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From Paternalism to the Chambas Formula for Mediation: Conceptualizing Cooperation between the UN and Regional Organizations in Mediating Conflicts 从父权制到Chambas调解模式:联合国与区域组织在调解冲突中的合作构想
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10040
T. Tieku, Megan Payler
This article explores the working relationship between the United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in mediating conflicts in West Africa and the Sahel regions. We argue that through the United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS), the UN, ECOWAS and the AU are working on mediation efforts to transcend traditional conceptualizations of the relationship between the world body and regional organizations. We show that the partnership is grounded on the logic of subsidiarity, informality, elite networks, technical competence, soft skills, and robust social trust. For heuristic purposes, we call the six principles the Chambas Formula, with reference to the centrality of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for West Africa and the Sahel, Mohamed Ibn Chambas, and the emergence and consistent application of the principles in the mediation setting in West Africa and the Sahel regions.
本文探讨了联合国(UN)、非洲联盟(AU)和西非国家经济共同体(ECOWAS)在调解西非和萨赫勒地区冲突方面的工作关系。我们认为,通过联合国西非和萨赫勒办事处(UNOWAS),联合国、西非经共体和非盟正在努力进行调解,以超越世界机构与区域组织之间关系的传统概念。我们表明,这种伙伴关系是建立在辅助性、非正式性、精英网络、技术能力、软技能和强大的社会信任的逻辑基础上的。为启发起见,我们将这六项原则称为“尚巴斯公式”,因为秘书长西非和萨赫勒问题特别代表穆罕默德·伊本·尚巴斯处于中心地位,这些原则在西非和萨赫勒地区调解环境中的出现和一贯适用。
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引用次数: 0
“Sisters in Peace”: Analyzing the Cooperation between the United Nations and the European Union in Peace Mediation “和平姐妹”:联合国与欧盟在和平调解方面的合作分析
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10041
Julian Bergmann
This article examines UN–EU cooperation over peace mediation. It compares their conceptual approaches to peace mediation and the evolution of their institutional capacities, demonstrating that the EU has learned from the UN, while actively supporting the strengthening of UN mediation capacity. The most important difference concerns the embeddedness of mediation in a broader foreign policy agenda in the case of the EU compared to the UN. The article also examines models of EU–UN cooperation in mediation practice. Drawing on an overview of cases of UN–EU cooperation, the article develops a typology of the constellations through which the two organizations have engaged with and supported each other. A case study on the Geneva International Discussions on South Ossetia and Abkhazia investigates the effectiveness of this coordination. The findings point to a high degree of effectiveness, although this has not yet translated into tangible mediation outcomes.
本文探讨了联合国和欧盟在和平调解方面的合作。它比较了他们对和平调解的概念方法及其机构能力的演变,表明欧盟在积极支持加强联合国调解能力的同时,也向联合国学习。最重要的区别在于,与联合国相比,欧盟在更广泛的外交政策议程中嵌入了调解。文章还探讨了欧盟与联合国在调解实践中的合作模式。本文通过对联合国与欧盟合作案例的概述,对两个组织相互接触和支持的星座进行了分类。关于南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹问题的日内瓦国际讨论的一个案例研究调查了这种协调的有效性。调查结果表明,尽管这尚未转化为切实的调解结果,但效果很高。
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引用次数: 2
Developing State Coalition-Building: A Focused Comparison 发展中国家联盟建设:聚焦比较
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10035
B. Steiner
This article pits two diplomatic strategies in competition for policy officials’ support. Distributive strategies promote one party’s goals at the expense of another. Integrative strategies promote goals that are in conflict with those of another state. The focus is strategy choice and strategy’s bargaining potential of less developed countries (LDC) coalitions in the GATT/WTO regime. Amrita Narlikar, whose study of LDC coalitions is relied upon here, finds that many LDC states employ distributive strategy because of asymmetric structure, which emphasizes the gap between LDC and developed state capabilities, yet she critiques that strategy as ineffective in supporting LDC objectives. This disconnect is probed in this article, which concludes that LDC distributive strategy must be improved and that the integrative strategy’s success in attaining LDC objectives can be important enough to override the structural argument for distributive strategy.
本文探讨了两种争夺政策官员支持的外交策略。分配策略以牺牲另一方为代价来促进一方的目标。一体化战略促进与另一个国家的目标相冲突的目标。重点是GATT/WTO制度中较不发达国家联盟的战略选择和战略谈判潜力。Amrita Narlikar对最不发达国家联盟的研究在这里得到了支持,她发现许多最不发达的国家采用分配战略是因为结构不对称,这强调了最不发达和发达国家能力之间的差距,但她批评该战略在支持最不发达国目标方面无效。本文对这种脱节进行了探讨,得出的结论是,必须改进最不发达国家的分配战略,而一体化战略在实现最不发达地区目标方面的成功可能足够重要,足以推翻分配战略的结构性论点。
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引用次数: 0
The Competing Mediations in the Post-Qaddafi Libyan Political Crisis 后卡扎菲时代利比亚政治危机中相互竞争的调解
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10019
Kasaija Phillip Apuuli
Since the end of the revolution that toppled the rule of Muammar Qaddafi in October 2011, Libya has never known peace. The country descended into civil war with different factions contending for control. In this milieu, the United Nations attempted to mediate an end to the crisis but its efforts have failed to gain traction partly as a result of other mediation initiatives undertaken by several European actors. Sub-regional and continental organizations, including the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) and the African Union (AU) respectively, that should have taken the lead in the mediation have been absent. Meanwhile, continued fighting has hampered a mediated settlement, and terrorist groups such as the Islamic State (IS) and al-Qaeda have taken advantage of the situation to establish a presence in the country. In the end, rather than ending the crisis, Libya has provided the ground for competing mediation processes which have prolonged the crisis.
自2011年10月推翻穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲统治的革命结束以来,利比亚从未经历过和平。这个国家陷入了不同派系争夺控制权的内战。在这种情况下,联合国试图通过调解结束危机,但其努力未能取得进展,部分原因是几个欧洲行动者采取了其他调解倡议。包括阿拉伯马格里布联盟(AMU)和非洲联盟(AU)在内的次区域和大陆组织本应在调解中发挥主导作用,但却缺席。与此同时,持续的战斗阻碍了调解解决,伊斯兰国(IS)和基地组织等恐怖组织利用这一局势在该国建立了存在。最终,利比亚非但没有结束危机,反而为相互竞争的调解进程提供了基础,从而延长了危机。
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引用次数: 1
Pakistan’s Indus Diplomacy: From Troubled Waters to a Troubled Treaty 巴基斯坦的印度河外交:从麻烦的水域到麻烦的条约
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10038
Muhammad Imran Mehsud
This article analyzes six major crises in Pakistan’s Indus diplomacy which shaped Pakistan’s water (in)security vis-à-vis upstream rival India on the Indus river system. These include first, when Pakistan failed to comply with the Standstill Agreement of 1947; second, when it signed the Inter-Dominion Agreement; third, when it acquiesced to the Nehru-Lilienthal-favored functional approach to the Indus water dispute in 1951; fourth, when the World Bank Proposal of 1954 apportioned exclusive use of the Western Rivers to Pakistan and the Eastern Rivers to India, but Pakistan delayed accepting the Proposal; fifth, when India secured rights on the Western Rivers in the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960; and sixth, several challenges that have emerged under the Indus Waters Treaty.
本文分析了巴基斯坦印度河外交中的六大危机,这六大危机塑造了巴基斯坦在印度河流域与上游对手印度的水安全。其中包括:第一,巴基斯坦未能遵守1947年的《停滞不前协定》;第二,签署《自治领间协定》;第三,1951年,当它默许尼赫鲁·利林塔尔对印度河水资源争端的功能方法时;第四,1954年世界银行的提案将西部河流的独家使用权分配给巴基斯坦,将东部河流的独家利用权分配给印度,但巴基斯坦推迟接受该提案;第五,印度在1960年的《印度河水域条约》中获得了对西部河流的权利;第六,《印度河水域条约》下出现的若干挑战。
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引用次数: 0
“Spoiling” in the Public Sphere: Political Opposition to Peace Negotiations and the Referendum Campaign in Colombia 公共领域的“搅局”:哥伦比亚对和平谈判和全民投票运动的政治反对
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10014
Joana Amaral
Peace referendums can be exploited by political actors who may gain politically from opposing a peace process. This article explores how political opposition affects peace negotiations, particularly when a referendum is used to ratify an agreement, through the study of the Colombian peace negotiations between the government of President Santos and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). It finds that the exclusive character of the negotiations, coupled with their confidentiality, contributed to the political opposition’s capacity to influence public opinion against the peace process and to reject the peace agreement in the 2016 referendum. This qualitative study is based on the content analysis of reports, memoirs and interviews with key negotiation delegates, journalists and representatives of the referendum campaigns. It argues that political inclusion in peace negotiations can help prevent referendum spoiling, while public information and education during the negotiations can reduce the impact of disinformation and manipulation campaigns.
政治行动者可以利用和平公投,他们可能从反对和平进程中获得政治利益。本文通过对桑托斯总统政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量(FARC)之间的哥伦比亚和平谈判的研究,探讨了政治反对派如何影响和平谈判,特别是当公民投票被用来批准协议时。它发现,谈判的排他性,加上其保密性,导致政治反对派有能力影响反对和平进程的公众舆论,并在2016年的公民投票中拒绝和平协议。这项定性研究基于对报告、回忆录以及对主要谈判代表、记者和公民投票运动代表的采访的内容分析。它认为,和平谈判中的政治包容有助于防止破坏公投,而谈判期间的公共信息和教育可以减少虚假信息和操纵运动的影响。
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引用次数: 1
West Bank Areas A, B and C – How Did They Come into Being? 西岸A、B和C区——它们是如何形成的?
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10030
J. Singer
This article tells the story of how and why, when negotiating the Israeli-Palestinian Oslo Accords in 1993–95, the author developed the concept of dividing the West Bank into three areas with differing formulas for allocating responsibilities between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in each. The origin of how these areas were named is also discussed. This negotiation demonstrates that parties are prepared to modify ideological positions when detailed and practical options are presented that constitute a hybrid to the parties’ former positions.
本文讲述了在1993 - 1995年以色列-巴勒斯坦奥斯陆协议谈判期间,作者如何以及为什么提出了将西岸划分为三个地区的概念,并以不同的方式在每个地区分配以色列和巴勒斯坦权力机构之间的责任。这些地区如何命名的起源也进行了讨论。这一谈判表明,当提出详细和实际的选择,构成对各方以前立场的混合时,各方准备修改意识形态立场。
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引用次数: 2
Where You Sit is Where You Stand: Table Arrangement Battles in Middle East Peace Conferences 坐在哪里就是站在哪里:中东和平会议中的餐桌布置战
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10036
J. Singer
This article analyzes one procedural prenegotiation issue that may seem minor in comparison to the substantive questions at hand, but can become consequential regarding its impact on the negotiation and its outcome. How the negotiating table is configured and where the parties will sit is the focus of our analysis. We examine how these questions were addressed in advance of key Vietnam and Middle East peace talks. The study assesses various strategies that were employed effectively to blur potential visual manifestations of symbolic and precedential advantage by one side.
本文分析了一个程序性婚前协议问题,与手头的实质性问题相比,这个问题可能看起来很小,但可能会对谈判及其结果产生影响。谈判桌是如何配置的以及各方将坐在哪里是我们分析的重点。我们研究了在关键的越南和中东和平谈判之前如何解决这些问题。该研究评估了一方有效使用的各种策略,以模糊象征和先例优势的潜在视觉表现。
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引用次数: 1
Envoy Envy? Competition in African Mediation Processes and Ways to Overcome It 特使Envy?非洲调解进程中的竞争及其克服途径
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10039
D. Lanz
This article seeks to make sense of the dynamics of competition in African mediation processes and to outline approaches for effective cooperation between mediators. To this end, it analyzes four cases of recent peace processes: Sudan (1994–2005), Kenya (2008), Madagascar (2009–2013) and South Sudan (2013–2015). The article identifies four driving forces of competition among mediators: clashing interests of states involved in mediation, overlapping mediation mandates, incompatible norms guiding conflict resolution, and mediators’ lack of performance. These factors risk undermining peace processes unless the involved mediators and guarantors take active steps to mitigate the negative effects of competition. This can be done through ‘hierarchical coordination,’ where a recognized authority takes the lead and allocates roles to other actors, or through ‘collaborative cooperation,’ where partners have unity of purpose and decide on a division of labor based on comparative strengths.
本文试图了解非洲调解进程中的竞争动态,并概述调解人之间有效合作的方法。为此,它分析了最近和平进程的四个案例:苏丹(1994-2005年)、肯尼亚(2008年)、马达加斯加(2009-2013年)和南苏丹(2013-2015年)。这篇文章确定了调解人之间竞争的四种驱动力:参与调解的国家利益冲突、调解任务重叠、指导冲突解决的规范不兼容以及调解人缺乏表现。除非有关调解人和担保人采取积极措施减轻竞争的负面影响,否则这些因素有可能破坏和平进程。这可以通过“层级协调”来实现,即由公认的权威机构牵头并将角色分配给其他参与者,也可以通过“协作合作”来实现。
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引用次数: 3
The Three Conditions: Solving Complex Problems through Self-Governing Agreements 三个条件:通过自治协议解决复杂问题
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10034
Volker C. Franke, Erich Wolterstorff, Cody W. Wehlan
Grounded in peacebuilding and negotiation literature, we propose a Three Conditions Model that promotes collaborative engagement and can help advance sustainable solutions to complex problems – domestic and international – through self-governing agreements based on the following three conditions: (1) inclusion of, (2) common understanding among, and (3) trust between all prime actors. Collectively, these conditions make the management of complex problems, and of the conflicts arising from them, more effective and sustainable. Using the coronavirus pandemic as an example, we briefly illustrate the nature of complex problems and self-governing agreements, address the inclusion-trust dilemma that mars many negotiations and assess the utility of each condition to address the coronavirus response in the United States more effectively.
基于建设和平和谈判文献,我们提出了一个三条件模型,该模型促进合作参与,并有助于通过基于以下三个条件的自治协议推动复杂问题的可持续解决方案——国内和国际问题:(1)包容、(2)所有主要行为者之间的共识和(3)所有主要参与者之间的信任。总的来说,这些条件使对复杂问题及其引发的冲突的管理更加有效和可持续。以冠状病毒大流行为例,我们简要说明了复杂问题和自治协议的性质,解决了阻碍许多谈判的包容-信任困境,并评估了每种条件对更有效地解决美国冠状病毒应对措施的效用。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
International Negotiation-A Journal of Theory and Practice
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