Previous research has shown that second language (L2) learners of Mandarin learn new words more easily if the new word is homophonous with a word they already know (Liu and Wiener, 2020). That research involved word learning in which speech was produced by a single-talker with a specific pitch range. The present study examines whether the observed tonal homophone advantage is dependent on familiarity with the talker. Adult learners of Mandarin Chinese as an L2 were taught 20 new tonal words for three consecutive days. To manipulate phonological familiarity, 10 words had homophones already known to the learners and 10 words did not. To manipulate talker familiarity, participants were trained on a single talker but tested on 16 new talkers or trained and tested on 16 (multi)-talkers. Daily testing involved a 4-alternative-force-choice task. Both groups showed increased accuracy and faster response times on Day 2 compared to Day 1, but this learning was independent of homophone status or talker group. No other effects were found. These results suggest that the tonal homophone advantage in L2 word learning observed by Liu and Wiener (2020) may have been partially driven by an exceptionally high level of talker familiarity, since that study used a single speaker both for training and testing.
{"title":"Effects of phonological and talker familiarity on second language lexical development","authors":"Jiang Liu, Seth Wiener","doi":"10.1075/ml.20024.liu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20024.liu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous research has shown that second language (L2) learners of Mandarin learn new words more easily if the new\u0000 word is homophonous with a word they already know (Liu and Wiener, 2020). That research\u0000 involved word learning in which speech was produced by a single-talker with a specific pitch range. The present study examines\u0000 whether the observed tonal homophone advantage is dependent on familiarity with the talker. Adult learners of Mandarin Chinese as\u0000 an L2 were taught 20 new tonal words for three consecutive days. To manipulate phonological familiarity, 10 words had homophones\u0000 already known to the learners and 10 words did not. To manipulate talker familiarity, participants were trained on a single talker\u0000 but tested on 16 new talkers or trained and tested on 16 (multi)-talkers. Daily testing involved a 4-alternative-force-choice\u0000 task. Both groups showed increased accuracy and faster response times on Day 2 compared to Day 1, but this learning was\u0000 independent of homophone status or talker group. No other effects were found. These results suggest that the tonal homophone\u0000 advantage in L2 word learning observed by Liu and Wiener (2020) may have been partially\u0000 driven by an exceptionally high level of talker familiarity, since that study used a single speaker both for training and\u0000 testing.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42165528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous evidence has implicated personal relevance as a predictive factor in lexical access. Westbury (2014) showed that personally relevant words were rated as having a higher subjective familiarity than words that were not personally relevant, suggesting that personally relevant words are processed more fluently than less personally relevant words. Here we extend this work by defining a measure of personal relevance that does not rely on human judgments but is rather derived from first-order co-occurrence of words with the first-person singular personal pronoun, I. We show that words estimated as most personally relevant are recognized more quickly, named faster, judged as more familiar, and used by infants earlier than words that are less personally relevant. Self-relevance is also a strong predictor of several measures that are usually measured only by human judgments or their computational estimates, such as subjective familiarity, age of acquisition, imageability, concreteness, and body-object interaction. We have made all self-relevance estimates (as well as the raw data and code from our experiments) available at https://osf.io/gdb6h/.
{"title":"Is it you you’re looking for?","authors":"Chris Westbury, Lee H. Wurm","doi":"10.1075/ml.20031.wes","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20031.wes","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous evidence has implicated personal relevance as a predictive factor in lexical access. Westbury (2014) showed that personally relevant words were rated as having a higher\u0000 subjective familiarity than words that were not personally relevant, suggesting that personally relevant words are processed more\u0000 fluently than less personally relevant words. Here we extend this work by defining a measure of personal relevance that does not\u0000 rely on human judgments but is rather derived from first-order co-occurrence of words with the first-person singular personal\u0000 pronoun, I. We show that words estimated as most personally relevant are recognized more quickly, named faster,\u0000 judged as more familiar, and used by infants earlier than words that are less personally relevant. Self-relevance is also a strong\u0000 predictor of several measures that are usually measured only by human judgments or their computational estimates, such as\u0000 subjective familiarity, age of acquisition, imageability, concreteness, and body-object interaction. We have made all\u0000 self-relevance estimates (as well as the raw data and code from our experiments) available at https://osf.io/gdb6h/.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41856705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaidi Lõo, Abigail Toth, Figen Karaca, Juhani Järvikivi
In recent years, evidence has emerged that readers may have access to the meaning of complex words even in the early stages of processing, suggesting that phenomena previously attributed to morphological decomposition may actually emerge from an interplay between formal and semantic effects. The present study adds to this line of work by deploying a forward masked priming experiment with both L1 (Experiment 1) and L2 (Experiment 2) speakers of English. Following recent research trends, we view morphological processing as a gradient process emerging over time. In order to model this, we used a large within-item stimulus design combined with advanced statistical methods such as generalised mixed models (GAMM) and quantile regression (QGAM). L1 GAMM analyses only showed priming for true morpho-semantic relations (the identity ‘bull’, inflected ‘bulls’ and derived conditions ‘bullish’), with no priming observed in the case of other relations (the pseudo-complex ‘bully’ or the stem-embedded ‘bullet’ conditions). Furthermore, with respect to the time-course of effects, we found significant differences between conditions were present from very early on as revealed by the QGAM analyses. In contrast, L2 speakers showed significant facilitation across all five conditions compared to the baseline condition, including the stem-embedded condition, suggesting early L2 processing is only dependant on the form.
{"title":"Morphological processing is gradient not discrete in L1 and L2 English masked priming","authors":"Kaidi Lõo, Abigail Toth, Figen Karaca, Juhani Järvikivi","doi":"10.1075/ml.21008.loo","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.21008.loo","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, evidence has emerged that readers may have access to the meaning of complex words even in the\u0000 early stages of processing, suggesting that phenomena previously attributed to morphological decomposition may actually emerge\u0000 from an interplay between formal and semantic effects. The present study adds to this line of work by deploying a forward masked\u0000 priming experiment with both L1 (Experiment 1) and L2 (Experiment 2) speakers of English. Following recent research trends, we\u0000 view morphological processing as a gradient process emerging over time. In order to model this, we used a large within-item\u0000 stimulus design combined with advanced statistical methods such as generalised mixed models (GAMM) and quantile regression (QGAM).\u0000 L1 GAMM analyses only showed priming for true morpho-semantic relations (the identity ‘bull’, inflected ‘bulls’ and derived\u0000 conditions ‘bullish’), with no priming observed in the case of other relations (the pseudo-complex ‘bully’ or the stem-embedded\u0000 ‘bullet’ conditions). Furthermore, with respect to the time-course of effects, we found significant differences between conditions\u0000 were present from very early on as revealed by the QGAM analyses. In contrast, L2 speakers showed significant facilitation across\u0000 all five conditions compared to the baseline condition, including the stem-embedded condition, suggesting early L2 processing is\u0000 only dependant on the form.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46771346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Learning multimorphemic words involves the simultaneous learning of two hierarchically organized categories. In such words, sub-lexical units usually encode superordinate categories, whereas whole words encode exemplars of these categories. Complex, non-linear word structure is common in Semitic languages and can be used to probe the learning of multiple form-meaning associations. The aim of this study was to investigate how well Hebrew-speaking adults learn the dual form-meaning relationships that reflect different categorical levels following a few exposures to novel Hebrew-like words. Twenty-four native Hebrew-speakers were exposed to novel words through an interactive video story. Following a few exposures to the words, the learning of the exemplars was tested in a three-alternative-forced-choice identification test. The learning of the sub-lexical morphemes and the categories they encode were tested in generalization tests. The results show that a few exposures to novel, morphologically and conceptually complex words are sufficient to allow unsupervised simultaneous learning of two hierarchical categories even though the superordinate was not explicitly represented in the input.
{"title":"Learning beyond words","authors":"Niveen Omar, K. Banai, Bracha Nir","doi":"10.1075/ml.20030.oma","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20030.oma","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Learning multimorphemic words involves the simultaneous learning of two hierarchically organized categories. In\u0000 such words, sub-lexical units usually encode superordinate categories, whereas whole words encode exemplars of these categories.\u0000 Complex, non-linear word structure is common in Semitic languages and can be used to probe the learning of multiple form-meaning\u0000 associations. The aim of this study was to investigate how well Hebrew-speaking adults learn the dual form-meaning relationships\u0000 that reflect different categorical levels following a few exposures to novel Hebrew-like words. Twenty-four native Hebrew-speakers\u0000 were exposed to novel words through an interactive video story. Following a few exposures to the words, the learning of the\u0000 exemplars was tested in a three-alternative-forced-choice identification test. The learning of the sub-lexical morphemes and the\u0000 categories they encode were tested in generalization tests. The results show that a few exposures to novel, morphologically and\u0000 conceptually complex words are sufficient to allow unsupervised simultaneous learning of two hierarchical categories even though\u0000 the superordinate was not explicitly represented in the input.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42527058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiang Liu, Bryan B. Holbrook, A. H. Kawamoto, Peter A. Krause
Valid and reliable measurements of response latency are crucial in testing empirical predictions across fields of psychology. In research utilizing verbal responses, acoustic latency is the typical measure of response latency, but its validity has been questioned. We describe a simple and affordable alternative – articulatory latency based on tracking lip position. Using this method, we measured the acoustic and articulatory latencies of syllables beginning with various simple and complex onsets and ending with “uh” using the speeded naming task, where participants were instructed to have their mouths either closed or open before articulating. The initial oral configuration, place of articulation, and voicing all had significant effects on this measure of articulatory latency across segments, factors that researchers must consider in designing experiments and selecting stimuli.
{"title":"Verbal reaction times based on tracking lip movement","authors":"Qiang Liu, Bryan B. Holbrook, A. H. Kawamoto, Peter A. Krause","doi":"10.1075/ml.19018.liu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.19018.liu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Valid and reliable measurements of response latency are crucial in testing empirical predictions across fields of\u0000 psychology. In research utilizing verbal responses, acoustic latency is the typical measure of response latency, but its validity\u0000 has been questioned. We describe a simple and affordable alternative – articulatory latency based on tracking lip position. Using\u0000 this method, we measured the acoustic and articulatory latencies of syllables beginning with various simple and complex onsets and\u0000 ending with “uh” using the speeded naming task, where participants were instructed to have their mouths either closed or open\u0000 before articulating. The initial oral configuration, place of articulation, and voicing all had significant effects on this\u0000 measure of articulatory latency across segments, factors that researchers must consider in designing experiments and selecting\u0000 stimuli.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47280969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of morphophonology during Chinese visual word recognition was investigated in three masked priming lexical decision experiments. The primes and targets were Cantonese Chinese bimorphemic words. In Chinese, most characters correspond to morphemes, but sometimes the mapping between character and morpheme is not one-to-one. Specifically, some characters are heteronymic, which had one visual form associated with multiple pronunciations and meanings (e.g., “長” is pronounced as /coeng4/ and /zoeng2/ in Cantonese, which means “long” and “senior”, respectively). In Experiment 1, facilitative priming was found when the primes and targets shared heteronymic characters of identical (e.g., “長遠-long term” /coeng4jyun5/ and “長短-length” /coeng4dyun2/), but not a different, pronunciation (e.g., “長官-senior official” /zoeng2gun1/). Sharing word-level phonology only (e.g., “場景-scene” /coeng4ging2/) had no effects. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, and further indicated that the effects could not be attributed to sharing word-level meanings (e.g., “即時-immediate” /zik1si4/). Experiment 3 compared the priming effects produced by the two alternative pronunciations of the heteronymic characters. The results showed that the strength of priming was statistically comparable in the two pronunciation-congruent conditions. Together, this study provided evidence that morphophonology was activated to facilitate the ambiguity resolution of heteronymic characters. The lemma model was modified to accommodate the results.
{"title":"Morphophonological activation in Chinese word recognition","authors":"Yiu-Kei Tsang","doi":"10.1075/ml.21003.tsa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.21003.tsa","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The role of morphophonology during Chinese visual word recognition was investigated in three masked priming lexical decision experiments. The primes and targets were Cantonese Chinese bimorphemic words. In Chinese, most characters correspond to morphemes, but sometimes the mapping between character and morpheme is not one-to-one. Specifically, some characters are heteronymic, which had one visual form associated with multiple pronunciations and meanings (e.g., “長” is pronounced as /coeng4/ and /zoeng2/ in Cantonese, which means “long” and “senior”, respectively). In Experiment 1, facilitative priming was found when the primes and targets shared heteronymic characters of identical (e.g., “長遠-long term” /coeng4jyun5/ and “長短-length” /coeng4dyun2/), but not a different, pronunciation (e.g., “長官-senior official” /zoeng2gun1/). Sharing word-level phonology only (e.g., “場景-scene” /coeng4ging2/) had no effects. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, and further indicated that the effects could not be attributed to sharing word-level meanings (e.g., “即時-immediate” /zik1si4/). Experiment 3 compared the priming effects produced by the two alternative pronunciations of the heteronymic characters. The results showed that the strength of priming was statistically comparable in the two pronunciation-congruent conditions. Together, this study provided evidence that morphophonology was activated to facilitate the ambiguity resolution of heteronymic characters. The lemma model was modified to accommodate the results.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47410784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study explored the conditions under which phonological similarity effects arise without orthographic confounds by testing languages with true cognates but divergent scripts. We investigated the similarities and differences between within- and cross-script processing patterns by providing data from an understudied language pair, Korean and Cantonese, which have many cognates but bear no orthographic resemblance. In two word-naming and translation tasks, beginning and intermediate Cantonese-speaking learners of Korean (N = 112) were tested for the processing speed of Sino-Korean words. The results of the word-naming experiments showed that phonologically similar words were processed faster than dissimilar ones, regardless of L2 fluency, especially when the logographic L1 characters were used as primes. However, facilitation by shared phonology was not observed in the translation experiments in either direction. L1-to-L2 forward translation was much faster than L2-to-L1 backward translation, indicating conceptual memory being used as a primary processing pathway. The characteristics of cross-script processing patterns were discussed in terms of the structure of bilingual memory.
{"title":"Phonological similarity effects in cross-script word processing","authors":"Sang-Im Lee-Kim, Xinran Ren, P. Mok","doi":"10.1075/ml.20001.lee","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20001.lee","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study explored the conditions under which phonological similarity effects arise without orthographic\u0000 confounds by testing languages with true cognates but divergent scripts. We investigated the similarities and differences between\u0000 within- and cross-script processing patterns by providing data from an understudied language pair, Korean and Cantonese, which\u0000 have many cognates but bear no orthographic resemblance. In two word-naming and translation tasks, beginning and intermediate\u0000 Cantonese-speaking learners of Korean (N = 112) were tested for the processing speed of Sino-Korean words. The\u0000 results of the word-naming experiments showed that phonologically similar words were processed faster than dissimilar ones,\u0000 regardless of L2 fluency, especially when the logographic L1 characters were used as primes. However, facilitation by shared\u0000 phonology was not observed in the translation experiments in either direction. L1-to-L2 forward translation was much faster than\u0000 L2-to-L1 backward translation, indicating conceptual memory being used as a primary processing pathway. The characteristics of\u0000 cross-script processing patterns were discussed in terms of the structure of bilingual memory.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42946177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Azevedo, R. Atchley, N. Vasavan Nair, E. Kehayia
To explore how processing lexicality may change with aging and in the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we conducted two experiments investigating lexicality judgements using an on-line behavioural psycholinguistic methodology and electrophysiological/event-related potential (ERP) methods; oddball lexical decision tasks. Results from these lexical decision tasks showed that while those with AD show similar rates of accuracy for their lexical decision as compared older adults (OA), they are particularly slowed when making judgements for pseudowords. Our results from the ERP tasks also showed that the two groups behaved differently with regard to elicitation of the P3 ERP response, which indicates differences in how these two groups form lexical categories. The pattern of ERP responses suggests that older adults are sensitive to the orthography/phonology of the stimuli during the course of lexical processing as compared to participants with AD who show less sensitivity to orthographic/phonological cues. Additionally, the ERP P3 amplitude results suggest further linguistically related differences between healthy older adults and those with AD, and highlight the importance and usefulness of combining behavioural psycholinguistic and ERP methodologies.
{"title":"Processing lexicality in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"N. Azevedo, R. Atchley, N. Vasavan Nair, E. Kehayia","doi":"10.1075/ml.20028.aze","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20028.aze","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To explore how processing lexicality may change with aging and in the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we\u0000 conducted two experiments investigating lexicality judgements using an on-line behavioural psycholinguistic methodology and\u0000 electrophysiological/event-related potential (ERP) methods; oddball lexical decision tasks. Results from these lexical decision\u0000 tasks showed that while those with AD show similar rates of accuracy for their lexical decision as compared older adults (OA),\u0000 they are particularly slowed when making judgements for pseudowords. Our results from the ERP tasks also showed that the two\u0000 groups behaved differently with regard to elicitation of the P3 ERP response, which indicates differences in how these two groups\u0000 form lexical categories. The pattern of ERP responses suggests that older adults are sensitive to the orthography/phonology of the\u0000 stimuli during the course of lexical processing as compared to participants with AD who show less sensitivity to\u0000 orthographic/phonological cues. Additionally, the ERP P3 amplitude results suggest further linguistically related differences\u0000 between healthy older adults and those with AD, and highlight the importance and usefulness of combining behavioural\u0000 psycholinguistic and ERP methodologies.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45156268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aims of the present study are, first, to extend the current cognitive research on affective word processing in bilinguals by analyzing affective words in minimal linguistic contexts and, second, to explore the potential impact of the affective valence of prime nouns on the affective valence of target adjectives. To fulfill these aims, a semantic decision task was employed in which the Persian-English bilinguals saw a pair of words one after another, and were asked to decide whether or not the target word, which was an adjective loaded with positive or negative valence, was related in meaning to the preceding word, which was a noun. Mixed factorial repeated measure ANOVA was run on reaction times and error rates data. The results showed that bilinguals’ responses were slower and less accurate to negative target adjectives in comparison to positive target adjectives. The data further revealed that bilinguals were faster but less accurate when they were responding to related target adjectives compared to unrelated target adjectives. The results provide evidence for a dynamic interaction between cognitive and affective language processing in bilinguals.
{"title":"Investigating bilinguals’ cognitive processing of affective words in minimal linguistic contexts","authors":"Vahid Rahmani Doqaruni","doi":"10.1075/ml.20026.doq","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20026.doq","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The main aims of the present study are, first, to extend the current cognitive research on affective word\u0000 processing in bilinguals by analyzing affective words in minimal linguistic contexts and, second, to explore the potential impact\u0000 of the affective valence of prime nouns on the affective valence of target adjectives. To fulfill these aims, a semantic decision\u0000 task was employed in which the Persian-English bilinguals saw a pair of words one after another, and were asked to decide whether\u0000 or not the target word, which was an adjective loaded with positive or negative valence, was related in meaning to the preceding\u0000 word, which was a noun. Mixed factorial repeated measure ANOVA was run on reaction times and error rates data. The results showed\u0000 that bilinguals’ responses were slower and less accurate to negative target adjectives in comparison to positive target\u0000 adjectives. The data further revealed that bilinguals were faster but less accurate when they were responding to related target\u0000 adjectives compared to unrelated target adjectives. The results provide evidence for a dynamic interaction between cognitive and\u0000 affective language processing in bilinguals.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46982152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Collocations are words associated because of their frequent co-occurrence, which makes them predictable and leads to facilitated processing. While there have been suggestions that collocations are stored as unanalysed chunks, other researchers disagree. One of the arguments against holistic storage is the fact that collocations are not fixed phrases, for example, their word order can vary. To explore whether reversed collocations retain the processing advantage that they have in their canonical form, we conducted two primed lexical decision experiments: Experiment 1 in English, and Experiment 2 in Lithuanian, an understudied language. We presented both forward and backward collocations and compared them to matched control phrases. We also explored which collocational measure (phrasal frequency, MI, t-score, or ΔP) worked as the best predictor of processing speed. We found a clear priming effect for both languages when collocations were presented in their forward form, which is in line with previous research. There was no priming for the backward condition in English, but a priming effect for it in Lithuanian, where the reversed word order is acceptable albeit marked. These results are not easily explained by holistic storage. As far as collocational measures are concerned, they all seem to perform reasonably well, with none of them being clearly better than the others.
{"title":"Word order effect in collocation processing","authors":"Laura Vilkaitė‐Lozdienė, K. Conklin","doi":"10.1075/ml.20022.vil","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20022.vil","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Collocations are words associated because of their frequent co-occurrence, which makes them predictable and leads\u0000 to facilitated processing. While there have been suggestions that collocations are stored as unanalysed chunks, other researchers\u0000 disagree. One of the arguments against holistic storage is the fact that collocations are not fixed phrases, for example, their\u0000 word order can vary. To explore whether reversed collocations retain the processing advantage that they have in their canonical\u0000 form, we conducted two primed lexical decision experiments: Experiment 1 in English, and Experiment 2 in Lithuanian, an\u0000 understudied language. We presented both forward and backward collocations and compared them to matched control phrases. We also\u0000 explored which collocational measure (phrasal frequency, MI, t-score, or ΔP) worked as the best predictor of\u0000 processing speed. We found a clear priming effect for both languages when collocations were presented in their forward form, which\u0000 is in line with previous research. There was no priming for the backward condition in English, but a priming effect for it in\u0000 Lithuanian, where the reversed word order is acceptable albeit marked. These results are not easily explained by holistic storage.\u0000 As far as collocational measures are concerned, they all seem to perform reasonably well, with none of them being clearly better\u0000 than the others.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41730787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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