Pub Date : 2022-10-04DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.68005
Nabila Nurul Hasyim, Sharifah Hanidar
Verbal irony as a figurative language has been conceived in everyday life as its use is common when people communicate with each other. It enables the speaker to express negative intention towards the hearer as well as producing humor elements. This study aims to analyze verbal irony in the sitcom The Office (US) from Pragmatics perspective, which focuses on the identification of its forms and their manifestations in arousing humor. The data of this study were collected from season 2 of The Office (US) that consists of 22 episodes. They were observed, transcribed, analyzed, and classified into the category proposed by Gibbs (2000). The utterances that contain humor were marked and analyzed by applying the theory proposed by Garmendia (2007). The result shows that from 97 occurrences that were identified, all five types of verbal irony (sarcasm, jocularity, rhetorical question, hyperbole, and understatement) were found, with sarcasm as the most frequently used type. The analysis also revealed that the disparity that emerges from verbal irony leads to humor creation.
{"title":"Verbal Irony in a TV Series The Office (US) Season 2","authors":"Nabila Nurul Hasyim, Sharifah Hanidar","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.68005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.68005","url":null,"abstract":"Verbal irony as a figurative language has been conceived in everyday life as its use is common when people communicate with each other. It enables the speaker to express negative intention towards the hearer as well as producing humor elements. This study aims to analyze verbal irony in the sitcom The Office (US) from Pragmatics perspective, which focuses on the identification of its forms and their manifestations in arousing humor. The data of this study were collected from season 2 of The Office (US) that consists of 22 episodes. They were observed, transcribed, analyzed, and classified into the category proposed by Gibbs (2000). The utterances that contain humor were marked and analyzed by applying the theory proposed by Garmendia (2007). The result shows that from 97 occurrences that were identified, all five types of verbal irony (sarcasm, jocularity, rhetorical question, hyperbole, and understatement) were found, with sarcasm as the most frequently used type. The analysis also revealed that the disparity that emerges from verbal irony leads to humor creation.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75737516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.76061
Ummi Adha Khoirunnisa, Rio Rini Diah Moehkardi
The present study discusses the patterns of blends found in the data collected which are food and beverage names found in Instagram and describe the possible new meaning of the blends. The researcher uses Mattiello’s classification of blends as the approach to analyze the data. From the findings, there are fiftythree data that can be considered as blends. The data are classified into three perspectives: the first is morphotactic, the second is morphonological (and graphic), and the third is morphosemantic. The result shows that morphotactically the most productive pattern of the blends is total blend more specifically the blend which the beginning of the first source word is followed by the end of the second source word with 19 data or 34.5 percent. Second, Morphonologically and orthographically, the most productive blend is non-overlapping blends with 31 data or 58.5 percent. Last, morphosemantically, the coordinate blend is more frequent than attributive blends with 30 data or 56.6 percent.
{"title":"The Patterns of Blends Found in Food and Beverage Names in Instagram","authors":"Ummi Adha Khoirunnisa, Rio Rini Diah Moehkardi","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.76061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.76061","url":null,"abstract":"The present study discusses the patterns of blends found in the data collected which are food and beverage names found in Instagram and describe the possible new meaning of the blends. The researcher uses Mattiello’s classification of blends as the approach to analyze the data. From the findings, there are fiftythree data that can be considered as blends. The data are classified into three perspectives: the first is morphotactic, the second is morphonological (and graphic), and the third is morphosemantic. The result shows that morphotactically the most productive pattern of the blends is total blend more specifically the blend which the beginning of the first source word is followed by the end of the second source word with 19 data or 34.5 percent. Second, Morphonologically and orthographically, the most productive blend is non-overlapping blends with 31 data or 58.5 percent. Last, morphosemantically, the coordinate blend is more frequent than attributive blends with 30 data or 56.6 percent.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84425556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.66653
Ahmad Faizin, Hafidzatul Azizah, Putu Zahra Amalia Atiyoti Jwalita
This study aims at examining the transitivity processes occurred in the characters’ action in Joseph Jacobs’s Fairy Tales. Language style for children literature has its distinction from other fictions. Such lexical and the dictions selection become its focus primarily at the main figure’s action. The purpose of this study is not only to provide worthwhile information particularly at the language style of literature for children in case of Joseph Jacobs’s fairy tales but also to remedy the neglected focus on the earlier studies which analyzes the mentioned object as well. This study used the methodology of descriptive qualitative research. To analyze the research objective, this study used Halliday’s transitivity theory which examines the processes of a sentence. Based on the data analysis, the results found 56 data in total contained with several processes as follows; 30 material processes, 5 mental processes, 5 behavioural processes, 4 verbalization, 3 relational processes, and an existential processes.
{"title":"A Transitivity Analysis of the Character's Actions in Joseph Jacobs's Fairy Tales","authors":"Ahmad Faizin, Hafidzatul Azizah, Putu Zahra Amalia Atiyoti Jwalita","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.66653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v9i2.66653","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at examining the transitivity processes occurred in the characters’ action in Joseph Jacobs’s Fairy Tales. Language style for children literature has its distinction from other fictions. Such lexical and the dictions selection become its focus primarily at the main figure’s action. The purpose of this study is not only to provide worthwhile information particularly at the language style of literature for children in case of Joseph Jacobs’s fairy tales but also to remedy the neglected focus on the earlier studies which analyzes the mentioned object as well. This study used the methodology of descriptive qualitative research. To analyze the research objective, this study used Halliday’s transitivity theory which examines the processes of a sentence. Based on the data analysis, the results found 56 data in total contained with several processes as follows; 30 material processes, 5 mental processes, 5 behavioural processes, 4 verbalization, 3 relational processes, and an existential processes.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73163246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v9i1.72803
Ilsa Krisdwiyani, Sharifah Hanidar
This study focuses on the Gricean maxim floutings found in the production of verbal humor by the characters in the show The IT Crowd, seasons one and two. This research aims to identify and classify the flouting of maxims, explain the rhetorical strategies employed, and the functions behind each flouting of the humorous utterances in the sitcom. Qualitative methods were used in analyzing the data, which are the humorous utterances resulted from the maxims flouting found in the first 12 episodes of the series. However, quantitative data is also taken into consideration in the analysis. In the series, a total of 102 occurrences were identified as maxim floutings. The most frequently occurring maxim flouting is of the quality maxim with 56 occurrences (54.90%).The result shows the characters produced verbal humor by flouting the conversational maxims using varied rhetorical strategies. Their most preferred rhetorical strategy is allusion, with 12 occurrences (11.70%) found in the series. It was also discovered that the characters use a variety of rhetorical strategies when they flout the maxims to achieve different communicative goals. The most frequent goal to appear is self-disclosure, with 26 data indicate the speakers flout the maxims to disclose personal information through humor.
{"title":"The Production of Conversational Humor by Flouting Gricean Maxims in the Sitcom The IT Crowd","authors":"Ilsa Krisdwiyani, Sharifah Hanidar","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v9i1.72803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v9i1.72803","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the Gricean maxim floutings found in the production of verbal humor by the characters in the show The IT Crowd, seasons one and two. This research aims to identify and classify the flouting of maxims, explain the rhetorical strategies employed, and the functions behind each flouting of the humorous utterances in the sitcom. Qualitative methods were used in analyzing the data, which are the humorous utterances resulted from the maxims flouting found in the first 12 episodes of the series. However, quantitative data is also taken into consideration in the analysis. In the series, a total of 102 occurrences were identified as maxim floutings. The most frequently occurring maxim flouting is of the quality maxim with 56 occurrences (54.90%).The result shows the characters produced verbal humor by flouting the conversational maxims using varied rhetorical strategies. Their most preferred rhetorical strategy is allusion, with 12 occurrences (11.70%) found in the series. It was also discovered that the characters use a variety of rhetorical strategies when they flout the maxims to achieve different communicative goals. The most frequent goal to appear is self-disclosure, with 26 data indicate the speakers flout the maxims to disclose personal information through humor.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75673399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v9i1.65931
Emma Natasha Octoveria, Tofan Dwi Hardjanto
Corporate press release is a pivotal public relation tool, especially for those operating on a mass scale and have high risks, such as for coal mining companies. They are aimed to effectively function in both maintaining a good public image and minimize public backlash regarding companies’ operation. Considering the importance of press releases, how companies employ careful linguistic choices in press releases is worth exploring. One of the aspects to analyze is the use of self-references, in both forms and the use. In this research, the forms of self-references in corporate press releases are investigated. The metadiscourse functions of self-references employed in their press releases also become matters of discussion. The data were obtained from English press releases of two Indonesian coal mining companies, PT Adaro Energy Tbk (Adaro) and PT Bumi Resources (Bumi) from the year 2019 to 2020. These data were quantitatively analyzed with a concordance software named WordSmith Tool (Scott, 2004) that enables a concordance feature to discover the frequencies of self-references used by Adaro and Bumi in their press releases. To discover the use of self-references used by Adaro and Bumi in their press releases, a qualitative analysis was conducted. Specifying on the metadiscourse functions, a taxonomy of writer-reader interactions by Adel (2006) was employed. The result shows that forms of self-references in press releases of Adaro and Bumi are different, despite both operating under the same industry. Moreover, it is discovered that different forms of self-references in press releases are used differently in metadiscourse functions.
企业新闻发布是一种关键的公关工具，特别是对于那些大规模经营和高风险的企业，如煤矿企业。它们旨在有效地发挥作用，既保持良好的公众形象，又尽量减少公众对公司运营的不满。考虑到新闻稿的重要性，公司如何在新闻稿中谨慎地选择语言是值得探索的。要分析的一个方面是自我指涉的使用，包括形式和使用。本研究对企业新闻稿中自我引用的形式进行了研究。他们在新闻稿中使用的自我指涉的元话语功能也成为讨论的问题。这些数据来自两家印度尼西亚煤炭开采公司PT Adaro Energy Tbk (Adaro)和PT Bumi Resources (Bumi) 2019年至2020年的英文新闻稿。这些数据是用一个名为WordSmith Tool (Scott, 2004)的一致性软件进行定量分析的，该软件具有一致性特征，可以发现Adaro和Bumi在其新闻稿中使用的自我引用的频率。为了发现Adaro和Bumi在他们的新闻稿中使用的自我引用，进行了定性分析。在元话语功能方面，采用了Adel(2006)的作者-读者互动分类法。研究结果表明，尽管Adaro和Bumi在同一行业中运营，但两家公司在新闻稿中自我引用的形式不同。此外，我们还发现新闻稿中不同形式的自我指称在元语篇功能上的使用是不同的。
{"title":"Self-References in English Press Releases of Indonesian Coal Mining Companies","authors":"Emma Natasha Octoveria, Tofan Dwi Hardjanto","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v9i1.65931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v9i1.65931","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate press release is a pivotal public relation tool, especially for those operating on a mass scale and have high risks, such as for coal mining companies. They are aimed to effectively function in both maintaining a good public image and minimize public backlash regarding companies’ operation. Considering the importance of press releases, how companies employ careful linguistic choices in press releases is worth exploring. One of the aspects to analyze is the use of self-references, in both forms and the use. In this research, the forms of self-references in corporate press releases are investigated. The metadiscourse functions of self-references employed in their press releases also become matters of discussion. The data were obtained from English press releases of two Indonesian coal mining companies, PT Adaro Energy Tbk (Adaro) and PT Bumi Resources (Bumi) from the year 2019 to 2020. These data were quantitatively analyzed with a concordance software named WordSmith Tool (Scott, 2004) that enables a concordance feature to discover the frequencies of self-references used by Adaro and Bumi in their press releases. To discover the use of self-references used by Adaro and Bumi in their press releases, a qualitative analysis was conducted. Specifying on the metadiscourse functions, a taxonomy of writer-reader interactions by Adel (2006) was employed. The result shows that forms of self-references in press releases of Adaro and Bumi are different, despite both operating under the same industry. Moreover, it is discovered that different forms of self-references in press releases are used differently in metadiscourse functions.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88515604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-24DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.72788
S. Anggraini, Tofan Dwi Hardjanto
This study investigates the speech act of promising found in the first five episodes of the TV series Gilmore Girls (2000). It categorizes utterances containing promises based on the directness strategies. The direct promising strategy is identified using the IFID of the speech act of promising, that is the performative verb promise, while the indirect promising strategy is identified and categorized into 10 types of indirect promising strategy proposed by Ariff and Mugableh (2013): pure promise, discourse conditional, tautological-like expression, body-part expression, self-aggrandizing expression, time expression, courtesy-like expression, swearing expression, adjacency pair, and false promise. The results show that the most commonly used strategy was the indirect promising strategy (94.3%) as the characters in the series tend to make promises casually by not using the performative verb promise. Then, pure promise strategy is the most frequently used type of indirect promising strategy (31.3%). In addition, there are two distinctive types of indirect promising strategies found in the TV series, i.e., hidden promise and sarcastic promise strategies. This finding suggests that there are many other ways to make promises besides using the performative verb, promise and the modal verb will since the context of the conversations sometimes indicates future acts that a speaker commits to doing.
{"title":"Making Promises in the TV Series Gilmore Girls","authors":"S. Anggraini, Tofan Dwi Hardjanto","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.72788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.72788","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the speech act of promising found in the first five episodes of the TV series Gilmore Girls (2000). It categorizes utterances containing promises based on the directness strategies. The direct promising strategy is identified using the IFID of the speech act of promising, that is the performative verb promise, while the indirect promising strategy is identified and categorized into 10 types of indirect promising strategy proposed by Ariff and Mugableh (2013): pure promise, discourse conditional, tautological-like expression, body-part expression, self-aggrandizing expression, time expression, courtesy-like expression, swearing expression, adjacency pair, and false promise. The results show that the most commonly used strategy was the indirect promising strategy (94.3%) as the characters in the series tend to make promises casually by not using the performative verb promise. Then, pure promise strategy is the most frequently used type of indirect promising strategy (31.3%). In addition, there are two distinctive types of indirect promising strategies found in the TV series, i.e., hidden promise and sarcastic promise strategies. This finding suggests that there are many other ways to make promises besides using the performative verb, promise and the modal verb will since the context of the conversations sometimes indicates future acts that a speaker commits to doing.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90185114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-24DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.74316
Muhammad Iman Rafif, Achmad Munjid
This study investigates the impact of future technology products, as one of the parts of popular culture, on society in the science fiction novel Ready Player One by Ernest Cline (2011) and on our current society. The primary data of this study were taken from the novel. The results reveal that the effects of popular culture, specifically the products of technology, on modern society are enormous compared to the society in the novel. The similarities and differences between the technological aspects portrayed in the story compared to the current modern world are revealed to know what really happens and going to happen in the future.
{"title":"Questioning Popular Culture: Future Technology In Ready Player One","authors":"Muhammad Iman Rafif, Achmad Munjid","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.74316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.74316","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of future technology products, as one of the parts of popular culture, on society in the science fiction novel Ready Player One by Ernest Cline (2011) and on our current society. The primary data of this study were taken from the novel. The results reveal that the effects of popular culture, specifically the products of technology, on modern society are enormous compared to the society in the novel. The similarities and differences between the technological aspects portrayed in the story compared to the current modern world are revealed to know what really happens and going to happen in the future.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77946638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-24DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.72812
Dea Levana, Amin Basuki
This research examines the translation strategies applied in the translation of Indonesian articles published on the official website of Universitas Gadjah Mada English into English. The data were collected from 15 articles published in Bahasa Indonesia on the website and their English translations. The analysis and categorization were based on the news translation theory proposed by Bielsa and Bassnett (2009). The results show that all the news translation strategies were applied in the translation of the Indonesian news articles into English. Out of 227 data found in the research, 69 (30.40%) were translated using the elimination strategy, 57 (25.11%) the addition strategy, 24 (10.57%) the summarizing information strategy, 37 (16.30%) the change in the order of paragraphs strategy, and 40 (17.62%) the change of title and lead strategy.
{"title":"The Translation Strategies of News Articles on Universitas Gadjah Mada Official Website","authors":"Dea Levana, Amin Basuki","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.72812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v8i2.72812","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the translation strategies applied in the translation of Indonesian articles published on the official website of Universitas Gadjah Mada English into English. The data were collected from 15 articles published in Bahasa Indonesia on the website and their English translations. The analysis and categorization were based on the news translation theory proposed by Bielsa and Bassnett (2009). The results show that all the news translation strategies were applied in the translation of the Indonesian news articles into English. Out of 227 data found in the research, 69 (30.40%) were translated using the elimination strategy, 57 (25.11%) the addition strategy, 24 (10.57%) the summarizing information strategy, 37 (16.30%) the change in the order of paragraphs strategy, and 40 (17.62%) the change of title and lead strategy.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76669756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In an experiment, Spanish speakers assigned gender to nouns. Some nouns had biological referents. Others had a mismatch between their gender and their final phones (e.g. problema). Nouns with biological referents and nouns with matching gender and phonology were responded to faster suggesting that gender does not depend solely on a noun’s gender. Gender was also assigned to dual-gendered nouns, which are feminine nouns that take the masculine article el (e.g. agua). Most participants assigned them masculine gender. Dual-gendered nouns are often preceded by masculine modifiers which is due to analogy to el. The idea is explored that the gender of el, along with all modifiers a noun has been experienced with, explains gender assignment. Computational simulations were carried out to test this using exemplar, naive Bayes, and decision tree algorithms. They made accurate predictions without referencing the noun’s gender. In dual-gendered nouns, a shift towards preposed masculine modifiers was observed. A simulation predicted the gender of bare dual-gendered nouns which mirrored the masculine gender the experimental participants provided. These results suggest a usage-based model in which a noun’s gender is determined by the modifiers it has been experienced with.
{"title":"Processing Spanish gender in a usage‑based model with special reference to dual‑gendered nouns","authors":"David Ellingson Eddington","doi":"10.1075/ml.21011.ell","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.21011.ell","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In an experiment, Spanish speakers assigned gender to nouns. Some nouns had biological referents. Others had a\u0000 mismatch between their gender and their final phones (e.g. problema). Nouns with biological referents and nouns\u0000 with matching gender and phonology were responded to faster suggesting that gender does not depend solely on a noun’s gender.\u0000 Gender was also assigned to dual-gendered nouns, which are feminine nouns that take the masculine article el\u0000 (e.g. agua). Most participants assigned them masculine gender.\u0000 Dual-gendered nouns are often preceded by masculine modifiers which is due to analogy to el. The\u0000 idea is explored that the gender of el, along with all modifiers a noun has been experienced with, explains\u0000 gender assignment. Computational simulations were carried out to test this using exemplar, naive Bayes, and decision tree\u0000 algorithms. They made accurate predictions without referencing the noun’s gender. In dual-gendered nouns, a shift towards preposed\u0000 masculine modifiers was observed. A simulation predicted the gender of bare dual-gendered nouns which mirrored the masculine gender the\u0000 experimental participants provided. These results suggest a usage-based model in which a noun’s gender is determined by the\u0000 modifiers it has been experienced with.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44415080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.22146/lexicon.v8i1.65770
S. Irawan, Tofan Dwi Hardjanto
This study investigates the apology strategies used by Indonesian university students and examines whether there is any gender difference in the apologies made by these students. The data were collected using Discourse Completion Task (DCT) containing eight situations. The DCT was distributed to 42 English Department students comprising 21 female students and 21 male students. Altogether, 336 apology utterances were collected. The results showed that the students most frequently used a combination of apology strategies (68.4%), especially a combination of Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID) and Explanation or Account of Cause (EoC). Furthermore, there seems to be no difference in the types of strategies used by female and students. Both groups tended to use a combination strategies and IFID. However, in terms of intensity, female students tended to apologize more intensely than the males and this was evident from their more frequent use of apology intensifications.
{"title":"A Gender-based Study of Apology Strategies Employed by Indonesian Students","authors":"S. Irawan, Tofan Dwi Hardjanto","doi":"10.22146/lexicon.v8i1.65770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v8i1.65770","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the apology strategies used by Indonesian university students and examines whether there is any gender difference in the apologies made by these students. The data were collected using Discourse Completion Task (DCT) containing eight situations. The DCT was distributed to 42 English Department students comprising 21 female students and 21 male students. Altogether, 336 apology utterances were collected. The results showed that the students most frequently used a combination of apology strategies (68.4%), especially a combination of Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID) and Explanation or Account of Cause (EoC). Furthermore, there seems to be no difference in the types of strategies used by female and students. Both groups tended to use a combination strategies and IFID. However, in terms of intensity, female students tended to apologize more intensely than the males and this was evident from their more frequent use of apology intensifications.","PeriodicalId":45215,"journal":{"name":"Mental Lexicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86037400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：