Pub Date : 2023-07-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_02_atowar_pgs_15_31.pdf
Priyanka Sarma, Atowar ul Islam, Tony Bayan
Background: Agriculture is a vital part of the economy that feeds a part of the world expanding population. However, the sector faces several difficulties, including water constraints, soil degradation, and climate change. The demand for increased security and safety in agricultural activities worsens these problems. This paper suggests an IoT-based agriculture environment and security monitoring system address these issues. Aims: The main objective of this work is to develop an intelligent monitoring and automated irrigation system that minimizes water use based on individual conditions and enables real-time environmental Methods: The Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller based on Microchip ATmega328P is used to gather environmental data such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture levels. The Arduino board is integrated with a relay and RTC module to water plants at precise times. It also has a passive infrared sensor to detect intruders. ESP32 camera is also used to record the current condition of the agricultural ground automatically. A sample of reading in an interval of 1 hour is recorded. This method involves wirelessly transmitting the data to cloud-based platforms. Results: The value of the sensor at the start of a wet condition is 0. When this occurs, the motor pump turns off, and the measured value is communicated to the microcontroller through NodeMCU. The motor pump automatically turns ON and OFF when plants receive enough amount of water. Discussion: It has been observed the water pump starts as soon as the temperature threshold of 19.5 °C is achieved. It has been observed that as humidity increases, it is unnecessary to water the plants as the plants take up water vapor from the surface of the leaves under humid conditions. Conclusions: This research offers a convenient prototype model that can simultaneously measure temperature, moisture, and humidity, identify intrusion, and remotely monitor it over the internet. It was concluded that with the decrease in moisture of the soil, the plants need to be watered.
背景:农业是经济的重要组成部分，养活了世界上一部分不断增长的人口。然而，该行业面临着一些困难，包括水资源限制、土壤退化和气候变化。对加强农业活动的保障和安全的要求使这些问题更加恶化。本文提出了一种基于物联网的农业环境与安全监测系统。目的:本工作的主要目标是开发一种智能监测和自动化灌溉系统，根据个人条件最大限度地减少用水量，并实现实时环境。方法:基于Microchip ATmega328P的Arduino Uno R3微控制器用于收集环境数据，如湿度，温度，土壤湿度水平。Arduino板集成了继电器和RTC模块，可以在精确的时间给植物浇水。它还有一个被动红外传感器来探测入侵者。同时采用ESP32摄像机自动记录农用地现状。记录每隔1小时的读数样本。这种方法包括将数据无线传输到基于云的平台。结果:在湿润状态开始时，传感器的值为0。当发生这种情况时，电机泵关闭，并通过NodeMCU将测量值传达给单片机。当植物获得足够的水时，电机泵会自动打开或关闭。讨论:根据观察，只要达到19.5℃的温度阈值，水泵就会启动。据观察，随着湿度的增加，植物无需浇水，因为在潮湿的条件下，植物从叶子表面吸收水蒸气。结论:本研究提供了一种方便的原型模型，可以同时测量温度、湿度和湿度，识别入侵，并通过互联网远程监控。结果表明，随着土壤水分的减少，植物需要浇水。
{"title":"IoT-BASED AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY MONITORING SYSTEM","authors":"Priyanka Sarma, Atowar ul Islam, Tony Bayan","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_02_atowar_pgs_15_31.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_02_atowar_pgs_15_31.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Agriculture is a vital part of the economy that feeds a part of the world expanding population. However, the sector faces several difficulties, including water constraints, soil degradation, and climate change. The demand for increased security and safety in agricultural activities worsens these problems. This paper suggests an IoT-based agriculture environment and security monitoring system address these issues. Aims: The main objective of this work is to develop an intelligent monitoring and automated irrigation system that minimizes water use based on individual conditions and enables real-time environmental Methods: The Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller based on Microchip ATmega328P is used to gather environmental data such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture levels. The Arduino board is integrated with a relay and RTC module to water plants at precise times. It also has a passive infrared sensor to detect intruders. ESP32 camera is also used to record the current condition of the agricultural ground automatically. A sample of reading in an interval of 1 hour is recorded. This method involves wirelessly transmitting the data to cloud-based platforms. Results: The value of the sensor at the start of a wet condition is 0. When this occurs, the motor pump turns off, and the measured value is communicated to the microcontroller through NodeMCU. The motor pump automatically turns ON and OFF when plants receive enough amount of water. Discussion: It has been observed the water pump starts as soon as the temperature threshold of 19.5 °C is achieved. It has been observed that as humidity increases, it is unnecessary to water the plants as the plants take up water vapor from the surface of the leaves under humid conditions. Conclusions: This research offers a convenient prototype model that can simultaneously measure temperature, moisture, and humidity, identify intrusion, and remotely monitor it over the internet. It was concluded that with the decrease in moisture of the soil, the plants need to be watered.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_01_tusi_pgs_01_14.pdf
Nataly Soares de Oliveira Polanco, J. C. Villalba, Fauze Jacó Anaissi, A. Oliveira Neto, Estevam Vitório Spinacé
Background: PtRu/C electrocatalysts present good results in methanol electo-oxidation. The activity of these electrocatalysts is strongly dependent on the synthesis method. Additionally, the use of mesoporous carbons or nanostructured carbons increases the performance of electrocatalysts applied in alcohol electro-oxidation. The hydrothermal carbonization method is an alternative to obtain different nanoarchitectures without involving harsh conditions. Aims: Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of synthesis time on the properties of PtRu/Carbon hybrids prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization method. Methods: PtRu/Carbon hybrids were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization at different times of synthesis (6 h and 12 h). It used cellulose as a carbon source and reducing agent and H2PtCl6.6H2O and RuCl3.xH2O as metal sources and catalysts of the carbonization process. The materials were treated at 900 °C and characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, B.E.T isotherms, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by chronoamperometry. Results: The increase in synthesis time from 6 to 12 hours, apparently, resulted in an increase in mean particle size, reduction of mesoporous volume and increase in superficial area and total pore volume. The chronoamperometry of methanol electro-oxidation on these PtRu/Carbon hybrids indicated a higher electroactivity to the material prepared in 6 hours. Discussion: Probably, the higher electroactivity of material prepared in 6 h is associated with smaller particle size, mesoporous structure and surface oxides content. Conclusions: Therefore, it is possible to affirm that the synthesis time is an important parameter that affects the physical-chemical properties of metal/carbon hybrids obtained by the hydrothermal carbonization method.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF SYNTHESIS TIME IN THE PROPERTIES OF PtRu/CARBON HYBRIDS PREPARED BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION METHOD","authors":"Nataly Soares de Oliveira Polanco, J. C. Villalba, Fauze Jacó Anaissi, A. Oliveira Neto, Estevam Vitório Spinacé","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_01_tusi_pgs_01_14.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_01_tusi_pgs_01_14.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: PtRu/C electrocatalysts present good results in methanol electo-oxidation. The activity of these electrocatalysts is strongly dependent on the synthesis method. Additionally, the use of mesoporous carbons or nanostructured carbons increases the performance of electrocatalysts applied in alcohol electro-oxidation. The hydrothermal carbonization method is an alternative to obtain different nanoarchitectures without involving harsh conditions. Aims: Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of synthesis time on the properties of PtRu/Carbon hybrids prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization method. Methods: PtRu/Carbon hybrids were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization at different times of synthesis (6 h and 12 h). It used cellulose as a carbon source and reducing agent and H2PtCl6.6H2O and RuCl3.xH2O as metal sources and catalysts of the carbonization process. The materials were treated at 900 °C and characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, B.E.T isotherms, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by chronoamperometry. Results: The increase in synthesis time from 6 to 12 hours, apparently, resulted in an increase in mean particle size, reduction of mesoporous volume and increase in superficial area and total pore volume. The chronoamperometry of methanol electro-oxidation on these PtRu/Carbon hybrids indicated a higher electroactivity to the material prepared in 6 hours. Discussion: Probably, the higher electroactivity of material prepared in 6 h is associated with smaller particle size, mesoporous structure and surface oxides content. Conclusions: Therefore, it is possible to affirm that the synthesis time is an important parameter that affects the physical-chemical properties of metal/carbon hybrids obtained by the hydrothermal carbonization method.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47905664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_03_deboni_pgs_32_40.pdf
Luis alcides Brandini De Boni
Background: Chlorine, in the form of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), is widely used in water treatment to make it safe for human consumption. There are three main forms of chlorine: chlorine gas (Cl2), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and calcium hypochlorite. All are effective in water disinfection. Chlorine dosage is controlled to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms without exceeding safe limits for human consumption, aiming to avoid the use of excessive chlorine that can generate undesirable by-products. Measurement was carried out using DPD reagent to determine the concentration of free chlorine in the water. Aim: This work aims to facilitate the adjustment of chlorine dosage in water treatment, to reduce additional corrections. Methods: The Hach method 8021 was used to adjust chlorine dosage based on measurements of the interval between dosing pump pulsations and observed chlorine concentration. The concentration was adjusted from 1.68 mg/L to 1.20 mg/L. Additionally, the appropriate time for correct chlorine reading was determined, and the time needed for the corrected chlorine quantity to be observable in the system, adhering to the minimum limits set by legislation, was verified. Results: The adjustment of the initial chlorine concentration (1.66 mg/L) was carried out using the Hach method 8021, resulting in a stable concentration of approximately 1.19 mg/L. The desired dosage was 1.20 mg/L. The time required for correct chlorine measurement and observation of the corrected value was approximately 40 minutes. The use of the script allowed achieving a result 99.2% close to the planned value with just one adjustment. Discussion: The proper use of chlorine in water treatment is essential to ensure the safety and quality of supply. This research emphasized the need for careful monitoring of chlorine dosage, requiring time and accurate analysis of representative samples. The application of the developed script brought significant benefits, ensuring satisfactory disinfection and preventing overdosing issues. The results showed high efficacy and time savings, enhancing treatment efficiency and economic advantages. Moreover, the script reduced paper usage in calculations, promoting environmental sustainability. Conclusions: The script for adjusting the chlorine dosage used in water treatment made the operation more practical and efficient, with a user-friendly interface and accurate results achieved faster.
{"title":"AUTOMATION OF CHLORINE DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CALCULATION IN DEEP TUBULAR WATER WELLS USING A JAVASCRIPT AND HTML SCRIPT","authors":"Luis alcides Brandini De Boni","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_03_deboni_pgs_32_40.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_03_deboni_pgs_32_40.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chlorine, in the form of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), is widely used in water treatment to make it safe for human consumption. There are three main forms of chlorine: chlorine gas (Cl2), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and calcium hypochlorite. All are effective in water disinfection. Chlorine dosage is controlled to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms without exceeding safe limits for human consumption, aiming to avoid the use of excessive chlorine that can generate undesirable by-products. Measurement was carried out using DPD reagent to determine the concentration of free chlorine in the water. Aim: This work aims to facilitate the adjustment of chlorine dosage in water treatment, to reduce additional corrections. Methods: The Hach method 8021 was used to adjust chlorine dosage based on measurements of the interval between dosing pump pulsations and observed chlorine concentration. The concentration was adjusted from 1.68 mg/L to 1.20 mg/L. Additionally, the appropriate time for correct chlorine reading was determined, and the time needed for the corrected chlorine quantity to be observable in the system, adhering to the minimum limits set by legislation, was verified. Results: The adjustment of the initial chlorine concentration (1.66 mg/L) was carried out using the Hach method 8021, resulting in a stable concentration of approximately 1.19 mg/L. The desired dosage was 1.20 mg/L. The time required for correct chlorine measurement and observation of the corrected value was approximately 40 minutes. The use of the script allowed achieving a result 99.2% close to the planned value with just one adjustment. Discussion: The proper use of chlorine in water treatment is essential to ensure the safety and quality of supply. This research emphasized the need for careful monitoring of chlorine dosage, requiring time and accurate analysis of representative samples. The application of the developed script brought significant benefits, ensuring satisfactory disinfection and preventing overdosing issues. The results showed high efficacy and time savings, enhancing treatment efficiency and economic advantages. Moreover, the script reduced paper usage in calculations, promoting environmental sustainability. Conclusions: The script for adjusting the chlorine dosage used in water treatment made the operation more practical and efficient, with a user-friendly interface and accurate results achieved faster.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70711042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_05_castilho_pgs_61_70.pdf
Maria Eduarda Gomes de Castilho, Frederico Novaes da Fraga, Cristiane de Souza Siqueira Pereira, Irenilda Reinalda Barreto De Rangel Moreira Cavalcanti, Sandro Pereira Ribeiro
Background: The quest for new energy sources is one of the most significant aspects of the renewed environmental consciousness that prevails in the contemporary world. The omnipresent use of fossil fuels and other harmful sources became one of the principal worries of the political and scientific communities, that since the past century started a campaign in search of alternatives. Aims: The aim of was to discuss contributions of energy recovery derived from MSU to the Brazilian panorama of electrical sources, adopting circular economy applied to a municipality. Methods: a revision of the literature was undertaken, to gather concepts and cases, taking circular economy, waste management and municipality as keywords. Results: The gathered papers present the prominence of circular economy in the intellectual scenario of environmental debate; also, a lack in previous treatment of collected residue, especially the sorting of materials by population, which impacts negatively the recovery. Discussion: The key aspects of the problem include promoting popular engagement in the cycle, identified as an important asset for a successful process. This includes the latin american scenario, that began to change recently with pilot plans implemented in some regions. The efficient way is to engage both industry and population in the process. Conclusions: One of the cleaners panoramas of energy sources, such facility could be installed in Brazil, following a south American upraising that already has Santa Rosa, Peru, and Barueri, in Brazil itself. An opportunity to develop regions and municipalities.
{"title":"POSSIBILITIES OF ENERGY RECOVERY FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT","authors":"Maria Eduarda Gomes de Castilho, Frederico Novaes da Fraga, Cristiane de Souza Siqueira Pereira, Irenilda Reinalda Barreto De Rangel Moreira Cavalcanti, Sandro Pereira Ribeiro","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_05_castilho_pgs_61_70.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_05_castilho_pgs_61_70.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The quest for new energy sources is one of the most significant aspects of the renewed environmental consciousness that prevails in the contemporary world. The omnipresent use of fossil fuels and other harmful sources became one of the principal worries of the political and scientific communities, that since the past century started a campaign in search of alternatives. Aims: The aim of was to discuss contributions of energy recovery derived from MSU to the Brazilian panorama of electrical sources, adopting circular economy applied to a municipality. Methods: a revision of the literature was undertaken, to gather concepts and cases, taking circular economy, waste management and municipality as keywords. Results: The gathered papers present the prominence of circular economy in the intellectual scenario of environmental debate; also, a lack in previous treatment of collected residue, especially the sorting of materials by population, which impacts negatively the recovery. Discussion: The key aspects of the problem include promoting popular engagement in the cycle, identified as an important asset for a successful process. This includes the latin american scenario, that began to change recently with pilot plans implemented in some regions. The efficient way is to engage both industry and population in the process. Conclusions: One of the cleaners panoramas of energy sources, such facility could be installed in Brazil, following a south American upraising that already has Santa Rosa, Peru, and Barueri, in Brazil itself. An opportunity to develop regions and municipalities.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70711413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_04_kupatadze_pgs_41_60.pdf
K. Kupatadze, G. Mikeladze, Nutsa Megvinetukhutcesi
Background: The article describes the study of chlorophyll concentration dynamics in Paliastom lake and its surrounding area. The research covers the period from 2015 to 2022. The study uses remote sensing satellite images obtained from Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, as a result of processing in the SNAP application. At the same time, in situ researches was performed. Aims: This study aims to research chlorophyll concentration in Paliastom lake and its adjacent area through remote sensing methods and in situ data. Methods: For our research and historical data collection, satellite remote sensing was applied, which generates data on spatial and temporal variations of suspended particles in estuaries and coastlines. In situ studies, Chlorophyll concentration and promoting chemical agents were measured, water temperature, pH, total hardness, alkalinity, acidity, and others. Total turbidity was determined, and qualitative reactions were performed to define the presence of phosphates and nitrates. Results: The results received through remote sensing, and in situ studies were compared. Paliastom lake and its adjacent area are prone to eutrophication processes. Natural phenomena and human industrial activity cause the process. Discussion: According to in situ studies and the data obtained from sensors, the water in Paliastom lake is prone to a weak alkaline reaction. The water of the lake can be considered as having medium turbidity. Phosphate and nitrate ion detection reactions performed with qualitative analysis protocols showed positive samples. The intensity of the obtained color indicated their high concentration. Conclusions: The annual evolution of Chl-a in Paliastom lake reaches the maximum value in the summer months. Compared to previous years, a decrease in chlorophyll concentration was observed during the lockdown period of 2020 due to the Covid Pandemic.
{"title":"STUDY ON EUTROPHICATION CHANGE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN PALIASTOMI LAKE","authors":"K. Kupatadze, G. Mikeladze, Nutsa Megvinetukhutcesi","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_04_kupatadze_pgs_41_60.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n44.2023_04_kupatadze_pgs_41_60.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The article describes the study of chlorophyll concentration dynamics in Paliastom lake and its surrounding area. The research covers the period from 2015 to 2022. The study uses remote sensing satellite images obtained from Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, as a result of processing in the SNAP application. At the same time, in situ researches was performed. Aims: This study aims to research chlorophyll concentration in Paliastom lake and its adjacent area through remote sensing methods and in situ data. Methods: For our research and historical data collection, satellite remote sensing was applied, which generates data on spatial and temporal variations of suspended particles in estuaries and coastlines. In situ studies, Chlorophyll concentration and promoting chemical agents were measured, water temperature, pH, total hardness, alkalinity, acidity, and others. Total turbidity was determined, and qualitative reactions were performed to define the presence of phosphates and nitrates. Results: The results received through remote sensing, and in situ studies were compared. Paliastom lake and its adjacent area are prone to eutrophication processes. Natural phenomena and human industrial activity cause the process. Discussion: According to in situ studies and the data obtained from sensors, the water in Paliastom lake is prone to a weak alkaline reaction. The water of the lake can be considered as having medium turbidity. Phosphate and nitrate ion detection reactions performed with qualitative analysis protocols showed positive samples. The intensity of the obtained color indicated their high concentration. Conclusions: The annual evolution of Chl-a in Paliastom lake reaches the maximum value in the summer months. Compared to previous years, a decrease in chlorophyll concentration was observed during the lockdown period of 2020 due to the Covid Pandemic.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_05_cavalcante_pgs_58_92.pdf
Maria Elena Nolasco Banegas, Luana Saboia, Yasmin Barros, Viviane A. S. Lemos, A. H. B. D. Oliveira, C. Vidal, R. Cavalcante
Background: After more than half a century since the increase in the dumping of plastics in the oceans and other bodies of water, the damage caused by these products and their fractions has been verified. Its presence compromises the quality of the environment due to its prolonged permanence in the habitat and potential for the adsorption of substances and release of chemical compounds to the environment responsible for the durability of the plastic. Aims: This paper aims to gather information about the source, characterization, and interactions of micro- and nanoplastic in the environment and provide current material for those curious about this pollution. Methods: This review was conducted searching for papers on micro and nanoplastics on Science Direct, Springer, and Elsevier databases using keywords such as “microplastic”, “nanoplastic”, “sources”, “contamination”, “instruments”, “analysis,” and “ocean”. This review used only published works and comprise the last seven years of research on the topic from the date the review was initiated. The work is structured in the definition of micro and nanoplastics, main sources, levels of contamination, adsorption processes, and characterization techniques. Results: Degradation drives the main role in producing micro- and nanoplastic. Studies have reported interactions between microplastic and hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds and demonstrated that microplastics can concentrate inorganic and organic compounds in several orders of magnitude, acting as vectors for co-pollutants in the environment. Discussion: Factors such as exposure time, pH, salinity, temperature, and adsorbate concentration directly affect MP-pollutant selection processes. The adsorption process might happen in presence of micro- and nanoplastic since organic pollutants have a high affinity with solid or particulate materials. Methodologies and quantification vary significantly among studies making it difficult to synthesize data. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that numerous techniques are being modified to characterize micro- and nanoparticles. However, standardizing analysis methodologies has proven challenging due to the nature of these particles and their nanometer-scale size.
{"title":"MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: CONTAMINATION, DETERMINATION AND INTERACTION WITH OTHER CONTAMINANTS","authors":"Maria Elena Nolasco Banegas, Luana Saboia, Yasmin Barros, Viviane A. S. Lemos, A. H. B. D. Oliveira, C. Vidal, R. Cavalcante","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_05_cavalcante_pgs_58_92.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_05_cavalcante_pgs_58_92.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: After more than half a century since the increase in the dumping of plastics in the oceans and other bodies of water, the damage caused by these products and their fractions has been verified. Its presence compromises the quality of the environment due to its prolonged permanence in the habitat and potential for the adsorption of substances and release of chemical compounds to the environment responsible for the durability of the plastic. Aims: This paper aims to gather information about the source, characterization, and interactions of micro- and nanoplastic in the environment and provide current material for those curious about this pollution. Methods: This review was conducted searching for papers on micro and nanoplastics on Science Direct, Springer, and Elsevier databases using keywords such as “microplastic”, “nanoplastic”, “sources”, “contamination”, “instruments”, “analysis,” and “ocean”. This review used only published works and comprise the last seven years of research on the topic from the date the review was initiated. The work is structured in the definition of micro and nanoplastics, main sources, levels of contamination, adsorption processes, and characterization techniques. Results: Degradation drives the main role in producing micro- and nanoplastic. Studies have reported interactions between microplastic and hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds and demonstrated that microplastics can concentrate inorganic and organic compounds in several orders of magnitude, acting as vectors for co-pollutants in the environment. Discussion: Factors such as exposure time, pH, salinity, temperature, and adsorbate concentration directly affect MP-pollutant selection processes. The adsorption process might happen in presence of micro- and nanoplastic since organic pollutants have a high affinity with solid or particulate materials. Methodologies and quantification vary significantly among studies making it difficult to synthesize data. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that numerous techniques are being modified to characterize micro- and nanoparticles. However, standardizing analysis methodologies has proven challenging due to the nature of these particles and their nanometer-scale size.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47689587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_01_carneiro_pgs_01_11.pdf
G. F. C. COSTA JUNIOR, Derly Oliveira DA SILVA, W. Carneiro
Background: Cinnarizine is a brain vasodilator used in labyrinth diseases, a disorder characterized by dizziness, gait deviations, or falling. The quality control of compounded capsules containing cinnarizine is limited. Because of the difficulty accessing official pharmacopeia monographs of this drug, there is a need to describe an analytical method that is reliable and safe to perform the quantitative determination of cinnarizine in capsules. Aim: This work aims to develop and validate an analytical method to determine cinnarizine assay in capsules by spectrophotometry in the UV region that is easy to perform, low cost, and offers reliability in the dosage results. Methods: The RDC nº. 166, of 24 July 2017, of the National Health Surveillance Agency, was used as the guide for validating analytical methods. Results and Discussion: The proposed method was linear in the range of 5.833 to 10.833 μg mL-1 and presented similar results of linear and Person correlation coefficient (0.999), selectivity/specificity (0.14 %), detection limits (130, 20 ng/mL), and quantification (260, 40 ng/mL) at 251 nm. The accuracy results (DPR Rep. accuracy: 2.89 %; DPR Inter. accuracy: 1.07 %) and precision (CQB= 99.96 %, CQM= 100.02 %, and CQA= 100.06 %) complied with the validation parameters. The robustness has been proven, and the analytical method does not vary significantly from small deliberations. After validation, the assay of cinnarizine in capsules of pharmacies of the retail trade of Barra do Garças - MT was determined. The results were found to comply with Farmacopéia Brasileira 6th Edition requirements. Conclusions: The validated analytical method proved to be linear, specific, accurate, and robust and allows the determination of the dosage of cinnarizine in compounded capsules in a simple way, with low cost, and provides reliable results.
背景：桂利嗪是一种用于治疗迷路疾病的脑血管舒张剂，迷路疾病是一种以头晕、步态偏差或跌倒为特征的疾病。复方桂利嗪胶囊的质量控制是有限的。由于难以获得该药物的官方药典专著，因此需要描述一种可靠、安全的分析方法来定量测定胶囊中的桂利嗪。目的：本工作旨在开发和验证一种在紫外分光光度法测定胶囊中桂利嗪含量的分析方法，该方法易于执行，成本低，并且剂量结果可靠。方法：RDC nº。国家卫生监督局2017年7月24日的166号文件被用作验证分析方法的指南。结果与讨论：所提出的方法在5.833至10.833μg mL-1的范围内呈线性，在251 nm处的线性和Person相关系数（0.999）、选择性/特异性（0.14%）、检测限（130，20 ng/mL）和定量（260，40 ng/mL）结果相似。准确度结果（DPR Rep.准确度2.89%；DPR Inter.准确度1.07%）和精密度（CQB=99.96%，CQM=100.02%，CQA=100.06%）符合验证参数。稳健性已经得到证明，分析方法与小规模审议没有显著差异。验证后，测定了Barra do Garças-MT零售药店胶囊中桂利嗪的含量。结果符合巴西Farmacopéia第6版的要求。结论：经验证的分析方法线性、特异、准确、可靠，可简便、低成本地测定复方胶囊中桂利嗪的剂量，结果可靠。
{"title":"DESENVOLVIMENTO E VALIDAÇÃO DE MÉTODO ANALÍTICO PARA DETERMINAR O DOSEAMENTO DE CINARIZINA EM CÁPSULAS MAGISTRAIS","authors":"G. F. C. COSTA JUNIOR, Derly Oliveira DA SILVA, W. Carneiro","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_01_carneiro_pgs_01_11.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_01_carneiro_pgs_01_11.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cinnarizine is a brain vasodilator used in labyrinth diseases, a disorder characterized by dizziness, gait deviations, or falling. The quality control of compounded capsules containing cinnarizine is limited. Because of the difficulty accessing official pharmacopeia monographs of this drug, there is a need to describe an analytical method that is reliable and safe to perform the quantitative determination of cinnarizine in capsules. Aim: This work aims to develop and validate an analytical method to determine cinnarizine assay in capsules by spectrophotometry in the UV region that is easy to perform, low cost, and offers reliability in the dosage results. Methods: The RDC nº. 166, of 24 July 2017, of the National Health Surveillance Agency, was used as the guide for validating analytical methods. Results and Discussion: The proposed method was linear in the range of 5.833 to 10.833 μg mL-1 and presented similar results of linear and Person correlation coefficient (0.999), selectivity/specificity (0.14 %), detection limits (130, 20 ng/mL), and quantification (260, 40 ng/mL) at 251 nm. The accuracy results (DPR Rep. accuracy: 2.89 %; DPR Inter. accuracy: 1.07 %) and precision (CQB= 99.96 %, CQM= 100.02 %, and CQA= 100.06 %) complied with the validation parameters. The robustness has been proven, and the analytical method does not vary significantly from small deliberations. After validation, the assay of cinnarizine in capsules of pharmacies of the retail trade of Barra do Garças - MT was determined. The results were found to comply with Farmacopéia Brasileira 6th Edition requirements. Conclusions: The validated analytical method proved to be linear, specific, accurate, and robust and allows the determination of the dosage of cinnarizine in compounded capsules in a simple way, with low cost, and provides reliable results.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47725116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_03_gomes_pgs_26_42.pdf
Katiane de Jesus Souza, Wanderson de Oliveira Menezes, Roure Santos Ribeiro, Romicy Dermondes Souza, N. F. M. Rodrigues, P. R. B. Gomes, H. C. Louzeiro
Background: The "soil" content is presented gradually in the early years of elementary school, one of the resources most used as support in basic education is the textbook, which through the National Plan of Book and Didactic Material, was evaluated carefully before being released for selection of schools and education professionals. Aim: This study aims to describe aspects of the "soil" content in four science textbooks for the third year of elementary school. Methods: Documentary analysis followed Bardin’s model. In the pre-analysis, the materials were organized in L1, L2, L3, and L4 followed by floating reading to identify the descriptive and content support elements. The practical activities were classified according to Campos and Nigro, based on the participation of students and teachers in their development. The images were analyzed based on Gestalt pregnancy theory. Results: The analyzed books present respectively 18, 30, 18, and 17 pages destined to the content, where it was possible to identify the presence of definitions, practical activities, and contextuality of the images, although some have neglected relevant aspects. Discussion: The materials use different methodologies, which favor the cognitive development of the student. However, none of the books has information on the main types of soils in Brazil besides presenting limitations on soil classification and science. Conclusion: We conclude that the textbooks of elementary school analyzed present the soil content in its structure, with definitions through texts and images, to an appropriate extent and present relevant proposals for practical activities.
{"title":"DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY OF SOILS IN DIDACTIC BOOKS FOR THE EARLY YEARS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL","authors":"Katiane de Jesus Souza, Wanderson de Oliveira Menezes, Roure Santos Ribeiro, Romicy Dermondes Souza, N. F. M. Rodrigues, P. R. B. Gomes, H. C. Louzeiro","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_03_gomes_pgs_26_42.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_03_gomes_pgs_26_42.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The \"soil\" content is presented gradually in the early years of elementary school, one of the resources most used as support in basic education is the textbook, which through the National Plan of Book and Didactic Material, was evaluated carefully before being released for selection of schools and education professionals. Aim: This study aims to describe aspects of the \"soil\" content in four science textbooks for the third year of elementary school. Methods: Documentary analysis followed Bardin’s model. In the pre-analysis, the materials were organized in L1, L2, L3, and L4 followed by floating reading to identify the descriptive and content support elements. The practical activities were classified according to Campos and Nigro, based on the participation of students and teachers in their development. The images were analyzed based on Gestalt pregnancy theory. Results: The analyzed books present respectively 18, 30, 18, and 17 pages destined to the content, where it was possible to identify the presence of definitions, practical activities, and contextuality of the images, although some have neglected relevant aspects. Discussion: The materials use different methodologies, which favor the cognitive development of the student. However, none of the books has information on the main types of soils in Brazil besides presenting limitations on soil classification and science. Conclusion: We conclude that the textbooks of elementary school analyzed present the soil content in its structure, with definitions through texts and images, to an appropriate extent and present relevant proposals for practical activities.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_04_hansan_pgs_43_57.pdf
Methaq Mohamed Hasan, A. A. Khalifa
Background: Vasopressin (AVP) hormone and total serum protein (including albumin) change during the progressive age in hypertensive men and are associated with cytokines release (endothelin-1 (ET-1)), leading to many renal and cardiovascular disorders. Aim: This study is to investigate AVP, ET-1, total protein, and serum albumin levels in various ages of hypertensive men to provide insights into the effects of aging and high blood pressure. Methods: The levels of AVP, ET-1, total protein, and serum albumin were compared in 80 hypertensive men as they aged, divided into four groups (20 men/group) based on their ages ranging from 30 to 69 years. The first group consisted of men aged 30-39 years, the second group included men aged 40-49 years, the third group had men aged 50-59 years, and the fourth group had men aged 60-69. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data, followed by Duncan s test for the groups. Results: AVP increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in different groups, except the fourth group against the third group. High levels of ET-1 were released significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in different groups except in the third group vs. the second group. Both serum albumin and total protein reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in different groups (with some exceptions). Discussion: The physiological impact of these results was discussed according to the effects of hypertension and advanced age on the studied parameters; particularly, AVP increment and high levels of ET-1 indicated an evident dysfunction in blood pressure regulation during advanced age. Conclusions: High levels of AVP hormone and its ability to constrictions of blood vessels and reabsorption of Na and water might be indicated as continuous and maintenance hypertension during advanced age. High levels of ET-1 detection might be pointed to a low-grade inflammation during hypertension and advanced age.
{"title":"STUDYING THE ROLE OF VASOPRESSIN HORMONE, ENDOTHELIN-1, AND SERUM ALBUMIN DURING PROGRESSIVE AGE IN HYPERTENSIVE MEN","authors":"Methaq Mohamed Hasan, A. A. Khalifa","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_04_hansan_pgs_43_57.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_04_hansan_pgs_43_57.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vasopressin (AVP) hormone and total serum protein (including albumin) change during the progressive age in hypertensive men and are associated with cytokines release (endothelin-1 (ET-1)), leading to many renal and cardiovascular disorders. Aim: This study is to investigate AVP, ET-1, total protein, and serum albumin levels in various ages of hypertensive men to provide insights into the effects of aging and high blood pressure. Methods: The levels of AVP, ET-1, total protein, and serum albumin were compared in 80 hypertensive men as they aged, divided into four groups (20 men/group) based on their ages ranging from 30 to 69 years. The first group consisted of men aged 30-39 years, the second group included men aged 40-49 years, the third group had men aged 50-59 years, and the fourth group had men aged 60-69. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data, followed by Duncan s test for the groups. Results: AVP increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in different groups, except the fourth group against the third group. High levels of ET-1 were released significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in different groups except in the third group vs. the second group. Both serum albumin and total protein reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in different groups (with some exceptions). Discussion: The physiological impact of these results was discussed according to the effects of hypertension and advanced age on the studied parameters; particularly, AVP increment and high levels of ET-1 indicated an evident dysfunction in blood pressure regulation during advanced age. Conclusions: High levels of AVP hormone and its ability to constrictions of blood vessels and reabsorption of Na and water might be indicated as continuous and maintenance hypertension during advanced age. High levels of ET-1 detection might be pointed to a low-grade inflammation during hypertension and advanced age.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_06_deboni_pgs_93_99.pdf
L. D. De Boni
Background: On February 3, 2023, a train derailment happened in Ohio, causing a massive chemical spill. The train was transporting several chemical compounds that are raw materials for the chemical industry, and due to the derailment, some wagons caught fire, and others were in danger of explosion due to overheating. Aims: This note aims to reflect on the study of the chemicals present in the derailment and whether it could be a different outcome. Methods: A simple survey was done on the internet, looking for information about the derailment and the main chemicals the train was carrying. The information about the chemicals was selected from the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from regular suppliers of the products. Results: The information collected regarding the derailment was unclear about the reasons for the fact, and the literature regarding the chemicals pointed out that the situation could get worse or worse than it already was. Discussion: at the time of the study, no conclusive information was available regarding the reasons for the derailment. The spill of a carcinogenic agent turned the derailment scenario more difficult to operate. The combustion of vinyl chloride can create phosgene gas (apparently did it) and increase the horror show that unfolded at the derailment site. Conclusions: The local population was suffering at the time and waiting for real proper support. The locomotive crew followed the company regulations, and the personnel working on the ground followed orders. Therefore, those do not appear to be the reasons for the derailment.
{"title":"REFLECTING ON THE DERAILMENT IN OHIO, USA.","authors":"L. D. De Boni","doi":"10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_06_deboni_pgs_93_99.pdf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v20.n43.2023_06_deboni_pgs_93_99.pdf","url":null,"abstract":"Background: On February 3, 2023, a train derailment happened in Ohio, causing a massive chemical spill. The train was transporting several chemical compounds that are raw materials for the chemical industry, and due to the derailment, some wagons caught fire, and others were in danger of explosion due to overheating. Aims: This note aims to reflect on the study of the chemicals present in the derailment and whether it could be a different outcome. Methods: A simple survey was done on the internet, looking for information about the derailment and the main chemicals the train was carrying. The information about the chemicals was selected from the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from regular suppliers of the products. Results: The information collected regarding the derailment was unclear about the reasons for the fact, and the literature regarding the chemicals pointed out that the situation could get worse or worse than it already was. Discussion: at the time of the study, no conclusive information was available regarding the reasons for the derailment. The spill of a carcinogenic agent turned the derailment scenario more difficult to operate. The combustion of vinyl chloride can create phosgene gas (apparently did it) and increase the horror show that unfolded at the derailment site. Conclusions: The local population was suffering at the time and waiting for real proper support. The locomotive crew followed the company regulations, and the personnel working on the ground followed orders. Therefore, those do not appear to be the reasons for the derailment.","PeriodicalId":45103,"journal":{"name":"Periodico Tche Quimica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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