Nikolay B. Petrov, Yin Kan Megan Chan, Cheuk Nam Lau, Tin Ho Kwok, Lok Ching Estelle Chow, Wai Yan Lo, Wenkai Song, G. Feldman
The sunk cost effect is the tendency for an individual’s decision making to be impacted by unrecoverable previous investments of resources. Soman (2001) found that sunk cost effect is weaker for time than for money (Studies 1 and 2) and that the facilitation of money-like accounting strengthens the sunk cost effect for time (Study 5). We conducted a Registered Report of a close, high-powered replication and extension of Soman’s (2001) Studies 1 and 2 and a conceptual replication of his Study 5 with an online sample of US American Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 821). We found support for differences between sunk money costs and sunk time costs in Study 1 (original: ϕc = .61 [.43, .78]; replication: ϕc = .38 [.31, .45]), yet not in Study 2, in which we found sunk cost effects for both money and time (original: money – ϕc = .32 [.12, .52], time – ϕc = .02 [.00, .18]; replication: money – ϕc = .23 [.14, .33], time – ϕc = .32 [.23, .42]). In Study 5, we found no support for facilitation of money-like accounting as strengthening the sunk time cost effect. Materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/pm264/.
{"title":"Sunk Cost Effects for Time Versus Money: Replication and Extensions Registered Report of Soman (2001)","authors":"Nikolay B. Petrov, Yin Kan Megan Chan, Cheuk Nam Lau, Tin Ho Kwok, Lok Ching Estelle Chow, Wai Yan Lo, Wenkai Song, G. Feldman","doi":"10.5334/irsp.883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.883","url":null,"abstract":"The sunk cost effect is the tendency for an individual’s decision making to be impacted by unrecoverable previous investments of resources. Soman (2001) found that sunk cost effect is weaker for time than for money (Studies 1 and 2) and that the facilitation of money-like accounting strengthens the sunk cost effect for time (Study 5). We conducted a Registered Report of a close, high-powered replication and extension of Soman’s (2001) Studies 1 and 2 and a conceptual replication of his Study 5 with an online sample of US American Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 821). We found support for differences between sunk money costs and sunk time costs in Study 1 (original: ϕc = .61 [.43, .78]; replication: ϕc = .38 [.31, .45]), yet not in Study 2, in which we found sunk cost effects for both money and time (original: money – ϕc = .32 [.12, .52], time – ϕc = .02 [.00, .18]; replication: money – ϕc = .23 [.14, .33], time – ϕc = .32 [.23, .42]). In Study 5, we found no support for facilitation of money-like accounting as strengthening the sunk time cost effect. Materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/pm264/.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139218115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa Selma Moussaoui, Katherine M. White, Olivier Desrichard
Conformity to descriptive and injunctive norms has been explained by informational and normative social influence. We argue that in addition to these two types of social influence, outcome expectancy can mediate descriptive norms’ impact on people’s intentions in the case of collective behaviours such as hand washing to prevent virus spread. Two studies manipulate norm type (descriptive vs injunctive) and norm level (low vs high) and show their effects on intention to perform the behaviour. In Study 1 (N = 216), outcome expectancy was positively influenced by descriptive norm and was associated with intention. In Study 2 (N = 731), outcome expectancy was influenced by descriptive but also by injunctive norm. Similar to Study 1, outcome expectancy was significantly associated with intention. Our data support the idea outcome expectancy is an important antecedent of intention and an additional mechanism underlying the effects of descriptive norms and, in some instances, injunctive norms.
{"title":"Collective Behaviours: Mediation Mechanisms Underlying the Influence of Descriptive and Injunctive Norms","authors":"Lisa Selma Moussaoui, Katherine M. White, Olivier Desrichard","doi":"10.5334/irsp.806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.806","url":null,"abstract":"Conformity to descriptive and injunctive norms has been explained by informational and normative social influence. We argue that in addition to these two types of social influence, outcome expectancy can mediate descriptive norms’ impact on people’s intentions in the case of collective behaviours such as hand washing to prevent virus spread. Two studies manipulate norm type (descriptive vs injunctive) and norm level (low vs high) and show their effects on intention to perform the behaviour. In Study 1 (N = 216), outcome expectancy was positively influenced by descriptive norm and was associated with intention. In Study 2 (N = 731), outcome expectancy was influenced by descriptive but also by injunctive norm. Similar to Study 1, outcome expectancy was significantly associated with intention. Our data support the idea outcome expectancy is an important antecedent of intention and an additional mechanism underlying the effects of descriptive norms and, in some instances, injunctive norms.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"78 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136346451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various national and international political associations have claimed that present-day racism towards people of African descent living in formerly colonizing European countries is caused by these countries’ colonial past and their governments’ failure to adequately address this historical legacy. However, no empirical study has yet examined the relation between social representations of colonialism (SRC) and attitudes towards Afro-descendants among majority group members. To investigate this phenomenon, we carried out two cross-sectional studies, which both confirmed that SRC are associated with attitudes towards the Congolese and with support for compensations. Study 1 (N = 407) investigated, among Belgian participants, the association of the two dimensions of SRC – Exploitation and Development – with present-day intergroup attitudes and support for compensations (material and symbolic) for colonialism. Representing the colonial past in terms of Exploitation was associated with more positive attitudes and more intentions to compensate for colonialism, whereas representing it in terms of Development had the opposite effect. Some of these effects were moderated by national identification. Study 2 (N = 203) used the same design but also included a modern racism scale. Results of Study 1 were generally replicated, and effects of SRC on modern racism were obtained: SRC in terms of Exploitation was associated with less modern racism, and SRC in terms of Development was associated with more modern racism. Results are discussed in terms of post-colonial intergroup relations.
{"title":"An Unfinished Chapter: The Impact of Belgians’ Social Representations of Colonialism on their Present-Day Attitudes Towards Congolese People Living in Belgium","authors":"Simona Lastrego, Zoé Magonet, Laurent Licata","doi":"10.5334/irsp.777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.777","url":null,"abstract":"Various national and international political associations have claimed that present-day racism towards people of African descent living in formerly colonizing European countries is caused by these countries’ colonial past and their governments’ failure to adequately address this historical legacy. However, no empirical study has yet examined the relation between social representations of colonialism (SRC) and attitudes towards Afro-descendants among majority group members. To investigate this phenomenon, we carried out two cross-sectional studies, which both confirmed that SRC are associated with attitudes towards the Congolese and with support for compensations. Study 1 (N = 407) investigated, among Belgian participants, the association of the two dimensions of SRC – Exploitation and Development – with present-day intergroup attitudes and support for compensations (material and symbolic) for colonialism. Representing the colonial past in terms of Exploitation was associated with more positive attitudes and more intentions to compensate for colonialism, whereas representing it in terms of Development had the opposite effect. Some of these effects were moderated by national identification. Study 2 (N = 203) used the same design but also included a modern racism scale. Results of Study 1 were generally replicated, and effects of SRC on modern racism were obtained: SRC in terms of Exploitation was associated with less modern racism, and SRC in terms of Development was associated with more modern racism. Results are discussed in terms of post-colonial intergroup relations.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"62 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41295466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We created a novel instrument to assess individual orientations toward the neoliberal capitalist system, the Neoliberal Orientation Questionnaire (NOQ), which is comprised of four dimensions: competitiveness, individual self-regulation, relational detachment, and public divestment. The instrument was intended to complement existing scales by (a) adopting a European perspective, and (b) incorporating personal as well as societal values, including lifestyle considerations. We sought to validate the NOQ in a European country with a strong history of public investment and social welfare provisions, namely France. In three nationally representative French samples, and one US student sample we assessed the internal consistency and construct validity of long and short versions of the scale. In terms of convergent and divergent validity, NOQ scores were positively correlated with scores on the Neoliberal Beliefs Inventory (NBI), general and economic forms of system justification, social dominance orientation, social and economic conservatism, internal locus of control, belief in free will, future-orientation, and a tendency to look on the ‘bright side’ in the face of hardships. The NOQ should prove useful for understanding the antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of attitudinal support versus opposition to the neoliberal capitalist system that dominates contemporary Western societies.
{"title":"How Neoliberal are You? Development and Validation of the Neoliberal Orientation Questionnaire","authors":"Lola Girerd, J. Jost, Virginie Bonnot","doi":"10.5334/irsp.663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.663","url":null,"abstract":"We created a novel instrument to assess individual orientations toward the neoliberal capitalist system, the Neoliberal Orientation Questionnaire (NOQ), which is comprised of four dimensions: competitiveness, individual self-regulation, relational detachment, and public divestment. The instrument was intended to complement existing scales by (a) adopting a European perspective, and (b) incorporating personal as well as societal values, including lifestyle considerations. We sought to validate the NOQ in a European country with a strong history of public investment and social welfare provisions, namely France. In three nationally representative French samples, and one US student sample we assessed the internal consistency and construct validity of long and short versions of the scale. In terms of convergent and divergent validity, NOQ scores were positively correlated with scores on the Neoliberal Beliefs Inventory (NBI), general and economic forms of system justification, social dominance orientation, social and economic conservatism, internal locus of control, belief in free will, future-orientation, and a tendency to look on the ‘bright side’ in the face of hardships. The NOQ should prove useful for understanding the antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of attitudinal support versus opposition to the neoliberal capitalist system that dominates contemporary Western societies.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44749536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perceiving low-socioeconomic status (low-SES) groups as less human than high-SES groups contributes to justifying socioeconomic inequality. Despite this issue’s relevance, previous research has not acknowledged the possible causes of this perceived humanity gap (differences in humanity between SES groups). In this project, we focus on analysing the possible influence of hierarchy-enhancing ideological variables on this gap. To do so, in a first correlational study (N = 765), we analyse the extent to which certain ideological variables predict the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-SES groups. Our results indicate that group dominance, system justification, and hostile classism are highly predictive of the humanity gap. In a second correlational study (N = 521) we found that the perceived humanity gap, the tendency to blame low-SES groups and praise high-SES groups for their economic standings, sequentially mediated the relationship among social dominance, system justification, and hostile classism with the support of social change policies. Finally, we manipulated each ideological variable in three equivalent studies (N = 631) to test its influence on the previous pattern of mediational results. The results confirmed the ideological variables’ antecedent roles in the mediation analysis. Finally, we discuss the role of the ideological hierarchy variables in the maintenance of socioeconomic differences through (de)humanisation.
{"title":"Group Dominance, System Justification, and Hostile Classism: The Ideological Roots of the Perceived Socioeconomic Humanity Gap That Upholds the Income Gap","authors":"Mario Sainz, Gloria Jiménez-Moya","doi":"10.5334/irsp.753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.753","url":null,"abstract":"Perceiving low-socioeconomic status (low-SES) groups as less human than high-SES groups contributes to justifying socioeconomic inequality. Despite this issue’s relevance, previous research has not acknowledged the possible causes of this perceived humanity gap (differences in humanity between SES groups). In this project, we focus on analysing the possible influence of hierarchy-enhancing ideological variables on this gap. To do so, in a first correlational study (N = 765), we analyse the extent to which certain ideological variables predict the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-SES groups. Our results indicate that group dominance, system justification, and hostile classism are highly predictive of the humanity gap. In a second correlational study (N = 521) we found that the perceived humanity gap, the tendency to blame low-SES groups and praise high-SES groups for their economic standings, sequentially mediated the relationship among social dominance, system justification, and hostile classism with the support of social change policies. Finally, we manipulated each ideological variable in three equivalent studies (N = 631) to test its influence on the previous pattern of mediational results. The results confirmed the ideological variables’ antecedent roles in the mediation analysis. Finally, we discuss the role of the ideological hierarchy variables in the maintenance of socioeconomic differences through (de)humanisation.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44848986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mihai Dricu, Stephanie Bührer, Dominik A. Moser, Tatjana Aue
People are eager to update their beliefs, such as a perceived risk, if they receive information that is better than expected but are reluctant to do so when the evidence is unfavourable. When estimating the likelihood of future outcomes, this phenomenon of asymmetrical belief update helps generate and maintain personal optimism bias. In this study, we investigated whether asymmetrical belief update also extends to estimating the future of other individuals. Specifically, we prompted respondents to assess the perceived likelihood of three social targets experiencing future positive and negative events: An in-group, a mild out-group, and an extreme out-group. We then provided the respondents with feedback about the base rates of those events in the general population and prompted them to re-assess their initial estimates for all social targets. Respondents expected more positive than negative outcomes for the in-group and the mild out-group, but more negative outcomes for the extreme out-group. We also found an asymmetrical update of beliefs contingent on the valence of the future event and the social target. For negative outcomes, respondents updated more following good news than bad news, particularly for the mild out-group. For positive outcomes, respondents equally updated their beliefs following good news and bad news for the in-group and the mild out-group. However, they updated their beliefs significantly more following bad news than good news for the extreme out-group member. Our data thus reveal the strong influence of social stereotypes on future expectancies for others.
{"title":"Asymmetrical Update of Beliefs About Future Outcomes is Driven by Outcome Valence and Social Group Membership","authors":"Mihai Dricu, Stephanie Bührer, Dominik A. Moser, Tatjana Aue","doi":"10.5334/irsp.647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.647","url":null,"abstract":"People are eager to update their beliefs, such as a perceived risk, if they receive information that is better than expected but are reluctant to do so when the evidence is unfavourable. When estimating the likelihood of future outcomes, this phenomenon of asymmetrical belief update helps generate and maintain personal optimism bias. In this study, we investigated whether asymmetrical belief update also extends to estimating the future of other individuals. Specifically, we prompted respondents to assess the perceived likelihood of three social targets experiencing future positive and negative events: An in-group, a mild out-group, and an extreme out-group. We then provided the respondents with feedback about the base rates of those events in the general population and prompted them to re-assess their initial estimates for all social targets. Respondents expected more positive than negative outcomes for the in-group and the mild out-group, but more negative outcomes for the extreme out-group. We also found an asymmetrical update of beliefs contingent on the valence of the future event and the social target. For negative outcomes, respondents updated more following good news than bad news, particularly for the mild out-group. For positive outcomes, respondents equally updated their beliefs following good news and bad news for the in-group and the mild out-group. However, they updated their beliefs significantly more following bad news than good news for the extreme out-group member. Our data thus reveal the strong influence of social stereotypes on future expectancies for others.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136022207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Worldviews and Values as Bases for Political Orientations","authors":"","doi":"10.5334/irsp.741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.741","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70669939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Facial Emotion Recognition in Sleep Deprivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Mengyuan Li, Chifen Ma, Chao Wu","doi":"10.5334/irsp.679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70669460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most studies on physical attractiveness use (static) photos to rate physical attractiveness. This might not reflect how we perceive people in real, dynamic settings. Based on inconsistent previous studies, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the ecological validity of photo-based attractiveness judgements by comparing them to dynamic stimuli ratings. Our literature search resulted in n = 46 effect sizes ( k = 14 studies). Although the overall correlation between ratings of static and dynamic stimuli is high ( r = 0.70, 95% CI [0.52; 0.81]), heterogeneity between studies is high as well ( Q (45) = 168.27, p < 0.0001 and I 2 = 77.71%), which is mostly explained by unreported stimulus quality and within-versus between-rater designs. A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the small correlations in some previous studies are potentially correlations which had not stabilized yet. Our findings support that the photo-rating method is an ecologically valid approach to assess physical attractiveness.
大多数关于身体吸引力的研究使用(静态)照片来评价身体吸引力。这可能并不能反映出我们在真实的、动态的环境中是如何看待别人的。基于先前不一致的研究，我们进行了一项荟萃分析，通过将基于照片的吸引力判断与动态刺激评级进行比较，来评估其生态有效性。我们的文献检索结果为n = 46个效应量(k = 14个研究)。尽管静态和动态刺激评分之间的总体相关性很高(r = 0.70, 95% CI [0.52;0.81])，研究之间的异质性也很高(Q (45) = 168.27, p < 0.0001, i2 = 77.71%)，这主要是由未报告的刺激质量和评分者内部与评分者之间的设计来解释的。蒙特卡罗模拟表明，以前一些研究中的小相关性是尚未稳定的潜在相关性。我们的研究结果支持，照片评级方法是一种生态有效的方法来评估身体吸引力。
{"title":"Can Beauty be Measured with Photos? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Static and Dynamic Physical Attractiveness Ratings","authors":"Patrick Kaschel, L. Hildebrandt","doi":"10.5334/irsp.758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.758","url":null,"abstract":"Most studies on physical attractiveness use (static) photos to rate physical attractiveness. This might not reflect how we perceive people in real, dynamic settings. Based on inconsistent previous studies, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the ecological validity of photo-based attractiveness judgements by comparing them to dynamic stimuli ratings. Our literature search resulted in n = 46 effect sizes ( k = 14 studies). Although the overall correlation between ratings of static and dynamic stimuli is high ( r = 0.70, 95% CI [0.52; 0.81]), heterogeneity between studies is high as well ( Q (45) = 168.27, p < 0.0001 and I 2 = 77.71%), which is mostly explained by unreported stimulus quality and within-versus between-rater designs. A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the small correlations in some previous studies are potentially correlations which had not stabilized yet. Our findings support that the photo-rating method is an ecologically valid approach to assess physical attractiveness.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70670640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Can I Help You? The Influence of Situation and Hostile Sexism on Perception of Appropriate Gender of Conversational Agents","authors":"M. Pinelli, E. Sarda, C. Bry","doi":"10.5334/irsp.669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.669","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70669274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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