Using a Becker (1965) setup to model household time allocation in atmospheric externality taxation requires modification if Sandmo's (1975) traditional additivity property is used. The author discusses important direct transportation sector consequences since the externality taxes of time saving activities should be reduced, making traditional marginal cost pricing arguments lose some of their appeal.
{"title":"Externalities, Taxation and Time Allocation","authors":"J. Nielsen","doi":"10.1400/68087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/68087","url":null,"abstract":"Using a Becker (1965) setup to model household time allocation in atmospheric externality taxation requires modification if Sandmo's (1975) traditional additivity property is used. The author discusses important direct transportation sector consequences since the externality taxes of time saving activities should be reduced, making traditional marginal cost pricing arguments lose some of their appeal.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"102 1","pages":"1000-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77235389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A JR is one of several freight and passenger railway companies created in 1987 after Japan National Railway (JNR) was privatized and separated. The authors use econometric techniques to examine total factor productivity (TFP) increases and to analyze how performance has changed among the JRs. The authors also examine whether, before privatization, capital input overcapitalization existed. Privatization raised annual TFP growth by 1.62%, bringing total annual TFP growth to 2.97% after privatization. Privatization has largely corrected the former JNR's over-capitalization.
{"title":"The Effect of Privatization on Productivity and Capital Adjustment","authors":"Shuji Uranishi, F. Mizutani","doi":"10.1400/68083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/68083","url":null,"abstract":"A JR is one of several freight and passenger railway companies created in 1987 after Japan National Railway (JNR) was privatized and separated. The authors use econometric techniques to examine total factor productivity (TFP) increases and to analyze how performance has changed among the JRs. The authors also examine whether, before privatization, capital input overcapitalization existed. Privatization raised annual TFP growth by 1.62%, bringing total annual TFP growth to 2.97% after privatization. Privatization has largely corrected the former JNR's over-capitalization.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"156 1","pages":"1000-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73447668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors consider the policy making process in greater detail by examining several successful implementation processes' key driving forces during the last decade. These processes share a tailor-made management approach which combines a solid process approach with a thorough analysis to allow decisive policy changes. An objective and transparent instrument is provided through the thorough analysis to facilitate fact-based discussion. All stakeholders are involved in the process from its beginning in the process approach so that insight into differences in expectations and perspectives may be gained as well as to seek solutions to arguments that are sometimes subjective and to help build bridges. One of the approach's distinguishing features has turned out to be assisting all parties in addressing (sub)problems systematically after bringing all parties together organically, and this feature has laid the ground for many successfully introduced policy changes. Discussion can be quite considerably facilitated if all stakeholders understand how different perspectives may impact it, specifically. The article also discusses how European decision-making processes may benefit from the approach, although it is mainly discussed in regard to the Netherlands.
{"title":"Transport Policy That Works: How to Decide?","authors":"C. Peeters, H. Webers","doi":"10.1400/68082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/68082","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider the policy making process in greater detail by examining several successful implementation processes' key driving forces during the last decade. These processes share a tailor-made management approach which combines a solid process approach with a thorough analysis to allow decisive policy changes. An objective and transparent instrument is provided through the thorough analysis to facilitate fact-based discussion. All stakeholders are involved in the process from its beginning in the process approach so that insight into differences in expectations and perspectives may be gained as well as to seek solutions to arguments that are sometimes subjective and to help build bridges. One of the approach's distinguishing features has turned out to be assisting all parties in addressing (sub)problems systematically after bringing all parties together organically, and this feature has laid the ground for many successfully introduced policy changes. Discussion can be quite considerably facilitated if all stakeholders understand how different perspectives may impact it, specifically. The article also discusses how European decision-making processes may benefit from the approach, although it is mainly discussed in regard to the Netherlands.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"24 1","pages":"1000-1017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82207992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A number of authors have recently argued that the selection of the distributional assumptions in mixed logit models, used in deriving distributions of valuation of travel time savings (VTTS) to capture taste heterogeneity, has a significant impact on the empirical evidence, including the incidence of sign change across the distribution. The stream of research by Hensher and his colleagues on accounting for the attribute processing strategy (APS) in stated choice studies, the main data source of VTTS, suggests that the existence of intuitively implausible signs for a subset of the sampled population is likely due, to some extent, to the manner in which the information in the stated choice experiment is actually input into the estimation of the choice model. In this paper we show evidence of what happens when we take into account a specific attribute processing strategy where respondents indicate that they ignored one or more attributes in making a choice. Accounting for the APS significantly reduces the incidence of intuitively implausible VTTS, even with unconstrained distributions. Allowance for APS in real world applications will require information on the incidence of alternative attribute processing rules in constructing VTTS estimates. (a)
{"title":"Reducing sign violation for VTTS distributions through recognition of an individual's attribute processing strategy","authors":"D. Hensher","doi":"10.1400/80990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/80990","url":null,"abstract":"A number of authors have recently argued that the selection of the distributional assumptions in mixed logit models, used in deriving distributions of valuation of travel time savings (VTTS) to capture taste heterogeneity, has a significant impact on the empirical evidence, including the incidence of sign change across the distribution. The stream of research by Hensher and his colleagues on accounting for the attribute processing strategy (APS) in stated choice studies, the main data source of VTTS, suggests that the existence of intuitively implausible signs for a subset of the sampled population is likely due, to some extent, to the manner in which the information in the stated choice experiment is actually input into the estimation of the choice model. In this paper we show evidence of what happens when we take into account a specific attribute processing strategy where respondents indicate that they ignored one or more attributes in making a choice. Accounting for the APS significantly reduces the incidence of intuitively implausible VTTS, even with unconstrained distributions. Allowance for APS in real world applications will require information on the incidence of alternative attribute processing rules in constructing VTTS estimates. (a)","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"37 1","pages":"1000-1017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79271991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analytical Support for Replacement Decisions. A case Study","authors":"A. Dupont, Jan A. Berg‐Andreassen","doi":"10.1400/80989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/80989","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"19 1","pages":"1000-1013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84703255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper looks at temporal fare discrimination used by airlines at the point of departure. The research posits that such fare discrimination is a by-product of service competition within the same carrier (e.g. a flight between A and B at 8:00 a. m. compared with a 9:00 a.m. flight between A and B by the same carrier). An empirical analysis of fares data within United States carriers is used. Results suggest that the multi-service airline neither sees its service offerings as internal competitors nor actively uses its multi-service offering advantage to compete with rivals.
{"title":"Airlines Competing with Themselves : A Note on the Temporal Pattern of Fare Setting Prior to Departure","authors":"H. Vega, K. Button","doi":"10.1400/55239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/55239","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at temporal fare discrimination used by airlines at the point of departure. The research posits that such fare discrimination is a by-product of service competition within the same carrier (e.g. a flight between A and B at 8:00 a. m. compared with a 9:00 a.m. flight between A and B by the same carrier). An empirical analysis of fares data within United States carriers is used. Results suggest that the multi-service airline neither sees its service offerings as internal competitors nor actively uses its multi-service offering advantage to compete with rivals.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"48 1","pages":"1000-1010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73794212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Escaping unidimensional analysis limits and linear regression irrelevancy, the duration model incorporates impacts of covariates on the duration variable and permits to test the dependence of daily travel times on elapsed time. In the perspective of a discussion of Zahavi's hypothesis, the duration model approach is applied to the daily travel times of Lyon (France). The relationships between daily travel times and socio-economic attributes and activity duration only support the “weak version of TTB stability hypothesis”. Furthermore the non-monotonic estimated hazard questions the minimisation of daily travel times.
{"title":"Stability or regularity of the daily travel time in Lyon? Application of a duration model","authors":"I. Joly","doi":"10.1400/55241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/55241","url":null,"abstract":"Escaping unidimensional analysis limits and linear regression irrelevancy, the duration model incorporates impacts of covariates on the duration variable and permits to test the dependence of daily travel times on elapsed time. In the perspective of a discussion of Zahavi's hypothesis, the duration model approach is applied to the daily travel times of Lyon (France). The relationships between daily travel times and socio-economic attributes and activity duration only support the “weak version of TTB stability hypothesis”. Furthermore the non-monotonic estimated hazard questions the minimisation of daily travel times.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"23 1","pages":"1000-1032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86779017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses a series of in-depth interviews with buyers and sellers of freight services in Sydney, Australia. Interviews with industry leaders (e.g. senior managers of suppliers, retailers, freight companies) is combined with the results of a broad literature search to determine the role agents in the supply chain play regarding their influence in decision making. The research also seeks to identify both the nature and the extent of diversity in freight contract profiles, along with behavioral responses to transport-oriented policy. The research particularly examines the behavioral responses – manifested as management positions – to schemes such as congestion charging. Using the toll road network of Sydney as a contextual reference point, the toll roads are compared with congestion charging to determine their potential effect on the movement of urban goods.
{"title":"The Adjustment of Supply Chains to New States : A Qualitative Assessment of Decision Relationships with Reference to Congestion Charging","authors":"S. Puckett, H. Battellino, D. Hensher","doi":"10.1400/55238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/55238","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a series of in-depth interviews with buyers and sellers of freight services in Sydney, Australia. Interviews with industry leaders (e.g. senior managers of suppliers, retailers, freight companies) is combined with the results of a broad literature search to determine the role agents in the supply chain play regarding their influence in decision making. The research also seeks to identify both the nature and the extent of diversity in freight contract profiles, along with behavioral responses to transport-oriented policy. The research particularly examines the behavioral responses – manifested as management positions – to schemes such as congestion charging. Using the toll road network of Sydney as a contextual reference point, the toll roads are compared with congestion charging to determine their potential effect on the movement of urban goods.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"79 1","pages":"1000-1027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83912903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors focus on airport user non-discriminatory treatment and access policies, which are at the core of air transportation's non-competitive segment's regulatory and competitive environment. The author objective is situational analysis in a set of Latin American countries and a feasible regulation group proposal to deal with non-discriminatory airport service access in those countries. The authors also discuss issues related to airport privatization with direct connection to non-discriminatory fees and access.
{"title":"Free and non Discriminatory Access to Airports : A Proposal for Latin America","authors":"J. Montalvo, A. Domènech","doi":"10.1400/53743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/53743","url":null,"abstract":"The authors focus on airport user non-discriminatory treatment and access policies, which are at the core of air transportation's non-competitive segment's regulatory and competitive environment. The author objective is situational analysis in a set of Latin American countries and a feasible regulation group proposal to deal with non-discriminatory airport service access in those countries. The authors also discuss issues related to airport privatization with direct connection to non-discriminatory fees and access.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"427 1","pages":"1000-1045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77035032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joint estimation is called for in the common framework shared by activity and travel models. In literature, attention has only recently been given to this complex problem. Various components of time's subjective value (value of assigning time to travel, resource value, and travel time savings) have been allowed to be disentangled after obtaining travel choice and activity duration explicit equations. The only reported results have been preliminary results assuming independence, although expectation of some interrelation between equations is natural. The authors postulate a general error structure and adapt a discrete/continuous econometric model. The authors obtain more robust models, and significantly different and more credible value of time estimates.
{"title":"Valuing Time With a Joint Mode Choice-Activity Model","authors":"M. Munizaga, J. Ortúzar, S. Jara-Díaz, R. Correia","doi":"10.1400/53742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/53742","url":null,"abstract":"Joint estimation is called for in the common framework shared by activity and travel models. In literature, attention has only recently been given to this complex problem. Various components of time's subjective value (value of assigning time to travel, resource value, and travel time savings) have been allowed to be disentangled after obtaining travel choice and activity duration explicit equations. The only reported results have been preliminary results assuming independence, although expectation of some interrelation between equations is natural. The authors postulate a general error structure and adapt a discrete/continuous econometric model. The authors obtain more robust models, and significantly different and more credible value of time estimates.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"11 1","pages":"1000-1018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73788724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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