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Contested planning efforts for the revitalization of small town centres in Finland 芬兰小镇中心的复兴计划备受争议
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.119852
M. Albrecht, J. Kortelainen
Many Finnish small towns have developed revitalization plans for town centres to counter the problems of decline, rebrand the town, and compete for residents and businesses. Accompanied by municipal branding efforts, infrastructure projects provide small towns with an improved appearance. These projects are often designed by national planning firms and consultants and materialised by private investors, yet it remains unclear if the changes suit the needs and socio-spatial peculiarities of the places they are intended for. This article sheds light onto downtown revitalization efforts by case studies in six shrinking Finnish small towns which have moved beyond the draft planning phase in their downtown revitalisation projects. The research is based on a mixed-methods approach, and pairs assemblage conceptualization with the concepts of small town planning and place-making. The relational approach enables us to show the challenges for shrinking small towns to materialise well-intentioned revitalization plans and place-based solutions in a complex place assemblage with conflicting pressure from big commercial actors, consultants, reluctant investors, limited local economies and demographics in decline.
许多芬兰小镇已经为城镇中心制定了振兴计划,以应对衰退问题,重塑城镇形象,并争夺居民和企业。伴随着市政品牌建设的努力,基础设施项目改善了小城镇的面貌。这些项目通常由国家规划公司和顾问设计,并由私人投资者实现,但尚不清楚这些变化是否适合它们所打算的地方的需求和社会空间特点。本文通过对六个萎缩的芬兰小镇的案例研究,揭示了市中心振兴项目的努力,这些小镇已经超越了市中心振兴项目的规划草案阶段。本研究采用混合方法,将组合概念化与小城镇规划和场所制作的概念结合起来。关系方法使我们能够展示缩小的小城镇在复杂的地方组合中实现善意的振兴计划和基于地点的解决方案所面临的挑战,这些地方组合面临着来自大型商业参与者、顾问、不情愿的投资者、有限的当地经济和人口下降的相互冲突的压力。
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引用次数: 0
Resource deserts, village hierarchies and de-growth in sparsely populated areas: the case of Southern Lapland, Sweden 人口稀少地区的资源沙漠、村庄等级制度和人口减少:瑞典南拉普兰的案例
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.120788
D. Carson, D. Carson, Linda Lundmark, A. Hurtig
Small villages in northern Sweden have seen a continuing removal of key services, such as schools, shops and public transport, since the 1970s. Disinvestment in public services has not been strategically planned but has happened in response to population loss and increased costs on a case-by-case basis. More recently, there has been a shift in policy thinking to what might be termed a ‘de-growth’ approach where digitalisation and increased personal mobility are used to provide new ways of delivering services. The purpose of this paper is to examine the existence of ‘resource deserts’ in Southern Lapland and the emergence (or consolidation) of village hierarchies in allocating public services. We map out the distribution of neighbourhood services (grocery stores, pre-/schools and petrol pumps) among villages, and explore the lived experiences in accessing these resources in different villages. Our results show that resource deserts clearly exist in the south and east of the region, while villages in the more sparsely populated western mountain areas were generally in a better position to retain resources. We identify a lack of consistent and transparent service planning at the village level as a key shortcoming in municipal and regional service strategies. There appear to be unofficial settlement hierarchies in the differential treatment of villages that are otherwise similar in population size, population change and distance to central places. We find that political decisions on service allocations are likely influenced by several factors. These include legacy effects relating to historic settlement status, the location of villages in relation to key transport or mobility corridors, as well as ideological factors favouring villages with more ‘exotic’ features and development potential in line with the municipalities’ economic, social and political priorities. We finally argue that a shift to de-growth needs to be more strategically planned if it is to eliminate resource deserts and promote equity of service access across all villages.
自20世纪70年代以来,瑞典北部的小村庄一直在拆除学校、商店和公共交通等关键服务。对公共服务的撤资没有进行战略规划,而是根据具体情况对人口流失和费用增加作出反应。最近,政策思维已经转向所谓的“去增长”方法,即利用数字化和增加的个人流动性来提供提供服务的新方式。本文的目的是研究拉普兰南部“资源沙漠”的存在,以及分配公共服务的村庄等级制度的出现(或巩固)。我们绘制了社区服务(杂货店、学前教育/学校和加油站)在村庄中的分布,并探讨了在不同村庄获得这些资源的生活经验。研究结果表明,资源沙漠在该地区南部和东部明显存在,而人口较少的西部山区的村庄总体上具有较好的资源保留地位。我们认为,在村一级缺乏一致和透明的服务规划是市政和区域服务战略的一个主要缺点。在对人口规模、人口变化和距离中心地区相似的村庄的差别待遇中,似乎存在着非官方的定居等级。我们发现服务分配的政治决策可能受到几个因素的影响。这些因素包括与历史定居地位有关的遗留影响,与关键交通或流动走廊有关的村庄位置,以及有利于具有更多“异国情调”特征和发展潜力的村庄的意识形态因素,这些因素与市政当局的经济、社会和政治优先事项相一致。最后,我们认为,如果要消除资源沙漠并促进所有村庄的服务公平,那么向去增长的转变需要更具战略性的规划。
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引用次数: 0
Learning from and with shrinking regions for global transformations – commentary to Syssner 向全球转型的萎缩地区学习并与之合作——对赛斯纳的评论
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.122756
Sunna Kovanen
This is a commentary to the article “What could Geographers do for Shrinking Geographies?” by Josefina Syssner. In the piece I open up questions concerning shrinking from a global perspective and point to further discussions on global east, south, and spatial justice in post-fossil transition, which I encourage the Nordic research to engage with in the future.
这篇文章是对“地理学家能为萎缩的地理学做些什么?”作者:Josefina Syssner。在这篇文章中,我从全球的角度提出了有关萎缩的问题,并指出了关于后化石转型中全球东部、南部和空间正义的进一步讨论,我鼓励北欧的研究在未来参与其中。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple meanings and boundaries of growth in shrinking regions in East and North Finland 芬兰东部和北部萎缩地区的多重意义和增长边界
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.119537
Maija Elina Halonen
Growth stands out as a key development object in contemporary green economy policies. It is particularly interesting in the Nordic context such as in East and North Finland, where many regions are rich in natural resources, but also shrinking and lagging. Therefore, their regional development is simultaneously framed by an expected sustainability transition that alternates between green growth and degrowth agendas, and the socio-economic phenomenon of shrinkage. This article examines how growth is understood and framed among regional development actors, with special interest placed on different meanings, possible critics, and the boundaries of growth. The interviewed actors are positioned as intermediaries who possess special knowledge regarding regional development. The interviews show that the understanding of growth in this context requires various framings that combine global, regional, and local perspectives on sustainable development, as well as the burdens of shrinking and lagging regions balanced against cohesive and inclusive promises of green growth. The hegemonic frame is approached through a lens of green growth, yet the shrinking population remains in the background. Growth appears as a favoured means to tackle societal problems, which reflects a mission-oriented goal setting. Critical statements are directed at growth policies and funding instruments that do not seem to promote cohesive and inclusive growth. The clearest boundary for growth relates to nature, but it is far too early to make interpretations on an intentional degrowth agenda. From the regional actors’ perspective, setting boundaries for growth in a context of long-term shrinkage, sparse population, and extensive natural surroundings seems trivial. Handling the peripheries’ societal problems related to shrinkage and their struggle for resources appears as the more relevant mission that also requires growth in various forms.
在当代绿色经济政策中,增长是一个重要的发展目标。这在北欧的背景下尤其有趣,比如芬兰东部和北部,那里的许多地区自然资源丰富,但也在萎缩和落后。因此,它们的区域发展同时受到绿色增长和去增长议程之间交替的预期可持续性过渡和收缩的社会经济现象的框架。本文探讨了如何在区域发展参与者之间理解和构建增长,并特别关注了不同的含义、可能的批评和增长的边界。受访演员被定位为具有区域发展专业知识的中介。访谈表明,在这种背景下理解增长需要多种框架,将可持续发展的全球、区域和地方视角结合起来,并将萎缩和落后地区的负担与绿色增长的凝聚力和包容性承诺相平衡。霸权框架是通过绿色增长的镜头来实现的,而人口的减少仍然是背景。增长似乎是解决社会问题的有利手段,这反映了以使命为导向的目标设定。批评言论针对的是似乎无法促进凝聚力和包容性增长的增长政策和融资工具。增长最清晰的界限与自然有关,但现在就对有意的去增长议程做出解释还为时过早。从区域参与者的角度来看,在长期萎缩、人口稀少和广阔自然环境的背景下,为增长设定界限似乎微不足道。处理边缘地区与萎缩和资源争夺相关的社会问题似乎是更相关的任务,也需要各种形式的增长。
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引用次数: 1
Mapping spatio-temporal variations of shrinkage in Finland 绘制芬兰收缩的时空变化图
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.119495
T. Makkonen, T. Inkinen, Simo Rautiainen
It is commonly stated that a large share of Finnish regions are shrinking in terms of their population and local economy, which naturally poses challenges for balanced regional development. However, and rather surprisingly, there has been relatively little methodological discussion in Finland on the measurement of shrinkage: how to determine whether a region is shrinking or not? The main aim of this paper is to analyse shrinkage through spatio-temporal indicators and to discuss the variety and complexity of the task. Empirically the paper utilises three commonly used indicators (population, employment, and housing vacancy), three different analysis periods (long, medium and short) and five different spatial scales (regions, sub-regions, municipalities, postal code areas and grids). The results underline how volatile the results are depending on these three choices (indicator, analysis period and spatial scale) when aiming at determining, which of the regions under investigation are shrinking. Depending on the indicator choices and analysed spatio-temporal scales, different shares of Finnish regions can be identified as shrinking. Thus, care is needed when considering which indicator(s), analysis periods and spatial scales are selected for conducting statistical analyses on shrinkage particularly if the results are applied in policies.
人们普遍认为,芬兰很大一部分地区的人口和地方经济都在萎缩,这自然对平衡的区域发展提出了挑战。然而,令人惊讶的是,芬兰很少有关于测量萎缩的方法讨论:如何确定一个地区是否在萎缩?本文的主要目的是通过时空指标分析收缩,并讨论任务的多样性和复杂性。在实证方面,本文采用了3个常用指标(人口、就业和住房空置率)、3个不同的分析周期(长、中、短)和5个不同的空间尺度(区域、子区域、城市、邮政编码区域和网格)。结果表明,在确定哪些调查区域正在萎缩时,结果的波动性取决于这三种选择(指标、分析周期和空间尺度)。根据指标选择和分析的时空尺度,可以确定芬兰地区的不同份额正在萎缩。因此,在考虑选择哪个指标、分析期和空间尺度来进行关于收缩的统计分析时,特别是在将结果应用于政策时,需要谨慎。
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引用次数: 2
Planning to meet challenges in shrinking rural regions. Towards innovative approaches to local planning 规划应对日益萎缩的农村地区的挑战。采用创新方法进行地方规划
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.119752
Aksel Hagen, Ulla Higdem, Kjell Overvåg
In this article we ask to what extent is current demographic development reflected in the present planning and policy practice of shrinking municipalities; whether there is a focus on strategies and measures for population growth; and, finally, to what extent do politicians and planners think we should change the way we plan based on the expected demographic changes. Our study illustrates how challenging it is for shrinking municipalities to break with established practices and modes of policy development and to adopt a more sustainable position. The ‘stigma’ of shrinking (Sousa & Pinho 2015) is at odds with the ideals of the local politicians. However, we find that the response in planning and policy is not uniform: several responses may appear simultaneously and connected to different parts of the societal (master) development plans, thus, making the plans incoherent and contradictory. Hence, we contribute to Beetz, Huning and Plieninger’s (2008) and Hospers’ (2014) types of responses by adding this muddled or hybrid response, which might be labelled an ‘incoherent response’. Overall, we suggest that today’s planning practice in rural areas in Norway has neither dared nor wanted to adapt to the most likely developments of a shrinking population, let alone actually doing so openly and consistently. This reluctance has had critical and negative implications for these municipalities. Future research should develop theories, concepts and models for more suitable knowledge-based and innovative local planning that can meet this complex societal challenge.
在这篇文章中,我们要问的是,当前的人口发展在多大程度上反映在当前城市萎缩的规划和政策实践中;是否注重人口增长的战略和措施;最后,政治家和规划者认为我们应该在多大程度上根据预期的人口变化改变我们的规划方式?我们的研究表明,对于萎缩的城市来说,打破既定的政策制定惯例和模式,采取更可持续的立场是多么具有挑战性。缩小的“耻辱”(Sousa & Pinho 2015)与当地政治家的理想不符。然而,我们发现规划和政策的反应并不统一:一些反应可能同时出现,并与社会(总体)发展计划的不同部分相关联,从而使计划不连贯和矛盾。因此,我们对比茨、胡宁和普林宁格(2008)和Hospers(2014)的反应类型做出了贡献,添加了这种混乱或混合的反应,这可能被称为“不连贯的反应”。总的来说,我们认为今天挪威农村地区的规划实践既不敢也不想适应人口减少的最可能的发展,更不用说公开和持续地这样做了。这种不情愿对这些城市产生了严重的负面影响。未来的研究应该发展出更适合的基于知识和创新的地方规划的理论、概念和模型,以应对这一复杂的社会挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Shrinking geographies or challenged rurality’s? Three points of reflection – commentary to Syssner 缩小的地域还是受到挑战的乡村?反思三点——对赛斯纳的评论
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.121861
Marlies Meijer
By asking ‘what could geographers do for shrinking geographies’ Josefina Syssner offers a very comprehensive overview of what has been and should be on the research agenda’s for understanding rural shrinking geographies. In this commentary I would like to address three issues related to the Fennia keynote, that may add an additional perspective or a moment of reflection: 1) the issue of demographic change, rather than shrinkage, 2) how we can imagine the future of shrinking geographies, and 3) what Nordic perspectives have to offer. In conclusion, I believe that peripheral geographies, and challenged rurality’s deserve a key position within geography and related disciplines, and call for a repolitisation of the topic: what we research, how we conceptualise or even advice has consequences for those living and imagining futures in peripheral, rural and depopulating regions.
通过询问“地理学家可以为缩小的地理做些什么”,Josefina Syssner提供了一个非常全面的概述,关于了解农村缩小的地理的研究议程已经和应该做些什么。在这篇评论中,我想谈谈与芬尼亚主题相关的三个问题,这可能会增加一个额外的视角或一个反思的时刻:1)人口变化问题,而不是萎缩问题;2)我们如何想象缩小地域的未来;3)北欧的观点可以提供什么。综上所述,我认为边缘地理学和乡村性挑战应该在地理学和相关学科中占据关键地位,并呼吁对这一主题进行再政治化:我们研究的内容,我们如何概念化甚至建议对那些生活在边缘、农村和人口减少地区并想象未来的人产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Community resilience: a useful concept for declining Icelandic communities? 社区恢复力:一个对衰落的冰岛社区有用的概念?
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.122522
Matthias Kokorsch
In recent years, resilience has become an increasing focal point of community studies, in particular for settlements in the peripheral north, which face severe socio-economic and demographic challenges. Not all researchers and practitioners were equally excited about the transfer of this concept – deeply rooted in ecology – to the social sciences. Unsurprisingly there is a growing literature that engages critically with community resilience. This reflection takes up some of the main criticism and projects it onto Iceland; a country that can serve as magnifier in the exploration of community resilience for a variety of reasons. The main aim of this reflection is to keep the discussion going about theoretical and analytical insufficiencies within the field of community resilience. Shortcomings of existing definitions, the role of politics and agency as well as the determination of equilibria and the question of an endpoint to resilience are the essential strands of argumentation.
近年来,复原力日益成为社区研究的焦点,特别是对于面临严重社会经济和人口挑战的北部外围定居点。并不是所有的研究人员和实践者都对这个深深植根于生态学的概念转移到社会科学感到同样兴奋。不出所料,越来越多的文献批判性地关注社区恢复力。这种反思吸收了一些主要的批评,并将其投射到冰岛;由于各种原因,这个国家可以作为探索社区复原力的放大镜。这一反思的主要目的是继续讨论社区恢复力领域的理论和分析不足。现有定义的缺陷、政治和机构的作用、平衡的确定以及恢复力的终点问题是争论的基本内容。
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引用次数: 1
Spillover, sponge or something else? Dismantling expectations for rural development resulting from giga-investments in Northern Sweden 溢出,海绵还是别的?在瑞典北部,巨额投资导致农村发展的期望破灭
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.120530
Linda Lundmark, D. Carson, M. Eimermann
The paradoxical situation of planning for growth while managing decline has long been a reality for politicians and planners in Nordic peripheries. In recent years, however, attempts to plan for demographic adaptation, smart shrinkage, and ‘right-sizing’ public services have become commonplace. While it has taken decades for this to become an accepted part of municipal planning, new opportunities are now arising in the Swedish North due to several unforeseen giga-investments. These are expected to trigger rapid socio-economic growth along the urbanized coast and in a few select inland locations. Yet the likely effects on shrinking rural and sparsely populated municipalities geographically adjacent to these investment hotspots are much less understood. Previous research suggests that such investment projects might cause pressure for rural labour and housing markets but may also offer a range of positive spillover effects and development opportunities for rural areas. We draw on structural level narratives and interviews with key informants, including local and regional political stakeholders, to identify how the prospects of the giga-investments are viewed in places that are not directly affected, and what opportunities and threats are discussed. An overarching theme identified in the empirical material concerns the a-spatiality of discourses of growth, which we divide into two concrete dilemmas: infrastructure and mobility. Our findings show that, while the investments are seen as ringing in a new ‘golden age’ for the northern region, such a-spatial understandings of regional characteristics might stand in the way of acting fast and being able to make the most of the potential spillover effects.
长期以来,对北欧边缘国家的政治家和规划者来说,既要规划增长,又要管理衰退的矛盾局面一直是一个现实。然而,近年来,为人口适应、智能收缩和“适当规模”的公共服务制定计划的尝试已经变得司空见惯。虽然这花了几十年的时间才成为市政规划的一部分,但由于几项不可预见的巨额投资,现在瑞典北部出现了新的机会。预计这将在城市化的沿海地区和少数内陆地区引发快速的社会经济增长。然而,在地理位置上毗邻这些投资热点的农村地区和人口稀少的城市可能受到的影响,人们却知之甚少。以往的研究表明,此类投资项目可能对农村劳动力和住房市场造成压力,但也可能为农村地区提供一系列积极的溢出效应和发展机会。我们利用结构层面的叙述和对关键线人(包括地方和区域政治利益相关者)的采访,来确定在不受直接影响的地方如何看待千兆级投资的前景,以及讨论了哪些机遇和威胁。在经验材料中确定的一个首要主题是关于增长话语的空间性,我们将其分为两个具体的困境:基础设施和流动性。我们的研究结果表明,虽然投资被视为北方地区新的“黄金时代”,但对区域特征的这种空间理解可能会阻碍快速行动,并能够充分利用潜在的溢出效应。
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引用次数: 2
Everyday materialities, territorial bordering, and place-identity defined by recent administrative reform: reactions from Estonian dispersed ruralities 日常物质、领土边界和最近行政改革定义的地方身份:来自爱沙尼亚分散农村的反应
IF 1 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.11143/fennia.116490
Kadri Kasemets, Raili Nugin
Population decline in rural areas has been a concern for many European countries for decades. To deal with shrinking, several measures have been taken in different countries. The study focuses on one of such measures – the administrative reform passed in Estonia in 2017, which merged smaller municipalities into regional municipality centres. This article examines the impact of this reform on rural transformation, concentrating on shifts in everyday mobilities, governance, and territorial identity at the village level. The research data is contextualised with the new mobilities paradigm, examining the relational everyday materialities that include interviews reflecting on changes at the regional, structural, and ideological levels. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews (N=60) with local activists and inhabitants in three study areas in sparsely populated parts of Estonia. The creation of municipality districts with representative bodies within larger municipalities have influenced these rural villages in various ways. In some cases, it has caused shifts in the mechanisms of civil governance that shape community activism. In others, strengthened awareness of representations of the rural appeared, offering a meaningful territorial identity and self-realisation to local people. However, the study also indicates that the distribution of rural municipalities into municipality districts can jeopardise local coherence and socio-cultural sustainability.
几十年来,农村人口减少一直是许多欧洲国家关注的问题。为了应对萎缩,不同国家采取了一些措施。这项研究的重点是其中一项措施——爱沙尼亚2017年通过的行政改革,该改革将较小的城市合并为区域市政中心。本文考察了这一改革对农村转型的影响,重点关注日常流动、治理和村庄层面的领土认同的变化。研究数据与新的流动性范式相结合,研究了包括反映区域、结构和意识形态层面变化的访谈在内的关系日常材料。分析基于对爱沙尼亚人口稀少地区的三个研究区域的当地活动家和居民的深度访谈(N=60)。在较大的城市内设立有代表机构的市辖区,以各种方式影响了这些农村。在某些情况下,它导致了塑造社区行动主义的公民治理机制的转变。在其他方面,加强了对农村的表现意识,为当地人提供了有意义的领土认同和自我实现。然而,该研究还表明,将农村城市分配到直辖市可能会危及地方的一致性和社会文化的可持续性。
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引用次数: 2
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Fennia-International Journal of Geography
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