Pub Date : 2022-06-12DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2085168
Yidneckachew Ayele Zikargie, Logan Cochrane
ABSTRACT Based on an ethnographic case study of Bodi and Mursi pastoralist responses to sugar industries in South Omo, Ethiopia, this study aimed to comprehend the approach of a modernist land development-induced villagisation programme and its effect on the socio-economic rights of pastoralists. The article probes how and why land development activities and the related villagisation programme in the pastoral lowlands created structural challenges and marginalised people’s socio-economic rights. The findings establish grounded insights into the modernist nature of land development-induced villagisation and the village-centred approach of the government in the reconstruction of socio-economic rights of the pastoralists. Integral to the state’s approach are ‘state-centred’ narratives, guiding principles, actor participation, and outcomes of the villagisation programme. This modernist and state-dominated programme is shown conflicting goals; flawed assumptions; poor design; disregard for the complex social and environmental factors of the South Omo lowlands; and disruptive social mobilisation and implementation methods. It obstructs effective consideration of the agency, livelihood, traditions and knowledge of the pastoralists, thus leading to outcomes that deconstruct the socio-economic rights of the pastoralists.
{"title":"Modernist Land Development-Induced Villagisation: Deconstructing Socio-Economic Rights of Pastoralists in South Omo, Ethiopia","authors":"Yidneckachew Ayele Zikargie, Logan Cochrane","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2085168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2085168","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on an ethnographic case study of Bodi and Mursi pastoralist responses to sugar industries in South Omo, Ethiopia, this study aimed to comprehend the approach of a modernist land development-induced villagisation programme and its effect on the socio-economic rights of pastoralists. The article probes how and why land development activities and the related villagisation programme in the pastoral lowlands created structural challenges and marginalised people’s socio-economic rights. The findings establish grounded insights into the modernist nature of land development-induced villagisation and the village-centred approach of the government in the reconstruction of socio-economic rights of the pastoralists. Integral to the state’s approach are ‘state-centred’ narratives, guiding principles, actor participation, and outcomes of the villagisation programme. This modernist and state-dominated programme is shown conflicting goals; flawed assumptions; poor design; disregard for the complex social and environmental factors of the South Omo lowlands; and disruptive social mobilisation and implementation methods. It obstructs effective consideration of the agency, livelihood, traditions and knowledge of the pastoralists, thus leading to outcomes that deconstruct the socio-economic rights of the pastoralists.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45163629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2071333
P. Petesch, L. Badstue, D. Rahut, Akhter Ali
ABSTRACT We examine young people’s testimonies about their capacity to make important decisions and their livelihood experiences from agricultural communities that span Pakistan’s countryside. Our analysis is guided by theories of agency that focus on how a young person’s capacity to identify and act on goals is mediated by their local opportunity structure – shaping their household relations, livelihood choices, and prevailing social norms. We apply comparative and contextual qualitative analysis methods to our dataset of 12 village cases, which include 24 sex-specific youth focus groups. We also present a secondary survey analysis. We find high rural employment levels among young men in recent years, and a decline in rural young women’s employment from already low levels. The young study participants mainly observe limited capacity to make important decisions. They repeatedly attribute this to expectations of strict deference to elders and other norms about their gender, young age, junior household position, marital status, and socio-economic standing. They also report negotiating and resisting confining norms; however, young women’s agency appears especially constrained by norms that discourage their physical mobility and visible economic roles. We examine two villages where some youth express healthier levels of agency and more desirable economic opportunities than others, and the significance of kinship relations and fluid norms in this environment. We call for models of young people’s agency that register more effectively the importance of household relations, the gatekeeper role of elders, and the contextual and fluid properties of norms, as these dynamics both constrain and enable young people’s agency.
{"title":"Not Raised ‘To Make Big Decisions’: Young People’s Agency and Livelihoods in Rural Pakistan","authors":"P. Petesch, L. Badstue, D. Rahut, Akhter Ali","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2071333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2071333","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We examine young people’s testimonies about their capacity to make important decisions and their livelihood experiences from agricultural communities that span Pakistan’s countryside. Our analysis is guided by theories of agency that focus on how a young person’s capacity to identify and act on goals is mediated by their local opportunity structure – shaping their household relations, livelihood choices, and prevailing social norms. We apply comparative and contextual qualitative analysis methods to our dataset of 12 village cases, which include 24 sex-specific youth focus groups. We also present a secondary survey analysis. We find high rural employment levels among young men in recent years, and a decline in rural young women’s employment from already low levels. The young study participants mainly observe limited capacity to make important decisions. They repeatedly attribute this to expectations of strict deference to elders and other norms about their gender, young age, junior household position, marital status, and socio-economic standing. They also report negotiating and resisting confining norms; however, young women’s agency appears especially constrained by norms that discourage their physical mobility and visible economic roles. We examine two villages where some youth express healthier levels of agency and more desirable economic opportunities than others, and the significance of kinship relations and fluid norms in this environment. We call for models of young people’s agency that register more effectively the importance of household relations, the gatekeeper role of elders, and the contextual and fluid properties of norms, as these dynamics both constrain and enable young people’s agency.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43646908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2071334
Fernando de la Cruz, Sergio Tezanos, Rogelio Madrueño
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 multidimensional crisis poses a formidable challenge for human society as it is simultaneously and globally damaging the public health, the economic activity and the social wellbeing. The complexity and severity of this crisis has revealed the weaknesses and heterogeneities of States’ capacities to respond to the global pandemic. In this article, we raise the important question about which type of State capacity has been more effective for dealing with the negative effects of the pandemic. Our research proposes a hierarchical cluster analysis of countries that distinguishes three dimensions of the crisis (the health, the economic and the social crises) and measures both the States’ efforts (the ‘inputs’) for containing these crises, and the corresponding effects (the ‘outputs’) that result from the previous inputs. We classify 99 countries worldwide into four groups in 2020. Our results reveal that there is no simple ‘linear’ representation of the COVID-19 multi-crises in terms of State capacity (each cluster of countries has its own and specific State characteristics and crisis effects). We thus reject the hypothesis that strong State capacity was a sine qua non condition for tackling the negative effects of the COVID-19 multi-crises during the first phase of the pandemic. In the end, the global emergency has emphasized the need to rethink the research on State capacity as the previous theoretical constructions have been unable to explain the significative international differences in terms of the public performances in minimizing the negative effects of the pandemic.
{"title":"State Capacity and the Triple COVID-19 Crises: An International Comparison","authors":"Fernando de la Cruz, Sergio Tezanos, Rogelio Madrueño","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2071334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2071334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The COVID-19 multidimensional crisis poses a formidable challenge for human society as it is simultaneously and globally damaging the public health, the economic activity and the social wellbeing. The complexity and severity of this crisis has revealed the weaknesses and heterogeneities of States’ capacities to respond to the global pandemic. In this article, we raise the important question about which type of State capacity has been more effective for dealing with the negative effects of the pandemic. Our research proposes a hierarchical cluster analysis of countries that distinguishes three dimensions of the crisis (the health, the economic and the social crises) and measures both the States’ efforts (the ‘inputs’) for containing these crises, and the corresponding effects (the ‘outputs’) that result from the previous inputs. We classify 99 countries worldwide into four groups in 2020. Our results reveal that there is no simple ‘linear’ representation of the COVID-19 multi-crises in terms of State capacity (each cluster of countries has its own and specific State characteristics and crisis effects). We thus reject the hypothesis that strong State capacity was a sine qua non condition for tackling the negative effects of the COVID-19 multi-crises during the first phase of the pandemic. In the end, the global emergency has emphasized the need to rethink the research on State capacity as the previous theoretical constructions have been unable to explain the significative international differences in terms of the public performances in minimizing the negative effects of the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47402023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2080759
V. Arkorful, B. Lugu, Vincent Ansah Arkorful, Susana Mamley Charway
ABSTRACT Fraud remains a challenge for corporate and local governments in Ghana. Therefore, this study probes behavior predictors using the fraud diamond theory. The study used questionnaires to draw data. Results of data (n = 624) analysis based on the structural equation modeling confirmed the positive relationship between pressure, opportunity, rationalization and capability, and behavior intention. Opposed to erstwhile for-profit studies, rationalization was dominant, emphasizing nuanced behavior outcomes across domains. Situating the theory within the local government context, the investigation backs up the theory's suitability for behavior prediction whilst inter alia forefronting anti-fraud success as contingent on decoupling public administration from partisan politics.
{"title":"Probing the Predictors of Fraud Using the Fraud Diamond Theory: An Empirical Evidence from Local Governments in Ghana","authors":"V. Arkorful, B. Lugu, Vincent Ansah Arkorful, Susana Mamley Charway","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2080759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2080759","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Fraud remains a challenge for corporate and local governments in Ghana. Therefore, this study probes behavior predictors using the fraud diamond theory. The study used questionnaires to draw data. Results of data (n = 624) analysis based on the structural equation modeling confirmed the positive relationship between pressure, opportunity, rationalization and capability, and behavior intention. Opposed to erstwhile for-profit studies, rationalization was dominant, emphasizing nuanced behavior outcomes across domains. Situating the theory within the local government context, the investigation backs up the theory's suitability for behavior prediction whilst inter alia forefronting anti-fraud success as contingent on decoupling public administration from partisan politics.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41623414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2080761
M. Mabefam
Abstract The persistence of witchcraft beliefs and practices in Africa contradicts earlier scholarly work that suggested it would disappear. In addition, theorising witchcraft as a local discourse that only exists between people in an intimate relationship in anthropology has also long been challenged. This strand of scholarship has sought to understand witchcraft within the local-global nexus pointing to a new direction in witchcraft studies. Unlike other themes in anthropology that began the discipline, witchcraft continues to be a ‘hot currency’ topic and has been termed by some scholars as the ‘long conversation’. This article presents a current ethnographic account of how witchcraft is utilised by individuals as a strategy for wealth gain and protection and serves as narrative for the challenges individuals are experiencing when having to navigate between often incompatible expectations placed on the individual vis-a-vis the community. This is further exemplified through the ethnographic account on how witchcraft strategies are employed against individuals who are pursuing success in neoliberal socio-economic model.
{"title":"Limitless Opportunities for Wealth? Witchcraft as a Strategy for (In)Equality and Economic (Dis) Empowerment","authors":"M. Mabefam","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2080761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2080761","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The persistence of witchcraft beliefs and practices in Africa contradicts earlier scholarly work that suggested it would disappear. In addition, theorising witchcraft as a local discourse that only exists between people in an intimate relationship in anthropology has also long been challenged. This strand of scholarship has sought to understand witchcraft within the local-global nexus pointing to a new direction in witchcraft studies. Unlike other themes in anthropology that began the discipline, witchcraft continues to be a ‘hot currency’ topic and has been termed by some scholars as the ‘long conversation’. This article presents a current ethnographic account of how witchcraft is utilised by individuals as a strategy for wealth gain and protection and serves as narrative for the challenges individuals are experiencing when having to navigate between often incompatible expectations placed on the individual vis-a-vis the community. This is further exemplified through the ethnographic account on how witchcraft strategies are employed against individuals who are pursuing success in neoliberal socio-economic model.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44873056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2080763
William Guéraiche
Abstract After 2013, the UAE multiplied the international aid tenfold to the African continent. From this year onwards, the aid has never dropped below $1 billion, three times the amount allocated prior to 2013. What are the main drivers of this change? This article postulates that three main factors triggered a heightened international aid in the African continent: economic considerations (trade and investments), security issues and a new approach to international cooperation. Official data allows the comparison of the evolution of the Emirati economic interests (mainly trade) with the aid. The statistics show that there are connections between trade and aid but no direct correlations. Over the last two decades, the nexus formed with economics, security and humanitarianism has become more visible. The best way to analyze the bilateral relations between the UAE and African states is probably to pay more attention to the depth of the relations rather than to the sectors that they cover.
{"title":"Between Foreign Policy and Development Assistance: The UAE International Cooperation in Africa","authors":"William Guéraiche","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2080763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2080763","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 After 2013, the UAE multiplied the international aid tenfold to the African continent. From this year onwards, the aid has never dropped below $1 billion, three times the amount allocated prior to 2013. What are the main drivers of this change? This article postulates that three main factors triggered a heightened international aid in the African continent: economic considerations (trade and investments), security issues and a new approach to international cooperation. Official data allows the comparison of the evolution of the Emirati economic interests (mainly trade) with the aid. The statistics show that there are connections between trade and aid but no direct correlations. Over the last two decades, the nexus formed with economics, security and humanitarianism has become more visible. The best way to analyze the bilateral relations between the UAE and African states is probably to pay more attention to the depth of the relations rather than to the sectors that they cover.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43349341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2080760
M. Tefera, N. Odhiambo
Abstract This article aims to shed some insights into the ongoing debate on the aid-growth nexus by examining whether sources of aid matter in explaining aid effectiveness. In doing so, we consider three main proxies for bilateral aid based on three sources of aid such as Total Aid (TA); Traditional Donors aid (TDA) and Non-Traditional Donors aid (NTDA) as independent variables in a dynamic panel growth model within a system GMM framework. The study uses a panel dataset from 25 Low-Income Countries (LICs) in Africa over the period 2000–2017. The main findings show that the impact of aid on economic growth appears to be negative and significant for TA and TDA proxies, while it is positive but insignificant when the aid proxy is NTDA. A relatively larger share of TA and TDA disbursement away from the direct growth-enhancing productive sectors towards the unproductive sectors seems to have contributed to their strong negative impact on growth. The key policy implication is that governments in LICs in Africa and donors should work in collaboration to design effective ways to ensure that TDA should target the direct growth-enhancing sectors.
{"title":"The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Africa: Empirical Evidence from Low Income Countries","authors":"M. Tefera, N. Odhiambo","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2080760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2080760","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article aims to shed some insights into the ongoing debate on the aid-growth nexus by examining whether sources of aid matter in explaining aid effectiveness. In doing so, we consider three main proxies for bilateral aid based on three sources of aid such as Total Aid (TA); Traditional Donors aid (TDA) and Non-Traditional Donors aid (NTDA) as independent variables in a dynamic panel growth model within a system GMM framework. The study uses a panel dataset from 25 Low-Income Countries (LICs) in Africa over the period 2000–2017. The main findings show that the impact of aid on economic growth appears to be negative and significant for TA and TDA proxies, while it is positive but insignificant when the aid proxy is NTDA. A relatively larger share of TA and TDA disbursement away from the direct growth-enhancing productive sectors towards the unproductive sectors seems to have contributed to their strong negative impact on growth. The key policy implication is that governments in LICs in Africa and donors should work in collaboration to design effective ways to ensure that TDA should target the direct growth-enhancing sectors.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45232268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2022.2069594
Preema Ranjitkar, Haldis Haukanes
Abstract In the social discourses of climate change, women are perceived both as vulnerable victims and as active players in adaptation. These perceptions of women along with inclusion policies have led climate change adaptation programs to seek women’s participation. However, ‘women’ is not a homogenous category. Intra-gender power differences in terms of castes and ethnicities can play an important role, especially in Nepal with its long history of institutionalized disparities. Using qualitative methodology, this study explores the relationships between gender, caste and ethnicity in shaping women’s participation in climate change adaptation programs in the southern plains of Nepal. We conclude that women’s gender identities generally facilitated their participation and that affirmative action for marginalized groups, to some extent, gave women from these groups spaces to participate in climate change adaptation programs. However, power relations associated with caste/ethnic identity created hindrances for marginalized women, implying that they had more restricted access than women from the majority groups.
{"title":"Participation in Climate Change Adaptation Programs in Nepal: An Intersectional Study","authors":"Preema Ranjitkar, Haldis Haukanes","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2022.2069594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2022.2069594","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the social discourses of climate change, women are perceived both as vulnerable victims and as active players in adaptation. These perceptions of women along with inclusion policies have led climate change adaptation programs to seek women’s participation. However, ‘women’ is not a homogenous category. Intra-gender power differences in terms of castes and ethnicities can play an important role, especially in Nepal with its long history of institutionalized disparities. Using qualitative methodology, this study explores the relationships between gender, caste and ethnicity in shaping women’s participation in climate change adaptation programs in the southern plains of Nepal. We conclude that women’s gender identities generally facilitated their participation and that affirmative action for marginalized groups, to some extent, gave women from these groups spaces to participate in climate change adaptation programs. However, power relations associated with caste/ethnic identity created hindrances for marginalized women, implying that they had more restricted access than women from the majority groups.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46525264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.2015718
Bibek Dahal, P. White
Abstract The diverse socio-economic and geographical situation of Nepal contributes to the complexity of community development. In such varied contexts, holistic community development faces many challenges, addressing cross-cutting issues like health and education, which may be viewed differently by men and women, as well as different castes, ethnicities, economic status, political associations and religions. The community's well-being must be the central focus of every development intervention, yet there is no one opinion that reflects the diversity of opinions within every community. How can community development practitioners listen to all viewpoints and find an accepted method to achieve grassroots development in such a complex environment, when they themselves come from diverse backgrounds and education, and bring their own attitudes and opinions? The central focus of this study was to investigate the reflective practices of community development at the grassroots level of rural Nepal. The study investigates the practices and perceptions of community development practitioners and their reflexivity regarding their life experiences and efforts to adequately relate to diverse communities. For this, critical reflective inquiry has been used. Practitioners with extensive experiences were chosen as research participants for that purpose. The life experience of both authors and the practitioners is interpreted through the lens of actor perspective on community development. Additionally, we consider how the insider and outsider perspectives of development practitioners may influence their work. Three key elements with the potential to directly interference the process of community development in rural Nepal were explored: local people as subjective forms of beneficiary; community development practitioners as mediators of interventions; and development policies as a roadmap of community inclusion. The dynamic involvement of these three elements is crucial to reach goals envisioned by community development interventions, yet often the practitioners are ignored. The paper concludes that the success of such interventions rests upon the active and reflective intercourse of this triangulation.
{"title":"Actors of Community Development: Insider and Outsider Perspectives","authors":"Bibek Dahal, P. White","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.2015718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.2015718","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The diverse socio-economic and geographical situation of Nepal contributes to the complexity of community development. In such varied contexts, holistic community development faces many challenges, addressing cross-cutting issues like health and education, which may be viewed differently by men and women, as well as different castes, ethnicities, economic status, political associations and religions. The community's well-being must be the central focus of every development intervention, yet there is no one opinion that reflects the diversity of opinions within every community. How can community development practitioners listen to all viewpoints and find an accepted method to achieve grassroots development in such a complex environment, when they themselves come from diverse backgrounds and education, and bring their own attitudes and opinions? The central focus of this study was to investigate the reflective practices of community development at the grassroots level of rural Nepal. The study investigates the practices and perceptions of community development practitioners and their reflexivity regarding their life experiences and efforts to adequately relate to diverse communities. For this, critical reflective inquiry has been used. Practitioners with extensive experiences were chosen as research participants for that purpose. The life experience of both authors and the practitioners is interpreted through the lens of actor perspective on community development. Additionally, we consider how the insider and outsider perspectives of development practitioners may influence their work. Three key elements with the potential to directly interference the process of community development in rural Nepal were explored: local people as subjective forms of beneficiary; community development practitioners as mediators of interventions; and development policies as a roadmap of community inclusion. The dynamic involvement of these three elements is crucial to reach goals envisioned by community development interventions, yet often the practitioners are ignored. The paper concludes that the success of such interventions rests upon the active and reflective intercourse of this triangulation.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43819824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1998213
Ö. Bartholdson, R. Porro, A. Pain
Abstract Using two cases, Anapu and São Manoel, located in the Brazilian Amazonian, this paper discusses the relationships between smallholders’ capacity for collective action, smallholders’ potential to unite and defend their territories, and the role of the state. In November 2017 a forest reserve of the settlement in Anapu was invaded by near 200 armed illegal squatters. We show how this event resulted from a gradual increase in internal tensions and loss of trust, thereby undermining attempts for collective action. A large reason for the lack of a functioning social network, reciprocal interactions and social trust is the migratory background of the settlers, which hinder the creation of extended kin networks, intermarriages between kin groups, as well as other forms of long-term networks of cooperation. This becomes clear when comparing Anapu to the social organization of the settlement of São Manoel in central Maranhão, which has been strong and functional for several decades. The reasons for the latter’s social coherence and trust is that it formed around interlinked extended kin groups. Collective resistance against a predatory large landowner in the 1980s contributed to forging trust and cohesion that could effectively be used to acquire and maintain collectively owned fields and cattle, to formalize an association and a cooperative and to negotiate social tensions within the community. The reciprocal network of São Manoel has made it possible for its settlers to use its more restricted natural resources to a sustainable extent, without negatively affecting the eco-system of their habitat.
本文以位于巴西亚马逊流域的Anapu和s o Manoel两个案例为例，探讨了小农集体行动能力、小农团结和保卫自己领土的潜力以及国家角色之间的关系。2017年11月，阿纳普定居点的森林保护区遭到近200名武装非法擅自占用者的入侵。我们表明这一事件是如何由于内部紧张局势的逐渐加剧和信任的丧失而造成的，从而破坏了采取集体行动的努力。缺乏有效的社会网络、相互作用和社会信任的一个重要原因是定居者的移徙背景，这阻碍了扩大亲属网络、亲属群体之间的通婚以及其他形式的长期合作网络的建立。当将Anapu与maranh中部的s o Manoel定居点的社会组织进行比较时，这一点就变得清晰起来，后者几十年来一直强大而有效。后者之所以具有社会凝聚力和信任，是因为它是围绕着相互联系的扩展亲属群体形成的。1980年代对掠夺性大地主的集体抵抗有助于建立信任和凝聚力，这种信任和凝聚力可以有效地用于获得和维持集体拥有的田地和牲畜，使协会和合作社正式化，并解决社区内的社会紧张局势。马诺埃尔岛的互惠网络使其移民能够在可持续的范围内使用其较为有限的自然资源，而不会对其栖息地的生态系统产生负面影响。
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