Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1681046
Daniel K. Pryce, L. Grant
Abstract This study is the first to assess citizen willingness to empower the police in the Caribbean. The study examines the relative impacts of normative and instrumental models of policing on willingness to empower the police in a sample of Jamaican citizens. Using data from a survey of Jamaican citizens, procedural justice and educational level predicted police empowerment; obligation to obey, age, sex, police effectiveness, and risk of sanctioning did not. The study’s findings point to the importance of the process-based model of policing in different geopolitical contexts. Specifically, the study addresses why procedural justice, a normative model, may engender willingness to empower the police in this group of Jamaican citizens. This finding is important because normative models generally exert a stronger influence than instrumental models in advanced democracies, whereas the opposite is the case in emerging democracies and postcolonial societies, such as Jamaica. The implications for policing, policy, and future research are discussed.
{"title":"The relative impacts of normative and instrumental factors of policing on willingness to empower the police: A study from Jamaica","authors":"Daniel K. Pryce, L. Grant","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1681046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1681046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is the first to assess citizen willingness to empower the police in the Caribbean. The study examines the relative impacts of normative and instrumental models of policing on willingness to empower the police in a sample of Jamaican citizens. Using data from a survey of Jamaican citizens, procedural justice and educational level predicted police empowerment; obligation to obey, age, sex, police effectiveness, and risk of sanctioning did not. The study’s findings point to the importance of the process-based model of policing in different geopolitical contexts. Specifically, the study addresses why procedural justice, a normative model, may engender willingness to empower the police in this group of Jamaican citizens. This finding is important because normative models generally exert a stronger influence than instrumental models in advanced democracies, whereas the opposite is the case in emerging democracies and postcolonial societies, such as Jamaica. The implications for policing, policy, and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"19 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1681046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47019434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1679689
C. A. Jones, Mia Ortiz, K. Renner
Abstract The lived experiences of Black people are often characterized by racism and race discrimination, but the experiences of Black women are uniquely intensified by multiple intersecting marginalities (i.e., race, class, gender, etc.) that collectively function as areas of discrimination. Recognizing this, the present study explores whether perceptions of discrimination and racial barrier awareness leads to offending behavior above the influence of depressive factors. Findings from this study suggest that depressive factors alone marginally account for variances in offending behavior, but when paired with racial barrier awareness, significantly account for variances in offending behavior. Perceptions of discrimination, however, did not account for any variance.
{"title":"Depression, perceived discrimination, and racial barrier awareness as predictors of offending for Black women","authors":"C. A. Jones, Mia Ortiz, K. Renner","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1679689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1679689","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The lived experiences of Black people are often characterized by racism and race discrimination, but the experiences of Black women are uniquely intensified by multiple intersecting marginalities (i.e., race, class, gender, etc.) that collectively function as areas of discrimination. Recognizing this, the present study explores whether perceptions of discrimination and racial barrier awareness leads to offending behavior above the influence of depressive factors. Findings from this study suggest that depressive factors alone marginally account for variances in offending behavior, but when paired with racial barrier awareness, significantly account for variances in offending behavior. Perceptions of discrimination, however, did not account for any variance.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1679689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48490340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1693466
Kevin McCaffree, Anondah Saide, M. Shermer
Abstract We consider here whether African-Americans executed on death row in Texas are consequently (a) more likely to have committed economically-motivated secondary crimes during the commission of homicide/attempted homicide, and whether these inmates were (b) less likely to express being sorry in their final statements before execution. Our study revealed support for the following hypothesized patterns: Caucasian offenders used a greater number of sorry-related words in their last statements, on average, compared with African-American offenders. In addition, homicides/attempted homicides committed by African-Americans were significantly more likely to have included a secondary economically-motivated crime (e.g., robbery). Subsequent analyses revealed that offender race significantly mediated the effects of economic secondary crime commission and “emotional intensity” on expressed sorrow in final statements.
{"title":"Racial dynamics underlying crime commission, emotionality, and last statements among executed offenders in Texas","authors":"Kevin McCaffree, Anondah Saide, M. Shermer","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1693466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1693466","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We consider here whether African-Americans executed on death row in Texas are consequently (a) more likely to have committed economically-motivated secondary crimes during the commission of homicide/attempted homicide, and whether these inmates were (b) less likely to express being sorry in their final statements before execution. Our study revealed support for the following hypothesized patterns: Caucasian offenders used a greater number of sorry-related words in their last statements, on average, compared with African-American offenders. In addition, homicides/attempted homicides committed by African-Americans were significantly more likely to have included a secondary economically-motivated crime (e.g., robbery). Subsequent analyses revealed that offender race significantly mediated the effects of economic secondary crime commission and “emotional intensity” on expressed sorrow in final statements.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"72 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1693466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48122197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1692748
Ronald Helms, S. Costanza
Abstract Recent high profile killings of citizens at the hands of law enforcement have drawn attention to questions about the determinants of these violent encounters. The literature is replete with studies focused on individual characteristics and situational exigencies. This paper takes a structural approach to assess alternative explanations. Results show that race, criminal violence, and general conditions of economic inequality are strong predictors of police killings of citizens across 3,081 US counties. The empirical findings from this research provide a broad foundation for conceptualizing a structural model of police lethal violence against citizens.
{"title":"Contextualizing race: a conceptual and empirical study of fatal interactions with police across US counties","authors":"Ronald Helms, S. Costanza","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1692748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1692748","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent high profile killings of citizens at the hands of law enforcement have drawn attention to questions about the determinants of these violent encounters. The literature is replete with studies focused on individual characteristics and situational exigencies. This paper takes a structural approach to assess alternative explanations. Results show that race, criminal violence, and general conditions of economic inequality are strong predictors of police killings of citizens across 3,081 US counties. The empirical findings from this research provide a broad foundation for conceptualizing a structural model of police lethal violence against citizens.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"43 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1692748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46298869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1658143
Ahmet Kule, Vic W. Bumphus, Gale D. Iles
Abstract Although an intersectional approach has been taken by various social scientists to examine criminal justice issues, our literature review reveals that, to date, no studies have explored citizen perceptions of police from this perspective. As researchers, we challenge the convenience of using merely collective demographic measures; instead, we suggest that overlooking social class, gender, and race subgroup interactions masks important variations in patterns and etiological understandings of public attitudes toward the police. Using data obtained from citizens who had recent contact with police, we take an intersectional approach to examine the main and combined effects of gender, social class, and race on citizen perceptions of police. The main purpose of this study is to address a significant gap in literature.
{"title":"Intersectionality of race, class, and gender in predicting police satisfaction","authors":"Ahmet Kule, Vic W. Bumphus, Gale D. Iles","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1658143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1658143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although an intersectional approach has been taken by various social scientists to examine criminal justice issues, our literature review reveals that, to date, no studies have explored citizen perceptions of police from this perspective. As researchers, we challenge the convenience of using merely collective demographic measures; instead, we suggest that overlooking social class, gender, and race subgroup interactions masks important variations in patterns and etiological understandings of public attitudes toward the police. Using data obtained from citizens who had recent contact with police, we take an intersectional approach to examine the main and combined effects of gender, social class, and race on citizen perceptions of police. The main purpose of this study is to address a significant gap in literature.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"17 1","pages":"321 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1658143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47084792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-25DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1652949
Prapon Sahapattana, Sutham Cheurprakobkit
Abstract Routine attacks and killings targeted at soldiers, police officers, and local citizens have been going on in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand (Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat) for over a decade. Although the root cause of the insurgency is still unknown, religion and secession were pointed out by many political analysts. The objective of this study is to find out empirically how different Muslims and Buddhists perceived service quality they received from the police. Data were collected from 540 people who came to police stations for services. Service quality was measured in five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The results of this study reveal that, in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand, Muslims perceived higher service quality from the police than Buddhists.
{"title":"The police station service quality: A comparative study of the areas in the South of Thailand","authors":"Prapon Sahapattana, Sutham Cheurprakobkit","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1652949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1652949","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Routine attacks and killings targeted at soldiers, police officers, and local citizens have been going on in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand (Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat) for over a decade. Although the root cause of the insurgency is still unknown, religion and secession were pointed out by many political analysts. The objective of this study is to find out empirically how different Muslims and Buddhists perceived service quality they received from the police. Data were collected from 540 people who came to police stations for services. Service quality was measured in five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The results of this study reveal that, in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand, Muslims perceived higher service quality from the police than Buddhists.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"17 1","pages":"361 - 378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1652949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47612201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-13DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1646687
Myrna Cintron, M. Dawkins, Camille Gibson, Milton C. Hill
Abstract This mixed methods descriptive study is an effort to describe whether “The Talk” (regarding behavior during interactions with police) occurs equally in African American, Latino, and White families and to determine the content of these conversations. A sample of 307 university students, in three areas of Texas, were surveyed with closed and open-ended items. Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics and t-test difference between proportion analyses and qualitatively through a process of coding to identify patterns and themes in the open-ended responses. The findings reveal that a majority (74%) of the youth surveyed have had “The Talk” with their parents/guardians, and this influences their perceptions of the police. Unsurprisingly, African Americans were found to be more fearful and distrustful of law enforcement than Whites and Latinos. Latinos shared many similar, more positive, perceptions of law enforcement with Whites in contrast to African Americans. Whites, however, evidenced the most faith in law enforcement and in the idea that their complaints about police misconduct would attain results.
{"title":"“The Talk” regarding minority youth interactions with police","authors":"Myrna Cintron, M. Dawkins, Camille Gibson, Milton C. Hill","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1646687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1646687","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This mixed methods descriptive study is an effort to describe whether “The Talk” (regarding behavior during interactions with police) occurs equally in African American, Latino, and White families and to determine the content of these conversations. A sample of 307 university students, in three areas of Texas, were surveyed with closed and open-ended items. Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics and t-test difference between proportion analyses and qualitatively through a process of coding to identify patterns and themes in the open-ended responses. The findings reveal that a majority (74%) of the youth surveyed have had “The Talk” with their parents/guardians, and this influences their perceptions of the police. Unsurprisingly, African Americans were found to be more fearful and distrustful of law enforcement than Whites and Latinos. Latinos shared many similar, more positive, perceptions of law enforcement with Whites in contrast to African Americans. Whites, however, evidenced the most faith in law enforcement and in the idea that their complaints about police misconduct would attain results.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"17 1","pages":"379 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1646687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48039032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-08DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1646688
Jamie L. Flexon, Stewart J. D'alessio, Lisa Stolzenberg, Richard G. Greenleaf
Abstract The public regularly encounter law enforcement. In an era of the Blacks Lives Matter movement and associated discord with law enforcement, understanding the contours of police--public relations and its potential consequences are paramount. Using national level data of police stops, we attempt to identify factors that influence attitudes of respect and legitimacy toward the police. Findings reveal that, among other things, race impacts perceptions of law enforcement through the interracial characteristics of encounters, a context in which some citizens are more likely to question police legitimacy even after controlling for other salient factors. Policy considerations are discussed.
{"title":"Interracial encounters with the police: findings from the NCVS police-public contact survey","authors":"Jamie L. Flexon, Stewart J. D'alessio, Lisa Stolzenberg, Richard G. Greenleaf","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1646688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1646688","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The public regularly encounter law enforcement. In an era of the Blacks Lives Matter movement and associated discord with law enforcement, understanding the contours of police--public relations and its potential consequences are paramount. Using national level data of police stops, we attempt to identify factors that influence attitudes of respect and legitimacy toward the police. Findings reveal that, among other things, race impacts perceptions of law enforcement through the interracial characteristics of encounters, a context in which some citizens are more likely to question police legitimacy even after controlling for other salient factors. Policy considerations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"17 1","pages":"299 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1646688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44197223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1636919
Connie Hassett-Walker
Abstract While much has been written about President Donald Trump’s immigration policies, a subject receiving less attention is how Hispanic children feel about the President. Findings are presented from focus group discussions with Hispanic youth who were asked about the President’s immigration policies; how those policies affected their focus group participation decision; and whether they saw the President’s approach to immigration impacting their future. Some participants expressed anxiety about their future, while others were less fearful because the President would be out of office by the time they reached adulthood. Some subjects saw new immigration policies as impacting their families more than themselves. Implications for researchers working with subjects who are Hispanic, other ethnic minorities and/or immigrants are discussed.
{"title":"“What if my parents get deported?” Hispanic youths’ feelings about the Trump Presidency","authors":"Connie Hassett-Walker","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1636919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1636919","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While much has been written about President Donald Trump’s immigration policies, a subject receiving less attention is how Hispanic children feel about the President. Findings are presented from focus group discussions with Hispanic youth who were asked about the President’s immigration policies; how those policies affected their focus group participation decision; and whether they saw the President’s approach to immigration impacting their future. Some participants expressed anxiety about their future, while others were less fearful because the President would be out of office by the time they reached adulthood. Some subjects saw new immigration policies as impacting their families more than themselves. Implications for researchers working with subjects who are Hispanic, other ethnic minorities and/or immigrants are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"17 1","pages":"254 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1636919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47751791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1636920
W. Morrow, John A. Shjarback
Abstract In Floyd et al. v The City of New York (2013), the federal district court judge ruled that the New York Police Department (NYPD) was engaging in unconstitutional stop-and-frisk practices that targeted predominately Black and Latino New Yorkers. Among the major decisions made in Floyd (2013), the judge identified “Furtive Movement” as being a weak indicator for establishing the reasonable suspicion needed to justify a Terry stop. Moreover, the judge recognized that “Furtive Movement” is a vague and subjective term, which may be affected by unconscious bias and lead to racial and ethnic disparities in stop outcomes. Building on the judge’s concern about unconscious bias, the current study attempts to (1) provide a theoretical framework for understanding how police officers’ worldview may contribute to or interact with unconscious biases and to (2) examine whether NYPD officers are more likely to stop Black and Hispanic New Yorkers than their White counterparts for the reason of “Furtive Movement.” The latter inquiry is explored using NYPD stop-and-frisk data from 2011, 2013, and 2016. The social scientific implications of this research provide support for (1) the judge’s apprehension toward police stops on the basis of furtive gestures and (2) the effectiveness of court-ordered intervention.
{"title":"Police worldviews, unconscious bias, and their potential to contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in New York Police Department (NYPD) stops for reason of “furtive movement”","authors":"W. Morrow, John A. Shjarback","doi":"10.1080/15377938.2019.1636920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1636920","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Floyd et al. v The City of New York (2013), the federal district court judge ruled that the New York Police Department (NYPD) was engaging in unconstitutional stop-and-frisk practices that targeted predominately Black and Latino New Yorkers. Among the major decisions made in Floyd (2013), the judge identified “Furtive Movement” as being a weak indicator for establishing the reasonable suspicion needed to justify a Terry stop. Moreover, the judge recognized that “Furtive Movement” is a vague and subjective term, which may be affected by unconscious bias and lead to racial and ethnic disparities in stop outcomes. Building on the judge’s concern about unconscious bias, the current study attempts to (1) provide a theoretical framework for understanding how police officers’ worldview may contribute to or interact with unconscious biases and to (2) examine whether NYPD officers are more likely to stop Black and Hispanic New Yorkers than their White counterparts for the reason of “Furtive Movement.” The latter inquiry is explored using NYPD stop-and-frisk data from 2011, 2013, and 2016. The social scientific implications of this research provide support for (1) the judge’s apprehension toward police stops on the basis of furtive gestures and (2) the effectiveness of court-ordered intervention.","PeriodicalId":45166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice","volume":"17 1","pages":"269 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377938.2019.1636920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41517889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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