Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1947365
Kathinka Fossum Evertsen
Abstract In this article, I ask how my challenges in the field can shed light on dynamics that contribute to excluding women as research participants in (climate) migration studies, and investigate the relationship between the absence of women as migrants in literature and challenges of accessing women in the field. Multiple studies have established that women – like men – migrate, and consequently have called for greater inclusion of women into international labour migration literature. Nevertheless, women still often disappear as research participants within this field. Through an investigation of literature I find that this is because women as migrants are Othered in academia. I build on this insight to investigate the dynamics that may also exclude women as research participants from other subfields of migration research, more specifically the field of ‘climate migration’. Next, I reflect on my unexpected challenges in accessing the information about women migrants in coastal Bangladesh. Men in the village, who were gatekeepers in my access to women, were not immediately willing to talk about women’s mobility. Rather, they tended to distance themselves from knowing these women, effectively turning migrant women into the ‘Other’. Bringing together insights about the Othering of migrant women in both academia and the field, I show how both contribute to upholding systems of epistemic ignorance. I argue that an awareness of such ignorance can be utilized as a tool in fieldwork by lending sensitivity to whom we include and exclude as knowers in our research.
{"title":"Looking for Women in the Field: Epistemic Ignorance and the Process of Othering","authors":"Kathinka Fossum Evertsen","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1947365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1947365","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article, I ask how my challenges in the field can shed light on dynamics that contribute to excluding women as research participants in (climate) migration studies, and investigate the relationship between the absence of women as migrants in literature and challenges of accessing women in the field. Multiple studies have established that women – like men – migrate, and consequently have called for greater inclusion of women into international labour migration literature. Nevertheless, women still often disappear as research participants within this field. Through an investigation of literature I find that this is because women as migrants are Othered in academia. I build on this insight to investigate the dynamics that may also exclude women as research participants from other subfields of migration research, more specifically the field of ‘climate migration’. Next, I reflect on my unexpected challenges in accessing the information about women migrants in coastal Bangladesh. Men in the village, who were gatekeepers in my access to women, were not immediately willing to talk about women’s mobility. Rather, they tended to distance themselves from knowing these women, effectively turning migrant women into the ‘Other’. Bringing together insights about the Othering of migrant women in both academia and the field, I show how both contribute to upholding systems of epistemic ignorance. I argue that an awareness of such ignorance can be utilized as a tool in fieldwork by lending sensitivity to whom we include and exclude as knowers in our research.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1947365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45165877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-03DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1927172
Sazzad Parwez, K. Meena
Abstract This study attempts to decipher the working condition of contract workers with subsequent inferences from wage-based discrimination in formal mining units to understand discriminatory practices and informalization of employment. The methodology uses both theoretical and empirical methods. The empirical analysis follows a descriptive approach with wage decomposition analysis to understand the ongoing phenomenon. The study is primarily based on field data, but we have also solicited secondary data from ASI, NSSO, etc. The field survey tries to find the extent of wage discrimination based on the responses from 300 respondents of state copper mining units located in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The findings suggest that the socioeconomic conditions do play a massive role in discriminatory behavior in the workplace. The analysis indicates economic discrimination or inequity is high among various social groups (caste) with reference to education, work experience, and skill levels. We found that there is extensive use of contractual labor in public sector units. And informalization of labor causes massive devaluation in working conditions, as wage-based discrimination is found to be stark for contractual workers further aggravating the situation.
{"title":"Worlds Apart in India: Analysis of Contractualization of Labor and Evidence from Labor Market Discrimination","authors":"Sazzad Parwez, K. Meena","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1927172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1927172","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This study attempts to decipher the working condition of contract workers with subsequent inferences from wage-based discrimination in formal mining units to understand discriminatory practices and informalization of employment. The methodology uses both theoretical and empirical methods. The empirical analysis follows a descriptive approach with wage decomposition analysis to understand the ongoing phenomenon. The study is primarily based on field data, but we have also solicited secondary data from ASI, NSSO, etc. The field survey tries to find the extent of wage discrimination based on the responses from 300 respondents of state copper mining units located in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The findings suggest that the socioeconomic conditions do play a massive role in discriminatory behavior in the workplace. The analysis indicates economic discrimination or inequity is high among various social groups (caste) with reference to education, work experience, and skill levels. We found that there is extensive use of contractual labor in public sector units. And informalization of labor causes massive devaluation in working conditions, as wage-based discrimination is found to be stark for contractual workers further aggravating the situation.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1927172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42483687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1931433
H. Hamilton, Vicky Walters, G. Prinsen
Abstract This article explores power from the perspectives of children living in informal settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It draws on empirical evidence gathered through visual, task-based methods with a small group of children and insights from post-structuralism, development sociology and the anthropology and political economy of Bangladesh to argue that children’s power in Dhaka’s informal settlements can be understood not as an instrument some agents use to alter the independent action of others, but as a network of boundaries that delimit the field of children’s social imagination and possibility. To do this, we introduce children’s participation in development studies, showing that the trend has been to exclude children’s perspectives. We give an overview of how power has been conceptualized, drawing on insights from post-structuralism and development sociology to present a theoretical framework for how the child participants in this research understood power. Drawing on contextual literature, we then introduce five boundaries of power which constrain and enable agency for children in Dhaka’s bastees. The visual, task-based methods we employed with a small group of child participants are introduced. We then discuss five boundaries of power from the perspectives of our research participants: social relationships; financial resources; the natural environment; education and children’s work. Drawing links from these findings to existing theories of power, the article concludes by arguing that the operation of power for children in Dhaka’s bastees can be understood as a network of boundaries that delimit fields of social imagination and possibility.
{"title":"Understanding Children’s Power in Bangladesh’s Informal Settlements","authors":"H. Hamilton, Vicky Walters, G. Prinsen","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1931433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1931433","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores power from the perspectives of children living in informal settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It draws on empirical evidence gathered through visual, task-based methods with a small group of children and insights from post-structuralism, development sociology and the anthropology and political economy of Bangladesh to argue that children’s power in Dhaka’s informal settlements can be understood not as an instrument some agents use to alter the independent action of others, but as a network of boundaries that delimit the field of children’s social imagination and possibility. To do this, we introduce children’s participation in development studies, showing that the trend has been to exclude children’s perspectives. We give an overview of how power has been conceptualized, drawing on insights from post-structuralism and development sociology to present a theoretical framework for how the child participants in this research understood power. Drawing on contextual literature, we then introduce five boundaries of power which constrain and enable agency for children in Dhaka’s bastees. The visual, task-based methods we employed with a small group of child participants are introduced. We then discuss five boundaries of power from the perspectives of our research participants: social relationships; financial resources; the natural environment; education and children’s work. Drawing links from these findings to existing theories of power, the article concludes by arguing that the operation of power for children in Dhaka’s bastees can be understood as a network of boundaries that delimit fields of social imagination and possibility.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1931433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47281369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1918238
N. Chatterjee, Zaad Mahmood, Eleonor Marcussen
Abstract The fight against the Covid-19 pandemic has shifted from finding a cure to acquiring vaccines and organizing vaccination. The race for vaccination has exacerbated tendencies of hoarding, particularly among rich countries, academically expressed as vaccine nationalism. Vaccine nationalism is harmful to the global effort in the fight against the pandemic. India in contrast has been quite generous to its neighbours in sharing vaccines pursuing its own form of vaccine nationalism. The strategy pursued by India can be read as an effort to gloss over the failures in initial pandemic management, to improve diplomatic leverage and reinforce an idiom of nationalism. Such an effort however has potentially harmful effects undermining trust in the vaccine as well as in the government. The politicization of vaccine also has counterproductive outcomes for democratic practices within the country.
{"title":"Politics of Vaccine Nationalism in India: Global and Domestic Implications","authors":"N. Chatterjee, Zaad Mahmood, Eleonor Marcussen","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1918238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1918238","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The fight against the Covid-19 pandemic has shifted from finding a cure to acquiring vaccines and organizing vaccination. The race for vaccination has exacerbated tendencies of hoarding, particularly among rich countries, academically expressed as vaccine nationalism. Vaccine nationalism is harmful to the global effort in the fight against the pandemic. India in contrast has been quite generous to its neighbours in sharing vaccines pursuing its own form of vaccine nationalism. The strategy pursued by India can be read as an effort to gloss over the failures in initial pandemic management, to improve diplomatic leverage and reinforce an idiom of nationalism. Such an effort however has potentially harmful effects undermining trust in the vaccine as well as in the government. The politicization of vaccine also has counterproductive outcomes for democratic practices within the country.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1918238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42138735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1907784
W. Nauta, Jae-kak Han, Taekyoon Kim
Abstract Korea is particularly recognized for being an inspiring global actor, as the first country to evolve from recipient to donor, with a predominant emphasis on its admirable economic trajectory. Yet, as an official development assistance (ODA) actor, the long and arduous struggles for democracy rarely feature in its development policies, programs and practices. These struggles, exemplified by the role of civil society to free Korea of its authoritarian rule and also more recent examples, such as the candlelight protests resisting the corruption of the Park Geun-hye administration, deserve more consideration in its ODA interventions. When president Moon Jae-in – with its roots in progressive society – was elected in 2017, a period of closer collaboration between the government and progressive civil society commenced again. In this article we explore how and whether this renewed constructive relationship could help address some of the structural problems in Korean ODA. Moreover, we investigate how this improved relationship can be more fundamentally institutionalized in the field of Korean ODA, thereby also inspiring actors in developing countries.
{"title":"Inspiring Democratic Progress in Development Assistance: South Korea's Aid Policy Reforms via Civic Engagement","authors":"W. Nauta, Jae-kak Han, Taekyoon Kim","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1907784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1907784","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Korea is particularly recognized for being an inspiring global actor, as the first country to evolve from recipient to donor, with a predominant emphasis on its admirable economic trajectory. Yet, as an official development assistance (ODA) actor, the long and arduous struggles for democracy rarely feature in its development policies, programs and practices. These struggles, exemplified by the role of civil society to free Korea of its authoritarian rule and also more recent examples, such as the candlelight protests resisting the corruption of the Park Geun-hye administration, deserve more consideration in its ODA interventions. When president Moon Jae-in – with its roots in progressive society – was elected in 2017, a period of closer collaboration between the government and progressive civil society commenced again. In this article we explore how and whether this renewed constructive relationship could help address some of the structural problems in Korean ODA. Moreover, we investigate how this improved relationship can be more fundamentally institutionalized in the field of Korean ODA, thereby also inspiring actors in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1907784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46621214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-30DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1907785
Paul Umfreville, C. Bonnin
Abstract Social enterprise is a maturing area of activity within the development sector, and in Vietnam the sector has expanded significantly over the last thirty years, providing social services to communities and individuals experiencing socio-economic exclusion. Initially growing in a legislative vacuum, social enterprise currently appears to be flourishing following recognition by the state. However, the sector now faces new challenges as it matures. With Vietnam’s attainment of middle-income status, the international development funding previously available is now limited and the focus is on capacity and viability. Based on findings from interviews with representatives from a wide range of social enterprises and support organizations we explore the challenges and opportunities for future development, finding that there continues to be significant opportunity for both the augmentation of the sector and its impact. Through analysing the influence of a changing international development environment on evolving government policy, we provide new insights into the thoughts and perceptions of social enterprise sector practitioners. Recognizing that policy change has not resulted in effective local implementation, we suggest that government action is now needed to fill that gap, by supporting new start-ups, prospective social enterprises, and those established enterprises which are striving for viability and increased impact.
{"title":"Mind the Gap: Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities for Social Enterprise in Vietnam","authors":"Paul Umfreville, C. Bonnin","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1907785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1907785","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Social enterprise is a maturing area of activity within the development sector, and in Vietnam the sector has expanded significantly over the last thirty years, providing social services to communities and individuals experiencing socio-economic exclusion. Initially growing in a legislative vacuum, social enterprise currently appears to be flourishing following recognition by the state. However, the sector now faces new challenges as it matures. With Vietnam’s attainment of middle-income status, the international development funding previously available is now limited and the focus is on capacity and viability. Based on findings from interviews with representatives from a wide range of social enterprises and support organizations we explore the challenges and opportunities for future development, finding that there continues to be significant opportunity for both the augmentation of the sector and its impact. Through analysing the influence of a changing international development environment on evolving government policy, we provide new insights into the thoughts and perceptions of social enterprise sector practitioners. Recognizing that policy change has not resulted in effective local implementation, we suggest that government action is now needed to fill that gap, by supporting new start-ups, prospective social enterprises, and those established enterprises which are striving for viability and increased impact.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1907785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47702702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1903546
J. S. Mah
Abstract This paper examines whether Ghana's continuing reliance on primary products has contributed to its economic growth and such economic growth would be sustained in the long run. It shows that Ghana's economic growth since the 1990s can be attributed to a series of fortunes and heavy reliance on a few primary products will not lead to a sustainable development. The experience of Ghana provides important policy implications. Structural reforms, such as a well-designed industrial policy, would be needed for the long run economic development. For Ghana, industrialization did not progress since the 1980s. The infrastructure could not support the manufacturing development and the tertiary level education is not appropriate, particularly in science and engineering. Focusing on selected industrial estates would be meaningful in light of the limited resources. It is needed to prepare a stable supply of electricity and to reduce an exchange rate volatility. A modification of tariff structure depending on the stages of processing and an active utilization of export incentive schemes would be helpful. The government is to pay attention to a further development of the agro-processing industry, textiles and garments industry, aluminum production and the petrochemical industry.
{"title":"Specialization in Primary Products, Industrialization and Economic Development of Ghana","authors":"J. S. Mah","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1903546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1903546","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines whether Ghana's continuing reliance on primary products has contributed to its economic growth and such economic growth would be sustained in the long run. It shows that Ghana's economic growth since the 1990s can be attributed to a series of fortunes and heavy reliance on a few primary products will not lead to a sustainable development. The experience of Ghana provides important policy implications. Structural reforms, such as a well-designed industrial policy, would be needed for the long run economic development. For Ghana, industrialization did not progress since the 1980s. The infrastructure could not support the manufacturing development and the tertiary level education is not appropriate, particularly in science and engineering. Focusing on selected industrial estates would be meaningful in light of the limited resources. It is needed to prepare a stable supply of electricity and to reduce an exchange rate volatility. A modification of tariff structure depending on the stages of processing and an active utilization of export incentive schemes would be helpful. The government is to pay attention to a further development of the agro-processing industry, textiles and garments industry, aluminum production and the petrochemical industry.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1903546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45364070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-27DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1898464
E. Botlhale
Abstract To maximise social and economic welfare, governments need sufficient and diversified revenues. Due to global interconnectedness, public revenues are susceptible to macro shocks such as global financial crises and global health pandemics (e.g. COVID-19). Susceptibility to crises and pandemics necessitates revenue diversification, mainly, in mono-cultural economies such as Botswana. So, this paper aims to discuss revenue diversification initiatives in Botswana during crisis times. The paper, based on interpretivism, used the qualitative case study approach. Since it is a desktop study, it used secondary data sources. The paper concluded that the quest for public revenue diversification is yet to bear fruit, hence, an evaluation is impossible for now. The foregoing conclusion notwithstanding, the general lesson from the Botswana case is that public revenue diversification is imperative, particularly given post-2007 and COVID-19 fiscal strictures. Finally, revenue diversification does not happen in a vacuum. Therefore, it must be girded in public financial management reforms.
{"title":"Public Revenue Diversification in Botswana During Crisis Times","authors":"E. Botlhale","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1898464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1898464","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To maximise social and economic welfare, governments need sufficient and diversified revenues. Due to global interconnectedness, public revenues are susceptible to macro shocks such as global financial crises and global health pandemics (e.g. COVID-19). Susceptibility to crises and pandemics necessitates revenue diversification, mainly, in mono-cultural economies such as Botswana. So, this paper aims to discuss revenue diversification initiatives in Botswana during crisis times. The paper, based on interpretivism, used the qualitative case study approach. Since it is a desktop study, it used secondary data sources. The paper concluded that the quest for public revenue diversification is yet to bear fruit, hence, an evaluation is impossible for now. The foregoing conclusion notwithstanding, the general lesson from the Botswana case is that public revenue diversification is imperative, particularly given post-2007 and COVID-19 fiscal strictures. Finally, revenue diversification does not happen in a vacuum. Therefore, it must be girded in public financial management reforms.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1898464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48386401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-19DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1893808
Asif Iqbal Dawar, M. F. Ferreira
Abstract In the post-military operation scenario, the government of Pakistan (GoP) has launched reconstruction interventions under the notion of ‘build back better and smarter’. This article critically evaluates the reconstruction efforts (2015–2019) using local perceptions to attest as to what extent reconstruction interventions have been participatory and how they have been received by local communities in terms of their contextual needs. Primary data was collected during 2017–2019 in North Waziristan (NW) through semi-structured interviews, informal discussions and participant observation with local and key respondents. The study found that although interventions were designed predominantly to improve development outcomes and build connections between local community and the state, the ‘state-security first’ paradigm reigns over the ‘positive security’ of the affected population. Interventions were centrally planned without proper participation or even taking into account local needs and grievances. The article argues that instead post-conflict reconstruction policies and practices should focus on well-assessed micro-needs, confidence-building approaches and the participation of local communities in order to achieve the desired goals of positive security and sustainable development.
{"title":"‘State-Security First’ and the Militarization of Development: Local Perceptions on Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policies in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas (2015–2019)","authors":"Asif Iqbal Dawar, M. F. Ferreira","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1893808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1893808","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the post-military operation scenario, the government of Pakistan (GoP) has launched reconstruction interventions under the notion of ‘build back better and smarter’. This article critically evaluates the reconstruction efforts (2015–2019) using local perceptions to attest as to what extent reconstruction interventions have been participatory and how they have been received by local communities in terms of their contextual needs. Primary data was collected during 2017–2019 in North Waziristan (NW) through semi-structured interviews, informal discussions and participant observation with local and key respondents. The study found that although interventions were designed predominantly to improve development outcomes and build connections between local community and the state, the ‘state-security first’ paradigm reigns over the ‘positive security’ of the affected population. Interventions were centrally planned without proper participation or even taking into account local needs and grievances. The article argues that instead post-conflict reconstruction policies and practices should focus on well-assessed micro-needs, confidence-building approaches and the participation of local communities in order to achieve the desired goals of positive security and sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1893808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47099679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-29DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2021.1872699
Aviram Sharma
Abstract Developmental actors are pushing the diffusion of solar powered irrigation technologies using different technology diffusion models in resource-constrained, underdeveloped agrarian regions of the Global South. Among the varied models, the hybrid model of technology diffusion and environmental governance has gained a lot of traction and support among the technology promoters in recent years. In this article, we analyse two cases of hybrid environmental governance employed for the diffusion of solar powered irrigation technologies in rural Bihar, India. The promoters of solar powered irrigation technologies wish to achieve environmental sustainability, enhance farmers income and mitigate climate change through promoting renewable-based technologies. The top-down framing of technology and environment in hybrid environmental models often uncritically negates the place-based embedded experiences of end-users and non-users. The paper argues that the role of end-users and non-users in hybrid environmental governance need to be understood using the bottom-up approach. The paper makes a case for acknowledging and incorporating the views and environmental subjectivities of end-users and non-users while planning developmental interventions. The paper ends up suggesting a few policy-relevant suggestions for hybrid models of technology and environmental governance.
{"title":"Environmental governance in rural India: diffusion of solar powered irrigation technologies","authors":"Aviram Sharma","doi":"10.1080/08039410.2021.1872699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2021.1872699","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Developmental actors are pushing the diffusion of solar powered irrigation technologies using different technology diffusion models in resource-constrained, underdeveloped agrarian regions of the Global South. Among the varied models, the hybrid model of technology diffusion and environmental governance has gained a lot of traction and support among the technology promoters in recent years. In this article, we analyse two cases of hybrid environmental governance employed for the diffusion of solar powered irrigation technologies in rural Bihar, India. The promoters of solar powered irrigation technologies wish to achieve environmental sustainability, enhance farmers income and mitigate climate change through promoting renewable-based technologies. The top-down framing of technology and environment in hybrid environmental models often uncritically negates the place-based embedded experiences of end-users and non-users. The paper argues that the role of end-users and non-users in hybrid environmental governance need to be understood using the bottom-up approach. The paper makes a case for acknowledging and incorporating the views and environmental subjectivities of end-users and non-users while planning developmental interventions. The paper ends up suggesting a few policy-relevant suggestions for hybrid models of technology and environmental governance.","PeriodicalId":45207,"journal":{"name":"FORUM FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08039410.2021.1872699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49583481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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