Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.1992879
M. Fradley
The use of aerial photography in the Middle East and North Africa region stretches back to the First World War. While historic aerial photography has continued to be utilized in research in the region, there has been only limited consideration of different photographic sources. This paper will focus on the use of aerial photography by British forces in the MENA region for photogrammetric mapping missions in the period from the First World War through to the start of the Second World War, when large areas were surveyed via the capture of overlapping vertical photographs. The discussion will cover the survival and archiving of these collections, as well as current issues of access, as well as their overall archaeological potential, particularly as an early source of earth-observation data, comparable to more recent satellite imagery archives.
{"title":"British inter-war aerial photogrammetric mapping in the MENA region: archives, access and research potential","authors":"M. Fradley","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1992879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1992879","url":null,"abstract":"The use of aerial photography in the Middle East and North Africa region stretches back to the First World War. While historic aerial photography has continued to be utilized in research in the region, there has been only limited consideration of different photographic sources. This paper will focus on the use of aerial photography by British forces in the MENA region for photogrammetric mapping missions in the period from the First World War through to the start of the Second World War, when large areas were surveyed via the capture of overlapping vertical photographs. The discussion will cover the survival and archiving of these collections, as well as current issues of access, as well as their overall archaeological potential, particularly as an early source of earth-observation data, comparable to more recent satellite imagery archives.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46115099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.2030150
Michael Press
{"title":"Olga Tufnell’s ‘Perfect Journey’: Letters and Photographs of an Archaeologist in the Levant and Mediterranean","authors":"Michael Press","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.2030150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.2030150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44034963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.2037890
Letty ten Harkel, Michael Fradley, Pascal Flohr, A. Vafadari, Sayantani Neogi
Introduction The Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) project (www.eamena.org) is among the most ambitious archaeological documentation projects ever to have taken place across the Middle East and North Africa. The project, under the current directorship of Bill Finlayson (2015–2021 director Robert Bewley), is funded by the Arcadia Fund (Arcadia, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing & Peter Baldwin, grant number 4178). It started as a collaboration between the universities of Oxford (PI: Andrew Wilson) and Leicester (Co-PI: David Mattingly), with Durham joining shortly afterwards (Co-PI: Graham Philip). In addition, extensive partnerships exist across the MENA region that were strengthened as a result of a series of training workshops funded by the UK’s Cultural Protection Fund (CPF), administered by the British Council on behalf of the Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. At the core of EAMENA’s methodology is archaeological survey, primarily using remote sensing sources (satellite imagery and aerial photographs), stretching from Mauretania to Iran (Fig. 1). Funding for the project was obtained in the aftermath of the 2010–2011 Arab Spring and during the rise of the so-called Islamic State group, which resulted in deliberate destruction of cultural heritage as well as damage through, for example, neglect following political instability. As travel (and therefore reliance on field survey) to some parts of the MENA region had become more restricted or impossible, the remote sensing methodology of the EAMENA project offered an alternative approach. In addition to fulfilling an urgent heritage management need, the overarching research vision of the EAMENA project is to take the scale of archaeological analysis in the MENA region to a new level in terms of big data. As such, it fulfils a major aim of the Arcadia Fund, which is primarily interested in the documentation of endangered aspects of the natural and cultural world and the promotion of open-access information to preserve knowledge (www.arcadiafund.org.uk/). This vision fits perfectly with the general trend towards the generation of large digital datasets that lies at the heart of the emergence of big data approaches over the last two decades. The collection of papers in this Special Issue is the result of an initial exploration of the research potential contained within the project’s open access Arches database. The EAMENA project builds on the success of previous remote-sensing research projects in the region — for example, the Fragile Crescent (e.g., Galiatsatos et al. 2009; Wilkinson et al. 2014) and the Trans-Saharan (e.g., Mattingly and Sterry 2013; Mattingly et al. 2013) projects — and other data collation initiatives across the globe, that attempt to make sense of the ever-increasing mass of archaeological information that is available today. The increase in data quantity globally in the current ‘Age of Information’ is widespread. Within the dis
中东和北非濒危考古(EAMENA)项目(www.eamena.org)是有史以来在中东和北非发生的最雄心勃勃的考古文献项目之一。该项目由现任董事Bill Finlayson(2015-2021年董事Robert Bewley)资助，由阿卡迪亚基金(阿卡迪亚，Lisbet Rausing & Peter Baldwin的慈善基金，授权号4178)资助。它最初是牛津大学(PI: Andrew Wilson)和莱斯特大学(Co-PI: David Mattingly)之间的合作，随后达勒姆大学(Co-PI: Graham Philip)加入。此外，中东和北非地区还存在广泛的合作伙伴关系，这些合作关系通过一系列培训研讨会得到加强，这些研讨会由英国文化保护基金(CPF)资助，该基金由英国文化协会代表数字、文化、媒体和体育部管理。EAMENA方法的核心是考古调查，主要使用遥感资源(卫星图像和航空照片)，从毛里塔尼亚延伸到伊朗(图1)。该项目的资金是在2010-2011年阿拉伯之春之后以及所谓的伊斯兰国集团崛起期间获得的，这导致了文化遗产的故意破坏，以及政治不稳定后的忽视造成的损害。由于前往中东和北非地区某些地区的旅行(因而依靠实地调查)变得更加有限或不可能，中东和北非地区项目的遥感方法提供了另一种办法。除了满足迫切的遗产管理需求外，EAMENA项目的总体研究愿景是在大数据方面将中东和北非地区的考古分析规模提升到一个新的水平。因此，它实现了阿卡迪亚基金的一个主要目标，该基金主要对记录自然和文化世界中濒危的方面和促进开放获取信息以保存知识感兴趣(www.arcadiafund.org.uk/)。这一愿景与过去二十年大数据方法出现的核心——生成大型数字数据集的总体趋势完全吻合。本期特刊中收录的论文是对项目开放存取的arch数据库中包含的研究潜力进行初步探索的结果。EAMENA项目建立在该地区以前遥感研究项目的成功基础上，例如脆弱新月项目(例如，galliatsatos等人，2009年;Wilkinson et al. 2014)和跨撒哈拉地区(例如，Mattingly and Sterry 2013;Mattingly et al. 2013)项目——以及全球范围内的其他数据整理计划，这些计划试图理解今天可用的不断增加的大量考古信息。在当前的“信息时代”，全球数据量的增加是普遍的。在考古学科中，促成因素包括，但不限于，遗产立法的改善和对重要性认识的提高，牛津大学考古学院，牛津，英国;德国基尔克里斯蒂安·阿尔布雷希茨大学Preand Proto-History and Excellence Cluster ROOTS研究所;麦克唐纳考古研究所，剑桥大学，英国剑桥。
{"title":"Documenting heritage in the 21st century: the EAMENA project and its potential for ‘big data’ research in Levantine archaeology","authors":"Letty ten Harkel, Michael Fradley, Pascal Flohr, A. Vafadari, Sayantani Neogi","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.2037890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.2037890","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) project (www.eamena.org) is among the most ambitious archaeological documentation projects ever to have taken place across the Middle East and North Africa. The project, under the current directorship of Bill Finlayson (2015–2021 director Robert Bewley), is funded by the Arcadia Fund (Arcadia, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing & Peter Baldwin, grant number 4178). It started as a collaboration between the universities of Oxford (PI: Andrew Wilson) and Leicester (Co-PI: David Mattingly), with Durham joining shortly afterwards (Co-PI: Graham Philip). In addition, extensive partnerships exist across the MENA region that were strengthened as a result of a series of training workshops funded by the UK’s Cultural Protection Fund (CPF), administered by the British Council on behalf of the Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. At the core of EAMENA’s methodology is archaeological survey, primarily using remote sensing sources (satellite imagery and aerial photographs), stretching from Mauretania to Iran (Fig. 1). Funding for the project was obtained in the aftermath of the 2010–2011 Arab Spring and during the rise of the so-called Islamic State group, which resulted in deliberate destruction of cultural heritage as well as damage through, for example, neglect following political instability. As travel (and therefore reliance on field survey) to some parts of the MENA region had become more restricted or impossible, the remote sensing methodology of the EAMENA project offered an alternative approach. In addition to fulfilling an urgent heritage management need, the overarching research vision of the EAMENA project is to take the scale of archaeological analysis in the MENA region to a new level in terms of big data. As such, it fulfils a major aim of the Arcadia Fund, which is primarily interested in the documentation of endangered aspects of the natural and cultural world and the promotion of open-access information to preserve knowledge (www.arcadiafund.org.uk/). This vision fits perfectly with the general trend towards the generation of large digital datasets that lies at the heart of the emergence of big data approaches over the last two decades. The collection of papers in this Special Issue is the result of an initial exploration of the research potential contained within the project’s open access Arches database. The EAMENA project builds on the success of previous remote-sensing research projects in the region — for example, the Fragile Crescent (e.g., Galiatsatos et al. 2009; Wilkinson et al. 2014) and the Trans-Saharan (e.g., Mattingly and Sterry 2013; Mattingly et al. 2013) projects — and other data collation initiatives across the globe, that attempt to make sense of the ever-increasing mass of archaeological information that is available today. The increase in data quantity globally in the current ‘Age of Information’ is widespread. Within the dis","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46539121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.2019412
Shatha Mubaideen, Dana Salameen, Rudaina Al Momani
This paper assesses and discusses the potential of using the EAMENA database for documenting tangible heritage in Jordan post-1750 CE, for example, Ottoman and 20th-century heritage sites and architecture. Representing an example of the important process of feedback and knowledge-exchange that has characterized the development of the EAMENA database, this research addresses how practical the EAMENA database is for documenting the recent heritage of Jordan in its current form and how it could be adapted to be more suitable. The paper uses the case study of the Amman Heritage Houses (AHH) documentation project to explore possibilities for new efforts or solutions, and to identify key recommendations and strategies for the future development of the database. The findings aim to fortify the strengths and mitigate the weaknesses when using the database for post-1750 CE heritage in decision making by heritage professionals and planners.
{"title":"Using the EAMENA database to document modern heritage: the Amman Heritage Houses, Jordan, case study","authors":"Shatha Mubaideen, Dana Salameen, Rudaina Al Momani","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.2019412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.2019412","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses and discusses the potential of using the EAMENA database for documenting tangible heritage in Jordan post-1750 CE, for example, Ottoman and 20th-century heritage sites and architecture. Representing an example of the important process of feedback and knowledge-exchange that has characterized the development of the EAMENA database, this research addresses how practical the EAMENA database is for documenting the recent heritage of Jordan in its current form and how it could be adapted to be more suitable. The paper uses the case study of the Amman Heritage Houses (AHH) documentation project to explore possibilities for new efforts or solutions, and to identify key recommendations and strategies for the future development of the database. The findings aim to fortify the strengths and mitigate the weaknesses when using the database for post-1750 CE heritage in decision making by heritage professionals and planners.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47618421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.1968114
Pascal Flohr, J. Bradbury, Letty ten Harkel
Archaeological research in Lebanon often focuses on settlement from the Bronze Age to Roman periods, while surrounding landscapes, earlier and later periods are under-represented. Large datasets collecting information from all periods and site types, such as the Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) database, address this imbalance. EAMENA predominantly uses satellite imagery to identify archaeological sites and the threats posed to them, leading to the recognition of many previously unpublished sites, including abandoned buildings and agricultural terraces. Here we explore how such data can be used to trace patterns of settlement and landscape use. Transects running from coast to uplands in northern and southern Lebanon are compared: the results show profound differences between north and south, and between coastal and inland zones. The importance of large, holistic datasets for previously understudied site types and periods in piecing together past patterns of land use, subsistence economies, burial traditions and change over time are demonstrated.
{"title":"Tracing the patterns: fields, villages, and burial places in Lebanon","authors":"Pascal Flohr, J. Bradbury, Letty ten Harkel","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1968114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1968114","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological research in Lebanon often focuses on settlement from the Bronze Age to Roman periods, while surrounding landscapes, earlier and later periods are under-represented. Large datasets collecting information from all periods and site types, such as the Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) database, address this imbalance. EAMENA predominantly uses satellite imagery to identify archaeological sites and the threats posed to them, leading to the recognition of many previously unpublished sites, including abandoned buildings and agricultural terraces. Here we explore how such data can be used to trace patterns of settlement and landscape use. Transects running from coast to uplands in northern and southern Lebanon are compared: the results show profound differences between north and south, and between coastal and inland zones. The importance of large, holistic datasets for previously understudied site types and periods in piecing together past patterns of land use, subsistence economies, burial traditions and change over time are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43437504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.2030145
John MacGinnis
In this well written and produced book, Jennifer Baird gives a concise and readable summary of the exploration of the great site of Dura Europos, until recently a jewel in the archaeology of Syria, now devastated by the systemic looting that took place during the time when it came under terrorist control. This destruction is all the more tragic as Dura is an extraordinary site. As the seat of a Hellenistic fort, a Parthian administrative centre and a Roman military base, it gives an insight into periods of archaeology little investigated in Mesopotamia, and into the interface of the superpowers of the time. In Chapter 1, Baird covers the history of exploration at the site. She recounts the astonishing story of how, less than a month after the news of the discovery of wall paintings in March 1920 was conveyed to the British authorities in Baghdad (where the report landed on the desk of Gertrude Bell), James Henry Breasted of the Oriental Institute of Chicago was on his way to inspect the site, reaching it at the beginning ofMay that same year. The discoveries also caught the attention of the Belgian archaeologist Franz Cumont, who instigated the first scientific excavations at Dura (1922–23). These in turn led to the major excavations carried out on behalf of Yale University by Mikhail Rostovtzeff (1928–1937), with fieldwork directed by Maurice Pillet (1928–spring 1931) and Clark Hopkins (autumn 1931–spring 1935). The final two seasons of the Yale expedition were directed by Frank Brown (autumn 1935–spring 1937). Hostilities precluded the expedition taking advantage of an extension of the permit for the years 1939–45, and it was half a century until operations resumed, in 1986, under the direction of Pierre Leriche of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Assad al Mahmoud of the Syrian Directorate of Archaeology and Museums: these excavations lasted until 2011, at which point the outbreak of the Syrian war prevented further work. Following this excellent overview, Chapter 2 presents the archaeological remains at Dura. The city has its genesis in the Hellenistic period, probably founded by Seleucus Nicator and originally consisting, in all likelihood, of a fort ( phrourion) and a surrounding colony with attached parcels of land (kleroi). While it was this Hellenistic aspect which initially drew Rostovtzeff to the site, actual remains from this period are scarce. Nevertheless, it has now been established that the original Hellenistic garrison was in and around the Citadel in the eastern part of the site. It is not certain when Dura came under Parthian control: as noted by Baird (p. 23) the generally accepted date of 113 BC is based on numismatic evidence which is, however, not decisive. It is from this time that the role of Greek culture becomes so prominent. As Baird successfully illustrates, this is seen not only in the rich inventory of papyri, but in the widespread veneration of deities who are either Greek or have bilingual Greek
{"title":"Dura Europos.","authors":"John MacGinnis","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.2030145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.2030145","url":null,"abstract":"In this well written and produced book, Jennifer Baird gives a concise and readable summary of the exploration of the great site of Dura Europos, until recently a jewel in the archaeology of Syria, now devastated by the systemic looting that took place during the time when it came under terrorist control. This destruction is all the more tragic as Dura is an extraordinary site. As the seat of a Hellenistic fort, a Parthian administrative centre and a Roman military base, it gives an insight into periods of archaeology little investigated in Mesopotamia, and into the interface of the superpowers of the time. In Chapter 1, Baird covers the history of exploration at the site. She recounts the astonishing story of how, less than a month after the news of the discovery of wall paintings in March 1920 was conveyed to the British authorities in Baghdad (where the report landed on the desk of Gertrude Bell), James Henry Breasted of the Oriental Institute of Chicago was on his way to inspect the site, reaching it at the beginning ofMay that same year. The discoveries also caught the attention of the Belgian archaeologist Franz Cumont, who instigated the first scientific excavations at Dura (1922–23). These in turn led to the major excavations carried out on behalf of Yale University by Mikhail Rostovtzeff (1928–1937), with fieldwork directed by Maurice Pillet (1928–spring 1931) and Clark Hopkins (autumn 1931–spring 1935). The final two seasons of the Yale expedition were directed by Frank Brown (autumn 1935–spring 1937). Hostilities precluded the expedition taking advantage of an extension of the permit for the years 1939–45, and it was half a century until operations resumed, in 1986, under the direction of Pierre Leriche of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Assad al Mahmoud of the Syrian Directorate of Archaeology and Museums: these excavations lasted until 2011, at which point the outbreak of the Syrian war prevented further work. Following this excellent overview, Chapter 2 presents the archaeological remains at Dura. The city has its genesis in the Hellenistic period, probably founded by Seleucus Nicator and originally consisting, in all likelihood, of a fort ( phrourion) and a surrounding colony with attached parcels of land (kleroi). While it was this Hellenistic aspect which initially drew Rostovtzeff to the site, actual remains from this period are scarce. Nevertheless, it has now been established that the original Hellenistic garrison was in and around the Citadel in the eastern part of the site. It is not certain when Dura came under Parthian control: as noted by Baird (p. 23) the generally accepted date of 113 BC is based on numismatic evidence which is, however, not decisive. It is from this time that the role of Greek culture becomes so prominent. As Baird successfully illustrates, this is seen not only in the rich inventory of papyri, but in the widespread veneration of deities who are either Greek or have bilingual Greek","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43039707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2022.2051901
Andrew Wilson
This conclusion to the Special Issue on Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Mapping, Heritage Management and Research assesses developments in the use of satellite imagery for archaeological research in recent decades, and the potential to use the large EAMENA database, designed for cultural heritage management, for wider questions of archaeological research.
{"title":"The use of remote sensing and digital tools for cultural heritage management and archaeological research","authors":"Andrew Wilson","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2022.2051901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2051901","url":null,"abstract":"This conclusion to the Special Issue on Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Mapping, Heritage Management and Research assesses developments in the use of satellite imagery for archaeological research in recent decades, and the potential to use the large EAMENA database, designed for cultural heritage management, for wider questions of archaeological research.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48242956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.1988247
J. Winterburn
The Hijaz Railway was built to transport hajj pilgrims from Damascus to Medina and Mecca. This paper examines railway landscapes in the south of Jordan and how they were militarized by a garrison at Maʿan and troops at smaller stations. Fieldwork has shown an extensive defended landscape surrounding the railway, but a date for constructing these fortifications was previously unknown. This paper demonstrates that the railway was lightly defended when constructed (1900–1908), however, after the capture of Aqaba in July 1917, and the establishment of a British base there, the Ottomans rapidly defended the landscapes with a series of forts, earthworks and trench systems. These defences are among the last constructed by the Ottoman Empire. They are some of the best-preserved early 20th-century CE military defences in the Middle East. They are not, however, protected and are subject to damage from industry and looting.
{"title":"The late Ottoman defended landscapes along the Hijaz railway in southern Jordan","authors":"J. Winterburn","doi":"10.1080/00758914.2021.1988247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2021.1988247","url":null,"abstract":"The Hijaz Railway was built to transport hajj pilgrims from Damascus to Medina and Mecca. This paper examines railway landscapes in the south of Jordan and how they were militarized by a garrison at Maʿan and troops at smaller stations. Fieldwork has shown an extensive defended landscape surrounding the railway, but a date for constructing these fortifications was previously unknown. This paper demonstrates that the railway was lightly defended when constructed (1900–1908), however, after the capture of Aqaba in July 1917, and the establishment of a British base there, the Ottomans rapidly defended the landscapes with a series of forts, earthworks and trench systems. These defences are among the last constructed by the Ottoman Empire. They are some of the best-preserved early 20th-century CE military defences in the Middle East. They are not, however, protected and are subject to damage from industry and looting.","PeriodicalId":45348,"journal":{"name":"Levant","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44156886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.2015891
Pierfrancesco Izzo, Michael Fradley, A. Zerbini
This paper presents a study of the rich archaeological landscape of the Jericho Oasis, drawing on historical aerial photography and more recent satellite imagery to survey this cultural landscape and assess issues affecting its preservation over the past century. The timing of the paper is pertinent as non-U.S. satellite companies have recently begun to produce higher resolution satellite imagery of Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), and restrictions on imagery resolution in the U.S. have been lowered as a result of research by the EAMENA project. Whilst increasingly widespread availability of high-resolution satellite imagery and orthophotos can effectively support heritage monitoring in this heavily-developed region, this paper demonstrates that it is the use of historical aerial photography that has enabled the identification of a range of previously unrecognized archaeological features. These new data offer a first tentative step in revising our current understanding of the development of human settlement across the Jericho Oasis.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2021.1947647
Andrew. Creekmore, A. Maeir
Some scholars view Philistine settlement in the southern Levant as the dominant, colonizing imposition of a new urbanism following a period of small cities and structural realignment during the Late Bronze Age. Others view Philistine urbanism as a gradual process that marks emergent, rather than imposed, cities. Here we explore Philistine urban planning through magnetometer and excavation data from Tell es-Safi/Gath. Results show that the northern lower city has dense, symmetrical buildings bordering main streets, an industrial area, potential extra-mural settlement, and many burned structures. Comparing these results to planning in other Philistine cities, we argue that these cities were moderately planned because they have many shared features, an emphasis on ordered spaces, and possibly discrete locations for industrial activities, but spatial divisions and street widths were not rigidly enforced, and the relative location of specialized activities varies. This finding is consistent with the emergent model of Philistine urbanism.
一些学者认为，在青铜时代晚期的一段小城市和结构调整时期之后，黎凡特南部的非利士人定居点是新城市主义的主导、殖民强加。其他人则认为非利士城市化是一个渐进的过程，标志着城市的涌现，而不是强加。在这里，我们通过磁力计和Tell es Safi/Gatt的挖掘数据来探索非利士城市规划。结果表明，北部低城有密集、对称的建筑，与主要街道接壤，有一个工业区，有潜在的壁画外定居点，还有许多被烧毁的建筑。将这些结果与其他非利士城市的规划进行比较，我们认为这些城市的规划是适度的，因为它们有许多共同的特征，强调有序的空间，可能还有工业活动的离散位置，但空间划分和街道宽度没有严格执行，专业活动的相对位置也有所不同。这一发现与非利士城市主义的新兴模式相一致。
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