Pub Date : 2022-02-18DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2022.2039883
Olufemi Muibi Omisakin, N. Adegoke
ABSTRACT There has been extensive study in the entrepreneurial orientation domain (EO) from uni-dimensional and multidimensional perspectives and relationships between EO and business growth performance. There has been limited study concerning the EO family and small business relationship and environmental impact from New Zealand perspective. Focusing on family business, this research examined the EO and New Zealand family business growth performance and the environmental effects on the relationship. This research adopted a quantitative method, collected data from 117 participants. Partial least structure and structural equation model analysis were used to test seven hypothesis on the relationship of EO and family business growth performance, the influence of dynamic and hostile environments on the relationship. It was found EO dimension variables were a strong predictor of family business growth performance, EO family business positively related, and that environmental factors strongly mediate the relationship between EO and family growth.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial orientation and New Zealand family business growth performance: environmental effects","authors":"Olufemi Muibi Omisakin, N. Adegoke","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2022.2039883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2022.2039883","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There has been extensive study in the entrepreneurial orientation domain (EO) from uni-dimensional and multidimensional perspectives and relationships between EO and business growth performance. There has been limited study concerning the EO family and small business relationship and environmental impact from New Zealand perspective. Focusing on family business, this research examined the EO and New Zealand family business growth performance and the environmental effects on the relationship. This research adopted a quantitative method, collected data from 117 participants. Partial least structure and structural equation model analysis were used to test seven hypothesis on the relationship of EO and family business growth performance, the influence of dynamic and hostile environments on the relationship. It was found EO dimension variables were a strong predictor of family business growth performance, EO family business positively related, and that environmental factors strongly mediate the relationship between EO and family growth.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"206 1","pages":"138 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77729579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2022.2039882
Ibrahim Mohammed, Alhassan Bunyaminu
ABSTRACT This study sought to identify the major obstacles to Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) growth in Ghana and to determine how the identified obstacles affect business growth. Using a quantitative research design, the study relied on World Bank's data from the Enterprise Survey on Ghana. The factor analysis (FA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of obstacles affecting the operations of SMEs. The study further used the multiple regression analysis to examine how employee and sales growth of SMEs are influenced by the obstacles identified through the FA. The outcome of the regression results revealed that of the nine variables considered in the study, access to finance, tax burden, labour inadequacy and regulations, firm size, experience of owner/manager, and ownership type are the significant factors that influence SME growth in Ghana. The study recommends how these obstacles can be overcome to promote the growth of SMEs.
{"title":"Barriers to business enterprises growth in Ghana","authors":"Ibrahim Mohammed, Alhassan Bunyaminu","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2022.2039882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2022.2039882","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study sought to identify the major obstacles to Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) growth in Ghana and to determine how the identified obstacles affect business growth. Using a quantitative research design, the study relied on World Bank's data from the Enterprise Survey on Ghana. The factor analysis (FA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of obstacles affecting the operations of SMEs. The study further used the multiple regression analysis to examine how employee and sales growth of SMEs are influenced by the obstacles identified through the FA. The outcome of the regression results revealed that of the nine variables considered in the study, access to finance, tax burden, labour inadequacy and regulations, firm size, experience of owner/manager, and ownership type are the significant factors that influence SME growth in Ghana. The study recommends how these obstacles can be overcome to promote the growth of SMEs.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"372 1","pages":"139 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84932831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2022.2032295
Bronwyn Eager, A. Maritz, J. Millemann
ABSTRACT In this narrative review, we provide a historical overview of the rising trend towards vehicle-based living, focusing on mature-aged, hypermobile, gig workers. We draw on findings from several bodies of literature, including road-based tourism and digital nomadism, as well as narratives from popular culture artefacts. Focusing on the nexus of tourism, housing, senior entrepreneurship, remote work, and active ageing, we identify opportunities for the growing silver economy, including ways for regional areas to attract patronage and leverage purchasing decisions associated with shifting population demographics. Scholarly awareness of this previously neglected, and largely invisible cohort of society is weak. Further research is proposed to aid in better understanding the needs of mature-aged, hypermobile gig workers, and associated market opportunities.
{"title":"The silver economy on wheels: a narrative review of the mature-aged, hypermobile gig worker phenomena","authors":"Bronwyn Eager, A. Maritz, J. Millemann","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2022.2032295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2022.2032295","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this narrative review, we provide a historical overview of the rising trend towards vehicle-based living, focusing on mature-aged, hypermobile, gig workers. We draw on findings from several bodies of literature, including road-based tourism and digital nomadism, as well as narratives from popular culture artefacts. Focusing on the nexus of tourism, housing, senior entrepreneurship, remote work, and active ageing, we identify opportunities for the growing silver economy, including ways for regional areas to attract patronage and leverage purchasing decisions associated with shifting population demographics. Scholarly awareness of this previously neglected, and largely invisible cohort of society is weak. Further research is proposed to aid in better understanding the needs of mature-aged, hypermobile gig workers, and associated market opportunities.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"68 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78473063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2022.2048205
Aisling Conway Lenihan, Helen McGuirk
provides an historical overview of the rising trend of hypermobile (vehicle-based living) gig workers as well as identifying potential opportunities for tailor-ing solutions to this market to grow the silver economy. This narrative focuses on the US and Australia and fi nds that the gig worker and vehicle-based living will potentially become a normalized lifestyle choice for future generations, ‘ silver economy on Wheels ’ .
{"title":"Small enterprises and the silver economy","authors":"Aisling Conway Lenihan, Helen McGuirk","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2022.2048205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2022.2048205","url":null,"abstract":"provides an historical overview of the rising trend of hypermobile (vehicle-based living) gig workers as well as identifying potential opportunities for tailor-ing solutions to this market to grow the silver economy. This narrative focuses on the US and Australia and fi nds that the gig worker and vehicle-based living will potentially become a normalized lifestyle choice for future generations, ‘ silver economy on Wheels ’ .","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"57 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83209189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The objective is to contribute to understanding entrepreneurship in ageing societies and to suggest avenues to ensure people in their third age (aged 50+) actively contribute to the supply side of the silver economy. To this end, we apply mixed methods to understand the different effects of motives and attitudes on the well-being of part-time entrepreneurs. The analysis is refined by categorizing those entrepreneurs into third age and prime-age cohorts. The analysis used data from 400 Finnish part-time entrepreneurs. When the stability of the financial situation is controlled for, attitudes to entrepreneurship and self-realization as a motive explain well-being among third-age group. For the younger age group, financial motives were also important in explaining well-being, but recognition and independence motives had a negative effect. Policymakers should consider incentivizing third-age entrepreneurs to continue working also after retirement and aim to foster a climate marked by a positive attitude to third-age entrepreneurship
{"title":"Part-time entrepreneurship in the third age: well-being and motives","authors":"Anmari Viljamaa, Sanna Joensuu-Salo, Emilia Kangas","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2021.2000483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.2000483","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective is to contribute to understanding entrepreneurship in ageing societies and to suggest avenues to ensure people in their third age (aged 50+) actively contribute to the supply side of the silver economy. To this end, we apply mixed methods to understand the different effects of motives and attitudes on the well-being of part-time entrepreneurs. The analysis is refined by categorizing those entrepreneurs into third age and prime-age cohorts. The analysis used data from 400 Finnish part-time entrepreneurs. When the stability of the financial situation is controlled for, attitudes to entrepreneurship and self-realization as a motive explain well-being among third-age group. For the younger age group, financial motives were also important in explaining well-being, but recognition and independence motives had a negative effect. Policymakers should consider incentivizing third-age entrepreneurs to continue working also after retirement and aim to foster a climate marked by a positive attitude to third-age entrepreneurship","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"20 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74050970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-14DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2021.2000484
Anuj Kumar, N. Gupta, Asmat Ara Shaikh, P. Pujari
ABSTRACT Milkiana Cattle feed is a success story of the young and second-generation entrepreneur Mr. Pramod Agrawal. It was his dream to develop such an Indian brand that would be emblematic of the quality and consistency in the cattle feed industry. With no such experience in this business and hailing from a conservative business family, it was not easy for him to pursue this debut venture. It was a difficult task to change the consumer's mind about a product and subsequently its journey to become a brand of repute. Also, with limited geographical coverage and the presence of national competitors, it was a challenge of choice for the consumers. The advantage of having raw material sourcing from the by-product of another business is one of the triggers for this venture and a motivational drive for this venture.
{"title":"Milkiana Cattle feed- an entrepreneurial saga of business integration: case study","authors":"Anuj Kumar, N. Gupta, Asmat Ara Shaikh, P. Pujari","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2021.2000484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.2000484","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Milkiana Cattle feed is a success story of the young and second-generation entrepreneur Mr. Pramod Agrawal. It was his dream to develop such an Indian brand that would be emblematic of the quality and consistency in the cattle feed industry. With no such experience in this business and hailing from a conservative business family, it was not easy for him to pursue this debut venture. It was a difficult task to change the consumer's mind about a product and subsequently its journey to become a brand of repute. Also, with limited geographical coverage and the presence of national competitors, it was a challenge of choice for the consumers. The advantage of having raw material sourcing from the by-product of another business is one of the triggers for this venture and a motivational drive for this venture.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"129 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80529370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-10DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2021.2000482
A. Happonen, Laura Manninen, Marika Hirvimäki, Alexander Nolte
ABSTRACT It is common for SMEs to include their employees’ social media image and followers in their brand development strategy. Thus, they consequently also make the social media image and followers of prospective employees’ part of their recruitment strategy. However, most students have not yet noticed this trend and are primarily focusing on goals set by their education programmes without focusing on the potential marketability of their own social media image. To address this gap, we conducted a literature review and interviewed representatives from recruiting companies. Our findings reveal that growth-oriented companies seek applicants with an excellent individual brand image because they perceive it as an indication for future gains in this regard. Moreover, we also found that companies should support new applicants’ skills in their orientation process, especially social media branding because it will help them align with the company’s brand vision.
{"title":"Expectations for young job applicants’ digital identity related to company’s social media brand development strategies","authors":"A. Happonen, Laura Manninen, Marika Hirvimäki, Alexander Nolte","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2021.2000482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.2000482","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is common for SMEs to include their employees’ social media image and followers in their brand development strategy. Thus, they consequently also make the social media image and followers of prospective employees’ part of their recruitment strategy. However, most students have not yet noticed this trend and are primarily focusing on goals set by their education programmes without focusing on the potential marketability of their own social media image. To address this gap, we conducted a literature review and interviewed representatives from recruiting companies. Our findings reveal that growth-oriented companies seek applicants with an excellent individual brand image because they perceive it as an indication for future gains in this regard. Moreover, we also found that companies should support new applicants’ skills in their orientation process, especially social media branding because it will help them align with the company’s brand vision.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"207 1","pages":"87 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90988539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2021.1989622
G. Owusu, Rita Amoah Bekoe, Rockson Mintah
ABSTRACT This study examines the tax compliance intentions of self-employed individuals in the informal sector and evaluates the effect of antecedent-based intervention strategies, trust and perceived tax complexity on tax compliance intention. Using the extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour as the theoretical base, the study additionally investigates whether attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and moral obligation may be good predictors of tax compliance intention. Data were gathered from 725 self-employed individuals in Ghana using a structured questionnaire, and analysed using the structural equation modelling technique. We find from our empirical analysis that although our respondents exhibit greater intention to comply with tax payment duties, most respondents consider non-compliance to be justifiable if the tax rates are too burdensome. Our results further suggest that trust in the tax system, perceived tax complexity, antecedent-based intervention strategies, attitude, subjective norms, and moral obligation are relevant predictors of tax compliance intention.
{"title":"Predictors of tax compliance intentions among self-employed individuals: the role of trust, perceived tax complexity and antecedent-based intervention strategies","authors":"G. Owusu, Rita Amoah Bekoe, Rockson Mintah","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2021.1989622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1989622","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the tax compliance intentions of self-employed individuals in the informal sector and evaluates the effect of antecedent-based intervention strategies, trust and perceived tax complexity on tax compliance intention. Using the extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour as the theoretical base, the study additionally investigates whether attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and moral obligation may be good predictors of tax compliance intention. Data were gathered from 725 self-employed individuals in Ghana using a structured questionnaire, and analysed using the structural equation modelling technique. We find from our empirical analysis that although our respondents exhibit greater intention to comply with tax payment duties, most respondents consider non-compliance to be justifiable if the tax rates are too burdensome. Our results further suggest that trust in the tax system, perceived tax complexity, antecedent-based intervention strategies, attitude, subjective norms, and moral obligation are relevant predictors of tax compliance intention.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"49 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89951282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2021.1989623
Alick Archangel Kaumba, E. Wiafe, Symon Chawinga
ABSTRACT Village savings and loans has become a prominent financing option for micro and small enterprises in the Lilongwe District, Malawi. Despite this, its impact on the performances of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are yet to be ascertained. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the effect of VSLAs on the performance of MSEs in Lilongwe, Malawi. The study used a comparative study by comparing VSLA member enterprises with non-VSLA member firms using with and without approach. Test of mean difference and multiple regression analysis was performed on the data obtained. The findings of the study indicated MSEs with access to VSLA services performed better than non-VSLA enterprises. It is, therefore, recommended that owners of micro enterprises join VSLAs to boost their performance through readily available loans and savings and capacity building through training and education.
{"title":"Performance of micro and small enterprises in Malawi: do village savings and loans associations matter?","authors":"Alick Archangel Kaumba, E. Wiafe, Symon Chawinga","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2021.1989623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1989623","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Village savings and loans has become a prominent financing option for micro and small enterprises in the Lilongwe District, Malawi. Despite this, its impact on the performances of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are yet to be ascertained. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the effect of VSLAs on the performance of MSEs in Lilongwe, Malawi. The study used a comparative study by comparing VSLA member enterprises with non-VSLA member firms using with and without approach. Test of mean difference and multiple regression analysis was performed on the data obtained. The findings of the study indicated MSEs with access to VSLA services performed better than non-VSLA enterprises. It is, therefore, recommended that owners of micro enterprises join VSLAs to boost their performance through readily available loans and savings and capacity building through training and education.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"75 1","pages":"107 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77950258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-13DOI: 10.1080/13215906.2021.1989625
Sumayya Rashid, V. Ratten
ABSTRACT Subsistence small business entrepreneurs operate to fulfil the necessities of life but do so on a smaller scale with fewer resources and capital. In this paper, we will explore the domains of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Pakistan, to understand the support needed for subsistence entrepreneurs. Following a qualitative research approach, data are collected through in-depth interviews with subsistence entrepreneurs in Pakistan. This involves developing a systematic structure of knowledge sharing among other subsistence entrepreneurs in the community. We find that all entrepreneurs share their experience and knowledge with each other. This means that the concept of competition does not resonate in their setting; rather, the entrepreneurs use their personal knowledge augmentation to contribute to their community. This paper offers insights that contribute to the subsistence market of Pakistan and the future potential of entrepreneurs in the country.
{"title":"Subsistence small business entrepreneurs in Pakistan","authors":"Sumayya Rashid, V. Ratten","doi":"10.1080/13215906.2021.1989625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1989625","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Subsistence small business entrepreneurs operate to fulfil the necessities of life but do so on a smaller scale with fewer resources and capital. In this paper, we will explore the domains of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Pakistan, to understand the support needed for subsistence entrepreneurs. Following a qualitative research approach, data are collected through in-depth interviews with subsistence entrepreneurs in Pakistan. This involves developing a systematic structure of knowledge sharing among other subsistence entrepreneurs in the community. We find that all entrepreneurs share their experience and knowledge with each other. This means that the concept of competition does not resonate in their setting; rather, the entrepreneurs use their personal knowledge augmentation to contribute to their community. This paper offers insights that contribute to the subsistence market of Pakistan and the future potential of entrepreneurs in the country.","PeriodicalId":45085,"journal":{"name":"Small Enterprise Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"109 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82064389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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