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Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-20230302
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引用次数: 0
Future Issues of International Negotiation 国际谈判的未来问题
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-20230301
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引用次数: 0
Radiogenomics of adult intracranial gliomas after the 2021 World Health Organisation classification: a review of changes, challenges and opportunities. 2021年世界卫生组织分类后成人颅内胶质瘤的放射基因组学:对变化、挑战和机遇的回顾
IF 2.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.21037/qims-22-1365
Arian Lasocki, Samuel J Roberts-Thomson, Frank Gaillard

The classification of diffuse gliomas has undergone substantial changes over the last decade, starting with the 2016 World Health Organisation (WHO) classification, which introduced the importance of molecular markers for glioma diagnosis, in particular, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status and 1p/19-codeletion. This has spurred research into the correlation of imaging features with the key molecular markers, known as "radiogenomics" or "imaging genomics". Radiogenomics has a variety of possible benefits, including supplementing immunohistochemistry to refine the histological diagnosis and overcoming some of the limitations of the histological assessment. The recent 2021 WHO classification has introduced a variety of changes and continues the trend of increasing the importance of molecular markers in the diagnosis. Key changes include a formal distinction between adult- and paediatric-type diffuse gliomas, the addition of new diagnostic entities, refinements to the nomenclature for IDH-mutant (IDHmut) and IDH-wildtype (IDHwt) gliomas, a shift to grading within tumour types, and the addition of molecular markers as a determinant of tumour grade in addition to phenotype. These changes provide both challenges and opportunities for the field of radiogenomics, which are discussed in this review. This includes implications for the interpretation of research performed prior to the 2021 classification, based on the shift to first classifying gliomas based on genotype ahead of grade, as well as opportunities for future research and priorities for clinical integration.

弥散性胶质瘤的分类在过去十年中发生了重大变化，从2016年世界卫生组织(WHO)的分类开始，该分类引入了分子标记对胶质瘤诊断的重要性，特别是异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)状态和1p/19编码。这刺激了对成像特征与关键分子标记的相关性的研究，被称为“放射基因组学”或“成像基因组学”。放射基因组学有多种可能的好处，包括补充免疫组织化学来完善组织学诊断和克服组织学评估的一些局限性。最近的2021年世卫组织分类带来了各种变化，并继续增加分子标记物在诊断中的重要性的趋势。关键的变化包括成人型和儿科型弥漫性胶质瘤之间的正式区分，增加了新的诊断实体，改进了idh -突变型(IDHmut)和idh -野生型(IDHwt)胶质瘤的命名，转向肿瘤类型的分级，除了表型外，还增加了分子标记作为肿瘤分级的决定因素。这些变化为放射基因组学领域提供了挑战和机遇，本文将对此进行讨论。这包括对2021年分类之前进行的研究的解释的影响，基于在分级之前首先基于基因型对胶质瘤进行分类的转变，以及未来研究的机会和临床整合的优先事项。
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引用次数: 1
Future Issues of International Negotiation 国际谈判的未来问题
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-20230207
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引用次数: 0
Can Confucian Ritual Improve Mediation? 儒家仪式能改善冥想吗?
IF 0.5 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10092
Chao Wang, N. Lassi
Mediation often fails because disputants scheme, lie, and become emotionally untethered. Productive mediation requires cooperation, self-possession, and a degree of sincerity among disputants. Improving the capacity of disputants to engage harmoniously to achieve resolution is essential, as discussed in the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (the Singapore Mediation Convention). Confucius believed that ritualized mediation most effectively settled public disputes. Confucian rituals transmit norms and expectations, manifest sincerity, promote self-control, and unite disputants for harmonious resolutions, which can significantly improve modern mediation. This has implications for settlement satisfaction, mediator precision, mediation integrity, social harmony, and savings in time, money, and effort that would otherwise be allocated to litigation. Candidate rituals include calming words and actions during mediation when parties become overly competitive or heated, traditional tea ceremonies, feng shui (風水) influenced mediation environments, and traditional music.
调解往往会失败，因为纠纷者策划、撒谎，情绪失控。富有成效的调解需要争端各方的合作、自主和一定程度的诚意。正如《联合国调解产生的国际解决协议公约》（《新加坡调解公约》）所讨论的那样，提高争端各方和谐参与以实现解决的能力至关重要。孔子认为，仪式化调解最有效地解决了公共纠纷。儒家仪式传递规范和期望，体现真诚，促进自制，团结纠纷者达成和谐解决，可以显著改善现代调解。这对和解满意度、调解员的准确性、调解的完整性、社会和谐以及节省本应用于诉讼的时间、金钱和精力都有影响。候选仪式包括在调解期间，当双方变得过于激烈或激烈时，平静的言语和行动，传统的茶道，风水(風水) 受影响的调解环境和传统音乐。
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引用次数: 0
Climate Paradiplomacy: A Comparative Study of Canadian Provinces (British Columbia, Ontario, and New Brunswick) 气候副外交:加拿大各省(不列颠哥伦比亚省、安大略省和新不伦瑞克省)的比较研究
IF 0.5 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10093
Annie Chaloux, Jennyfer Boudreau, Gabriel Grégoire-Mailhot, Philippe Simard
Climate change is one of the most important issues of our time. However, its diffuse and complex nature makes it difficult to find global and effective solutions, as these require multi-scale contributions. Although the international climate regime primarily involves states, actors from other levels of government also have active international climate agendas. This is certainly true of several Canadian provinces. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive portrait of the paradiplomatic actions that Canadian provinces have undertaken around climate change. The comparative analysis presented here is based on a conceptual framework that distinguishes three types of paradiplomatic instruments: institutionalization, the use of intra-state routes, and the use of extra-state routes. Our analysis shows that Canadian provinces pursue similar paradiplomatic strategies, but that their intensity and sustainability vary widely according to the availability of economic and human resources, as well as political will.
气候变化是我们这个时代最重要的问题之一。然而，其扩散性和复杂性使得很难找到全局有效的解决方案，因为这些解决方案需要多尺度的贡献。尽管国际气候制度主要涉及国家，但其他级别政府的行动者也有积极的国际气候议程。加拿大的几个省份确实如此。这项研究的目的是全面描述加拿大各省围绕气候变化采取的准外交行动。这里提出的比较分析基于一个概念框架，该框架区分了三种类型的准外交工具：制度化、国内路线的使用和国外路线的使用。我们的分析表明，加拿大各省奉行类似的准外交战略，但其强度和可持续性因经济和人力资源的可用性以及政治意愿的不同而有很大差异。
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引用次数: 0
Compellence and batna for the Denuclearization of North Korea 朝鲜无核化的动因与对策
IF 0.5 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10094
Hwee-rhak Park
This article analyzes the denuclearization negotiations with North Korea and recommends options to compel North Korea to denuclearize, focusing on the best alternative to a negotiated agreement (batna) concept. President Trump’s recent denuclearization summit meetings with North Korea failed because he did not employ a batna in his negotiations. A few candidates for the batna are compared and evaluated using criteria of effectiveness and feasibility. This article concludes that military strikes or economic sanctions cannot be relevant as batna s because of North Korea’s success in developing its second-strike nuclear capabilities and probable Chinese support. While South Korea’s nuclear armament does not seem feasible in the short term, another nuclear-sharing arrangement in Northeast or East Asia could be a viable and practical batna. The United States and South Korea should implement this batna gradually, reflecting the degree of the nuclear threat from North Korea.
本文分析了与朝鲜的无核化谈判，并提出了迫使朝鲜无核化的方案，重点讨论了谈判协议(batna)概念的最佳替代方案。特朗普总统最近与北韩的无核化首脑会谈之所以失败，是因为他没有在谈判中使用武力。使用有效性和可行性标准对几个候选方案进行了比较和评价。这篇文章的结论是，军事打击或经济制裁不能作为战争手段，因为朝鲜成功地发展了第二次核打击能力，而且可能得到中国的支持。虽然韩国的核军备在短期内似乎不可行，但在东北亚或东亚建立另一个核共享安排可能是一个可行的和实际的batna。美国和韩国应该根据朝鲜核威胁的程度，逐步实施这一计划。
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引用次数: 0
Giving Spoilers the Space : How Transparency Efforts Doomed the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (ttip) 给破坏者空间：透明度努力如何终结跨大西洋贸易和投资伙伴关系（ttip）
IF 0.5 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10095
Vincent J. W. Noteboom
The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (ttip) underwent three years of negotiations by the EU and US, both experienced and capable negotiators, yet the negotiations failed, raising questions. This article delves into the factors that caused ttip’s demise by examining the negotiation structure, the impact of secrecy versus transparency, and the disruptive influence of spoilers. The change in negotiation structure caused a cascading effect, enabling disruptive actors to flourish, and causing the negotiators to switch from an integrative negotiation strategy into a distributive strategy. To enhance the chances of success and avoid similar pitfalls, this article presents recommendations: (1) maintaining a consistent negotiation structure, (2) coordinating any structural changes with the negotiation partner, (3) expanding the agreement’s scope to garner more internal political support, and (4) establishing political backing before commencing negotiations. By addressing these issues, future negotiations can mitigate risks and improve their chances of achieving desired outcomes.
跨大西洋贸易和投资伙伴关系（ttip）经过了欧盟和美国三年的谈判，双方都是经验丰富、能力强大的谈判代表，但谈判失败，引发了问题。本文通过考察谈判结构、保密与透明的影响以及破坏者的破坏性影响，深入探讨了导致ttip消亡的因素。谈判结构的变化造成了连锁效应，使破坏性行为者得以蓬勃发展，并使谈判人员从综合谈判战略转变为分配战略。为了增加成功的机会并避免类似的陷阱，本文提出了建议：（1）保持一致的谈判结构，（2）与谈判伙伴协调任何结构变化，（3）扩大协议范围以获得更多的内部政治支持，以及（4）在开始谈判前建立政治支持。通过解决这些问题，未来的谈判可以减轻风险，提高取得预期结果的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Regional Mediation in African Transboundary Rivers Conflicts : Assessing the African Union’s Role in the Renaissance Dam Negotiations 非洲跨界河流冲突的区域调解:评估非洲联盟在复兴大坝谈判中的作用
IF 0.5 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10096
R. Tawfik
In April 2021, Egypt and Sudan announced the failure of the African Union (au)-led negotiations over the filling and operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (gerd). Why did the au fail to achieve progress on the contested issues in spite of the parties’ rhetorical commitment to settle these issues, the mediation capacity that the au developed over the last decade, and its comparative advantage as a regional organization close to the dispute? This article addresses this question. It integrates regional conflict resolution literature and water diplomacy approaches to identify the conditions of successful mediation in transboundary water conflicts, a task which contributes to ongoing au efforts to learn from past mediation experiences.
2021年4月，埃及和苏丹宣布，非洲联盟(au)主导的关于大埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝(gerd)蓄水和运营的谈判失败。为什么非盟未能在争议问题上取得进展，尽管各方口头上承诺解决这些问题，非盟在过去十年中发展了调解能力，以及它作为一个接近争端的区域组织的比较优势?本文解决了这个问题。它整合了区域冲突解决文献和水外交方法，以确定成功调解跨界水冲突的条件，这项任务有助于非盟不断努力学习过去的调解经验。
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引用次数: 0
Seeking Inclusion, Breeding Exclusion? The UN’s WPS Agenda and the Syrian Peace Talks 寻求包容，滋生排斥？联合国WPS议程与叙利亚和谈
IF 0.5 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10090
M. Zahar
This article analyzes the Women’s Advisory Board (WAB) to the UN Special Envoy for Syria, a unique mechanism designed to include women in peace processes. Has the WAB fulfilled its objective? Based on ethnographic material, and primary and secondary sources, we argue that the WAB fostered a sentiment of exclusion among some of its members and of the broader spectrum of Syrian women’s organizations. The article further suggests that the WAB failed to meaningfully include women in the Syria peace process. The sources of these failures can be located in the process by which WAB participants were selected and the ‘peacemaker’ identity that they were assigned. The limits associated with the process of selection and the substance of the women’s engagement are inherent to the way the UN frames and justifies women’s inclusion. The WAB, it concludes, should not be hastily replicated as a mechanism of women’s inclusion.
本文分析了联合国叙利亚问题特使的妇女咨询委员会(WAB)，这是一个旨在将妇女纳入和平进程的独特机制。WAB是否实现了它的目标?基于民族志材料，以及第一手和第二手资料，我们认为，WAB在其部分成员和更广泛的叙利亚妇女组织中培养了一种排斥情绪。文章进一步指出，WAB未能有意义地将妇女纳入叙利亚和平进程。这些失败的根源可以定位在选择WAB参与者的过程中，以及他们被分配的“调解者”身份。与选择过程和妇女参与的实质有关的限制是联合国制定和证明妇女参与的方式所固有的。报告的结论是，不应匆忙复制WAB作为一种纳入女性的机制。
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