of U.S. transit systems are examined in this paper using non-parametric frontier techniques. Farrell's measure or single period efficiency measures for 1982-2001 were applied to the first part of the analysis. Then the panel data had the Malmquist productivity index applied to it, and, for the period 1982 to 2001 for transit systems, the total factor productivity growth was partitioned into technical efficiency change and technological progress. There can be further partitioning of the efficiency measure into scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency, as the analysis gives, since there is application of variable return to scale. That analysis results revealed that transit system average loss was .10 percent for the sample, with the decline attributed to efficiency, was available through empirical results applying the Malmquist productivity index.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"53 1","pages":"1000-1016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89866339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Koshal, Manjulika Koshal, Yuko Yamada, S. Miyazima, Keizo Yamamoto
A partial adjustment model is suggested and estimated by this study in order to explore the relationship between per capita income, price of substitute goods, and price of gasoline in Japan. The suggested model is estimated through application of the ordinary squares methods to 1957-99 time-series data. That income, price of substitute goods, price of gasoline, and previous consumption behavior are significant variables in determining gasoline consumption in Japan is suggested through study statistical analysis. In the short run, gasoline demand elasticity is inelastic with respect to income and price, 0.296 and -0.115 respectively. In the long run, however, with respect to gasoline demands, there is a tendency for income to be slightly elastic, 1.056, with price elasticity remaining inelastic, -0.411.
{"title":"DEMAND FOR GASOLINE IN JAPAN","authors":"R. Koshal, Manjulika Koshal, Yuko Yamada, S. Miyazima, Keizo Yamamoto","doi":"10.1400/80991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/80991","url":null,"abstract":"A partial adjustment model is suggested and estimated by this study in order to explore the relationship between per capita income, price of substitute goods, and price of gasoline in Japan. The suggested model is estimated through application of the ordinary squares methods to 1957-99 time-series data. That income, price of substitute goods, price of gasoline, and previous consumption behavior are significant variables in determining gasoline consumption in Japan is suggested through study statistical analysis. In the short run, gasoline demand elasticity is inelastic with respect to income and price, 0.296 and -0.115 respectively. In the long run, however, with respect to gasoline demands, there is a tendency for income to be slightly elastic, 1.056, with price elasticity remaining inelastic, -0.411.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"28 3-4 1","pages":"1000-1017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83863455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors present a framework for investigating Spanish airport economic efficiency, since the airport industry ensures that international air services that are fully competitive are accessible to cities. The authors review literature on different methodologies for measuring and actual measurement of airport efficiency to gain insight into airport typology proposals. All possible airport business forms, including public service, political opportunist, and commercial, fall within the investigation's scope. Two ideal airport types are presented by the authors in the resulting typology: mavericks and public service facilities or political opportunists. Using one-way analysis and cross-efficiency methodology of variance using "peered" and "self" multipliers to assess airport typology research, the authors demonstrate that there is robust economic performance by the mavericks, while the other group is highly dependent on multiplier selection. Maverick classification, which does not depend on multiplier selection, is quite stable. The authors recommend how economic efficiency can be fostered by further research that typology can contribute to.
{"title":"Political Opportunists and Mavericks? A Typology of Spanish Airports","authors":"C. Román, Juan Carlos Martín","doi":"10.1400/68085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/68085","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present a framework for investigating Spanish airport economic efficiency, since the airport industry ensures that international air services that are fully competitive are accessible to cities. The authors review literature on different methodologies for measuring and actual measurement of airport efficiency to gain insight into airport typology proposals. All possible airport business forms, including public service, political opportunist, and commercial, fall within the investigation's scope. Two ideal airport types are presented by the authors in the resulting typology: mavericks and public service facilities or political opportunists. Using one-way analysis and cross-efficiency methodology of variance using \"peered\" and \"self\" multipliers to assess airport typology research, the authors demonstrate that there is robust economic performance by the mavericks, while the other group is highly dependent on multiplier selection. Maverick classification, which does not depend on multiplier selection, is quite stable. The authors recommend how economic efficiency can be fostered by further research that typology can contribute to.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1000-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74439355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors discuss how trip makers' route choice behavior is influenced by travel time valuation and variation levels on a road side variable message sign (VMS) board's instantaneous traffic information. The authors study two types of trip makers - taxi and private car - in two Kolkata Metro City, India competitive taxi traffic corridors. Both random parameter logit (RPL) and multinomial logit (MNL) models are used to capture responses for travel time and its variation level values estimation through a stated preference (choice based) experiment. Two RPL model types are developed assuming random parameters constrained triangular distribution: one with random parameter mean (i.e. travel time) surrounded by accounting heterogeneity and the other with independent choice sets. Valuing different levels of variation shows non-linearity existence. The authors note that mean travel time estimation heterogeneity is decomposed through trip purpose and family income.
{"title":"Valuing Travel Time and Its Variation Level Projected as Traffic Information on a Roadside VMS Board : A SP Approach","authors":"B. Maitra, Debasis Basu","doi":"10.1400/68084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/68084","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss how trip makers' route choice behavior is influenced by travel time valuation and variation levels on a road side variable message sign (VMS) board's instantaneous traffic information. The authors study two types of trip makers - taxi and private car - in two Kolkata Metro City, India competitive taxi traffic corridors. Both random parameter logit (RPL) and multinomial logit (MNL) models are used to capture responses for travel time and its variation level values estimation through a stated preference (choice based) experiment. Two RPL model types are developed assuming random parameters constrained triangular distribution: one with random parameter mean (i.e. travel time) surrounded by accounting heterogeneity and the other with independent choice sets. Valuing different levels of variation shows non-linearity existence. The authors note that mean travel time estimation heterogeneity is decomposed through trip purpose and family income.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"37 1","pages":"1000-1019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80110666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors discuss how San Francisco Bay area automobile traffic across the Golden Gate Bridge was impacted by the toll hike in September 2002. Using a recursive estimation technique, repeatedly updated toll elasticities for each day of the week are obtained. Results suggest that researchers analyzing given fixed sample size based toll elasticity estimates should be cautious, and that two or more years are needed for bridge users to fully adjust to a toll increase, since estimates begin to stabilize after 24 to 30 months of considerable instability being exhibited.
{"title":"Does the Sample Size Matter in Estimating Toll Elasticity","authors":"Yasuo Nishiyama, R. Courtney","doi":"10.1400/68086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/68086","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss how San Francisco Bay area automobile traffic across the Golden Gate Bridge was impacted by the toll hike in September 2002. Using a recursive estimation technique, repeatedly updated toll elasticities for each day of the week are obtained. Results suggest that researchers analyzing given fixed sample size based toll elasticity estimates should be cautious, and that two or more years are needed for bridge users to fully adjust to a toll increase, since estimates begin to stabilize after 24 to 30 months of considerable instability being exhibited.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"21 1","pages":"1000-1010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85287010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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