Pub Date : 2020-07-16DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1786485
O. Elechi, E. Lambert, S. Otu
Abstract Organizational justice is important for most employees. Distributive justice (fairness of outcomes) and procedural justice (fairness of processes to reach outcomes) are two major dimensions of organizational justice. Limited research has examined how perceptions of the distributive and the procedural types of justice are linked with job stress of correctional staff, and the vast majority of this limited research has been conducted with U.S. staff. The current study examined how these dimensions of organizational justice are associated with job stress among Nigerian correctional staff. Findings from a survey of 120 staff members from a correctional institution in Southeast Nigeria showed a significant relationship between organizational justice and job stress. Contrary to a similar study in the United States that found that distributive justice had more impact on correctional job stress, employee perceptions that organizational processes and procedures were fair and transparent were associated with a reduced level of stress in Nigeria. One implication of the study findings is that the impact of the distributive and procedural types of justice on staff morale and stress may be attributed more to environmental context and situation.
{"title":"Exploring the association between organizational justice and job stress among Nigerian correctional staff","authors":"O. Elechi, E. Lambert, S. Otu","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1786485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1786485","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Organizational justice is important for most employees. Distributive justice (fairness of outcomes) and procedural justice (fairness of processes to reach outcomes) are two major dimensions of organizational justice. Limited research has examined how perceptions of the distributive and the procedural types of justice are linked with job stress of correctional staff, and the vast majority of this limited research has been conducted with U.S. staff. The current study examined how these dimensions of organizational justice are associated with job stress among Nigerian correctional staff. Findings from a survey of 120 staff members from a correctional institution in Southeast Nigeria showed a significant relationship between organizational justice and job stress. Contrary to a similar study in the United States that found that distributive justice had more impact on correctional job stress, employee perceptions that organizational processes and procedures were fair and transparent were associated with a reduced level of stress in Nigeria. One implication of the study findings is that the impact of the distributive and procedural types of justice on staff morale and stress may be attributed more to environmental context and situation.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"265 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1786485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42427418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-17DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1772162
M. Sagir, Ben Feldmeyer
Abstract A wide-ranging body of research on the immigration-crime relationship has shown that immigration does not increase community crime levels. However, most prior studies have focused on traditional immigrant destinations or border cities. This study addresses several gaps in this line of research by exploring immigration effects on neighborhood levels of Violent and Property Index crimes for the 2008 to 2014 period in Cincinnati, Ohio – a Midwestern, mid-sized, nontraditional immigrant destination. Overall, our findings are consistent with previous research and indicate that controlling for other factors, the percent foreign-born has largely neutral effects on census tract-level crime rates in Cincinnati. Moreover, our findings show no signs of indirect effects of immigration on crime through neighborhood disadvantage.
{"title":"Immigration effects on crime in a midwestern, nontraditional destination: a neighborhood-level analysis of Cincinnati, Ohio","authors":"M. Sagir, Ben Feldmeyer","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1772162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1772162","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A wide-ranging body of research on the immigration-crime relationship has shown that immigration does not increase community crime levels. However, most prior studies have focused on traditional immigrant destinations or border cities. This study addresses several gaps in this line of research by exploring immigration effects on neighborhood levels of Violent and Property Index crimes for the 2008 to 2014 period in Cincinnati, Ohio – a Midwestern, mid-sized, nontraditional immigrant destination. Overall, our findings are consistent with previous research and indicate that controlling for other factors, the percent foreign-born has largely neutral effects on census tract-level crime rates in Cincinnati. Moreover, our findings show no signs of indirect effects of immigration on crime through neighborhood disadvantage.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"238 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1772162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46700653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1774952
Andrew C. Gray, Karen F. Parker
Abstract This study empirically examines recent race-specific police shootings and offers a theoretical test of racial threat arguments. Our analysis includes all aspects of threat – economic, political, and racial composition – when examining state-level counts of police shootings of Black citizens spanning 2014–2016. For comparison, police shootings of Whites were also analyzed. Significant findings for racial composition are reported across both races, while political predictors are significant in the Black-specific model when controlling for other structural features. Our results also highlight the need to disaggregate police shootings by race. With partial support for racial threat arguments, we offer directions for future research.
{"title":"Race and police killings: examining the links between racial threat and police shootings of Black Americans","authors":"Andrew C. Gray, Karen F. Parker","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1774952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1774952","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study empirically examines recent race-specific police shootings and offers a theoretical test of racial threat arguments. Our analysis includes all aspects of threat – economic, political, and racial composition – when examining state-level counts of police shootings of Black citizens spanning 2014–2016. For comparison, police shootings of Whites were also analyzed. Significant findings for racial composition are reported across both races, while political predictors are significant in the Black-specific model when controlling for other structural features. Our results also highlight the need to disaggregate police shootings by race. With partial support for racial threat arguments, we offer directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"315 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1774952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44570164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-02DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1754992
J. Torres, Timothy T. Reling
Abstract This pilot study examines police patrol activity, specifically engagement in under-policing, and investigatory-apprehensiveness toward minorities across White and nonwhite patrol officers in the context of policing post-Ferguson. Using a sample of unranked, patrol-duty officers in the United States (n = 887) from an online survey a series of multivariate binary logistic models suggest that although departmental and officer level variables can predict the likelihood of practicing under-policing and being apprehensive toward stopping minorities, various contextual post-Ferguson variables beyond de-policing also matter. Further, predictors of under-policing and apprehensiveness toward stopping minorities are different across White and nonwhite patrol officers. Results suggest the post-Ferguson period appears to have made an impression on patrol officers’ behaviors.
{"title":"Under-policing and apprehensiveness toward stopping minorities across white and nonwhite officers post-Ferguson","authors":"J. Torres, Timothy T. Reling","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1754992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1754992","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This pilot study examines police patrol activity, specifically engagement in under-policing, and investigatory-apprehensiveness toward minorities across White and nonwhite patrol officers in the context of policing post-Ferguson. Using a sample of unranked, patrol-duty officers in the United States (n = 887) from an online survey a series of multivariate binary logistic models suggest that although departmental and officer level variables can predict the likelihood of practicing under-policing and being apprehensive toward stopping minorities, various contextual post-Ferguson variables beyond de-policing also matter. Further, predictors of under-policing and apprehensiveness toward stopping minorities are different across White and nonwhite patrol officers. Results suggest the post-Ferguson period appears to have made an impression on patrol officers’ behaviors.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"282 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1754992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48385816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-22DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1754990
Patrick Webb, Dennis M. Savard, A. Delaney
Abstract The critical race theory has been predictive of how minority youth are treated in the juvenile and criminal justice systems in the United States. However, the theory has not been applied in explaining the existence of wrongful convictions among juveniles. Using secondary data derived from the National Exoneration Registry, the purpose of this study is to identify specific factors (e.g., DNA evidence, etc.) related to the wrongful convictions of Black youth who have been exonerated. Compared to other racial categories, the results reveal that Black youth are more likely to experience wrongful convictions as a result of false confessions, faulty eyewitness identification, perjury, and official misconduct. Limitations, policy implications, and areas of further investigation are offered.
{"title":"The color of confinement: examining youth exoneration decisions and the critical race theory","authors":"Patrick Webb, Dennis M. Savard, A. Delaney","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1754990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1754990","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The critical race theory has been predictive of how minority youth are treated in the juvenile and criminal justice systems in the United States. However, the theory has not been applied in explaining the existence of wrongful convictions among juveniles. Using secondary data derived from the National Exoneration Registry, the purpose of this study is to identify specific factors (e.g., DNA evidence, etc.) related to the wrongful convictions of Black youth who have been exonerated. Compared to other racial categories, the results reveal that Black youth are more likely to experience wrongful convictions as a result of false confessions, faulty eyewitness identification, perjury, and official misconduct. Limitations, policy implications, and areas of further investigation are offered.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"206 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1754990","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42309292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1749746
D. M. R. Dagenhardt
Abstract Although there is substantial attention to judicial decision-making during sentencing, fewer studies have examined decision-making post sentencing. Further, the interactions of probationer race and additional background factors have been under studied in post-sentencing decision-making. This study utilizes the focal concerns perspective to examine whether race interacts with gender, family status, and employment status in predicting sanctioning probationers for noncompliance. A sample of probation review hearings within an eight-month period in three domestic violence courts were selected. Results demonstrate that race does not interact with other background factors in influencing a jail sanction, while non-compliant behaviors are the strongest predictors.
{"title":"The influence of race, gender, family, and employment status on probationer sanctioning for noncompliance","authors":"D. M. R. Dagenhardt","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1749746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1749746","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although there is substantial attention to judicial decision-making during sentencing, fewer studies have examined decision-making post sentencing. Further, the interactions of probationer race and additional background factors have been under studied in post-sentencing decision-making. This study utilizes the focal concerns perspective to examine whether race interacts with gender, family status, and employment status in predicting sanctioning probationers for noncompliance. A sample of probation review hearings within an eight-month period in three domestic violence courts were selected. Results demonstrate that race does not interact with other background factors in influencing a jail sanction, while non-compliant behaviors are the strongest predictors.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"185 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1749746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49025595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-12DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1736226
Gary R. Repasky, R. Rogers, Christopher M. Bellas, Gordon Frissora
Abstract This study examines racial variations in the experience of police department norms and culture. Using the data set Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland (1997-1999), results show that White and Black officers describe sources of work-related stress differently. Whites focus on issues related to the institutional culture, whereas Blacks described problems in terms of personal mistreatment. There are no differences related to critical incident stress, and the two groups do not different dramatically in how work-related stress is manifest and perceived.
{"title":"Racial variations in work-related stress among police officers","authors":"Gary R. Repasky, R. Rogers, Christopher M. Bellas, Gordon Frissora","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1736226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1736226","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines racial variations in the experience of police department norms and culture. Using the data set Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland (1997-1999), results show that White and Black officers describe sources of work-related stress differently. Whites focus on issues related to the institutional culture, whereas Blacks described problems in terms of personal mistreatment. There are no differences related to critical incident stress, and the two groups do not different dramatically in how work-related stress is manifest and perceived.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"167 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1736226","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42033343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1729921
Sarah A. El Sayed, D. Boots, James W. Marquart, S. Sanford
Abstract Whether racial bias is intertwined with capital case dispositions continue to be a matter of contention. In 1972, Furman v. Georgia ruled capital punishment unconstitutional on the grounds of being capricious and arbitrary. To better understand this sociological phenomenon, the current paper examines capital punishment within a historical context. Specifically, the present study is an exploratory examination of county-level data consisting of offenders who received a death sentence between 1923 through 1972. Media accounts from a Dallas newspaper during that time period were also examined. Results indicate that Blacks were disproportionately sentenced to death compared to their White counterparts. Capital sentencing trends at the county level reflect national trends of racial bias that characterized this historical period.
{"title":"Death in Dallas: Sentencing patterns of pre-Furman capital offenders","authors":"Sarah A. El Sayed, D. Boots, James W. Marquart, S. Sanford","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1729921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1729921","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Whether racial bias is intertwined with capital case dispositions continue to be a matter of contention. In 1972, Furman v. Georgia ruled capital punishment unconstitutional on the grounds of being capricious and arbitrary. To better understand this sociological phenomenon, the current paper examines capital punishment within a historical context. Specifically, the present study is an exploratory examination of county-level data consisting of offenders who received a death sentence between 1923 through 1972. Media accounts from a Dallas newspaper during that time period were also examined. Results indicate that Blacks were disproportionately sentenced to death compared to their White counterparts. Capital sentencing trends at the county level reflect national trends of racial bias that characterized this historical period.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"146 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1729921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48204627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2020.1727806
L. Frumkin, A. Stone
Abstract Extralegal factors such as accent status, race and age may affect how someone is perceived in courtrooms. Even eyewitnesses who are not on trial may be rated less favorably as a result of such features. The current study measured accent status, race and age with 254 participants listening to oral witness statements. Results indicate eyewitnesses with higher-status accents were rated more favorably than those with lower-status accents and younger black eyewitnesses were rated higher than older black witnesses. White eyewitnesses were more favorably rated than black witnesses although this was qualified by results suggesting anti-norm deviance. The findings provide the criminal justice system with reasons to question how interactions among witness characteristics and with observer characteristics may influence court decisions.
{"title":"Not all eyewitnesses are equal: Accent status, race and age interact to influence evaluations of testimony","authors":"L. Frumkin, A. Stone","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2020.1727806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2020.1727806","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Extralegal factors such as accent status, race and age may affect how someone is perceived in courtrooms. Even eyewitnesses who are not on trial may be rated less favorably as a result of such features. The current study measured accent status, race and age with 254 participants listening to oral witness statements. Results indicate eyewitnesses with higher-status accents were rated more favorably than those with lower-status accents and younger black eyewitnesses were rated higher than older black witnesses. White eyewitnesses were more favorably rated than black witnesses although this was qualified by results suggesting anti-norm deviance. The findings provide the criminal justice system with reasons to question how interactions among witness characteristics and with observer characteristics may influence court decisions.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"123 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2020.1727806","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47228544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-09DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1710316
D. Niven, Ellen A. Donnelly
Abstract In McCleskey v. Kemp, the Supreme Court tasked legislatures, rather than courts, with redressing racial disparities in capital punishment. Elected officials must then decide to amend disparate death penalty procedures. Analyzing floor debates, we explore why legislators make arguments for racial disparity or fairness in deliberations of death penalty reforms. Results suggest views on race and the death penalty are products of partisanship, constituency composition, and the race/ethnicity of legislators, with the interaction of these factors being most predictive of argumentation. Findings illuminate who leads discourse on fairness in criminal justice and the limits of legislative responses to racial injustice.
{"title":"Who challenges disparities in capital punishment?: An analysis of state legislative floor debates on death penalty reform","authors":"D. Niven, Ellen A. Donnelly","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1710316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1710316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In McCleskey v. Kemp, the Supreme Court tasked legislatures, rather than courts, with redressing racial disparities in capital punishment. Elected officials must then decide to amend disparate death penalty procedures. Analyzing floor debates, we explore why legislators make arguments for racial disparity or fairness in deliberations of death penalty reforms. Results suggest views on race and the death penalty are products of partisanship, constituency composition, and the race/ethnicity of legislators, with the interaction of these factors being most predictive of argumentation. Findings illuminate who leads discourse on fairness in criminal justice and the limits of legislative responses to racial injustice.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"122 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1710316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48633662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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