International Review of Social Psychology最新文献

Building on the social identity theory, this conceptual article proposes a process model to understand the linkage between workplace humor and the social identity change experiences of employees. Further, it identifies the underlying mechanisms and conditions which impact the positive and negative identity changes during this process. Based on the proposed model, it is suggested that exposure to negative workplace humor is likely to lead to employee surface acting particularly when the need for social affiliation is high among individuals. On the one hand, identity synergy would facilitate positive emotions and psychological safety and is likely to support improved voice behavior in employees. On the other hand, perceptions of identity conflict would trigger negative emotions and lead to emotional exhaustion and expressed rudeness at the workplace; such individuals would engage in deviant workplace behaviors because of persistent negative experiences. Overall, the proposed conceptual model proposes a thorough relational process model unveiling socio-psychological outcomes of negative workplace humor and needs to be tested in multiple contexts to unveil the role of novel conditional factors impacting internalized change experiences of employees.

In languages such as German, French, or Hindi, plural forms of job occupations and societal roles are often in a generic-masculine form instead of a gender-inclusive form. Although meant as 'generic,' this generic-masculine form excludes women from everyday language. Specifically, listeners and readers are less likely to think of women when this form is used. Due to the societal relevance of gender-inclusive language, we directly replicated and extended a classic study by Stahlberg, Sczesny, and Braun (2001, Experiment 2) in a multi-lab setting and as a registered confirmatory report. We prompted participants from German-speaking countries to name up to three celebrities each in six categories (e.g., 'Name three politicians' or '(…) singers'). We then counted how often participants mentioned women. Participants were either prompted with the generic-masculine form, a neutralized control form or one out of three gender-inclusive forms. Our data from twelve labs and N = 2,697 participants replicated the original effect: when prompted with gender-inclusive forms participants mentioned more women than when the generic masculine and the control form were used. Moreover, the effect remained present in multilevel models and when controlling for participants' sex and their perceived base rate in these celebrity categories (i.e., the expected proportion of women). Other variables, such as political orientation or preference for gender-inclusive language, did not show large effects, either. We discuss the differences between specific gender-inclusive forms (e.g., the internal-I vs. feminine-masculine forms), implications for regulations and guidelines, as well as implications for non-binary and gender-diverse people.

Feygina and colleagues (2010, Study 3) reported that people who prefer the status quo can be encouraged towards pro-environmental responses when environmental protection is framed as protecting the current way of life. We report a preregistered close replication and extension of this work (N = 567). When all participants are made to feel dependent on the country they live in, we did not find evidence that the association between system justification and environmental intentions depended on whether participants read a system-preservation or control message, but the likelihood of signing petitions did. Among participants assigned to a second control condition, who were not exposed to any message, there was a negative association between system justification and pro-environmental behaviour intentions, raising the possibility that both original study conditions attenuated this association. Our findings highlight both the importance of replication and the inclusion of a true control condition, and they raise the possibility that leveraging an audience's existing values may not always mobilise pro-environmental actions. In the case of ideological opposition to the status quo, a system dependence message could depress otherwise high pro-environmental responses.

After interpersonal wrongdoing, a victim may express forgiveness with or without having truly experienced a transformation to more positive sentiments toward the offender. As those forgiving sentiments are internal states, offenders do not know, and would need to make inferences, whether the forgiveness is genuine or pseudo-forgiveness. Two studies, an experiment using vignettes (N = 308) and a correlational study using a recalled wrongdoing (N = 179), provided evidence that, to the extent that the forgiveness was preceded by a reflective dialogue with the victim (i.e., co-reflection), offenders perceived the victim to believe in a shared value consensus and, mediated by it, appraised the forgiveness as more genuine. These findings highlight the dyadic nature of the moral repair process: the victim's forgiveness gains meaning through the offender's appraisal. If a victim wishes to communicate genuine forgiveness, then engaging with the offender in co-reflection may facilitate such meaning.

Despite their apparent benevolence, positive stereotypes have negative effects on person and group perception. However, little is known about how exposure can intensify these negative consequences. In two pre-registered experiments (total N = 240) we investigated the effect of exposure on believability and moral condemnation of positive stereotypes. In Experiment 1, participants rated the truth value of positive stereotypes, which were either previously encountered or not during an exposure phase. Repeated positive stereotypes were perceived as more true than unrepeated ones, indicating a truth effect. In Experiment 2, we replicated the truth effect and further found that exposure to stereotypes reduced their moral condemnation, indicating a moral-repetition effect. Extending the truth effect and moral-repetition effect research to positive stereotypes, our findings emphasize the need to raise awareness of the impact of exposure on reinforcing the believability and moral condemnation of stereotypical beliefs.

This systematic review offers a comprehensive overview of conformity research conducted since 2004. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, the review identified 48 relevant articles from a substantial pool (literature review conducted between January and April 2023), systematically extracting valuable insights into key findings, methodologies, and future research directions. While recent studies confirm the prevalence of conformity across diverse contexts, echoing Asch's seminal findings (1951), the review emphasizes the need for a unified understanding of influencing factors, including age, gender, and culture, with contextual variables playing a central role. Advances in digital technology have expanded research possibilities, enabling investigations across diverse digital contexts. Researchers employ innovative methods such as computer-mediated communication (Cinnirella & Green 2007) and virtual reality (Kyrlitsias et al. 2020) to explore conformity within digital spaces that closely mirror real online interactions. Given the evolving landscape of conformity research, this review advocates for further interdisciplinary and intercultural investigations, comprehensive meta-analyses, and replications to deepen our understanding of this multifaceted phenomenon.

Affective polarization - an expressed aversion and dislike of members of one's political outgroup - has increased in many polities in recent years, and thus published research on the topic has proliferated. Studies have asserted that affective polarization is tied to prejudice and authoritarianism, among other potentially harmful phenomena, and is buffered by intellectual humility. We assert that this literature is hindered by the use of ad hoc, heterogeneous measures of affective polarization which have not been properly psychometrically evaluated, and which limit research clarity and make cumulative science on the topic difficult. Informed by the common extant measures of affective polarization we constructed a new scale and investigated its reliability and construct validity. In Study 1 we generated items and had them rated by subject matter experts for content validity (N = 6). In Study 2, a sample of US participants completed the scale (N = 326), an EFA suggested a three-factor model, which had good reliability. In Study 3, a CFA (N = 331) confirmed that a three-factor model fit the data, with subscales labelled Social Distance, Aversion, and Incivility. We also showed that our Affective Polarization Scale had good reliability, through the results of the α- and ω-indicators of reliability. Construct validity analyses supported all pre-registered hypotheses, showing that scores on our scale were positively correlated with authoritarianism, need for closure, and identity strength, and negatively correlated with intellectual humility. We make suggestions for future research and scale usage, such as investigating measurement invariance in different populations, or with different outgroup targets.

Despite the proven effectiveness of COVID-19 preventive measures (social distancing, frequent hand washing, vaccination, etc.), these remain inoperative if individuals do not adopt them. In this research, we sought to investigate the effectiveness of a novel type of intervention to foster compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures. Drawing upon the model of action phases and recent evidence linking social motives to compliance with recommendations from health authorities, we extended implementation intentions to the realm of social goals (Social Goals Implementation Intentions, or SGII). In a first study in France (N = 161), we show that a brief writing task requiring participants to implement a future hypothetical encounter with a close one at risk for severe symptoms of COVID-19 increased compliance intentions by 6.38% 95%CI[1.56, 11.24], d = .42, relative to a deliberation-only control condition. No moderating role of conspiracy beliefs and mentality was found in exploratory analyses. These results were exactly replicated in a pre-registered study conducted among US participants (N = 223), where the increase caused by SGII was 7.18% 95%CI[2.10, 12.27], d = .40. Vaccine intentions were not affected in both countries. Taken together, our results suggest that SGII is a viable theoretical mechanism to design and implement health behavior change interventions. Generating a sense of 'skin in the game' may be more effective to bypass irrational beliefs and foster greater adherence to evidence-based health recommendations.

Cyber-ostracism is an experience that, similar to the ostracism occurring within in-person relational contexts, gives rise to negative psychological consequences, leading to negative emotional reactions, and threatening the basic needs of each individual-belonging, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and control. The present study aimed to explore the possible moderating role of self-monitoring on the impact of cyber-ostracism on people's emotions and need satisfaction. We employed the Ostracism Online paradigm, a research tool resembling a social media platform, that allows researchers to manipulate the number of likes that participants receive as a cue of cyber-ostracism. A total of 212 participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions (Ostracism Online: cyber-ostracism vs. cyber-inclusion). After completing measures related to their social media usage and the self-monitoring scale, participants were exposed to the Ostracism Online paradigm and then were asked to complete measures related to their emotional reactions and need satisfaction. Results highlighted a different moderating role of self-monitoring on emotions and need satisfaction. Specifically, in the cyber-ostracism condition, participants with higher levels of self-monitoring reported higher levels of negative emotions compared to participants with lower levels of self-monitoring. Differently, we only found an effect of self-monitoring on the control dimension of need satisfaction. In particular, included participants with higher levels of self-monitoring reported higher levels of perceived control compared to included participants with lower levels of self-monitoring. Our findings contribute to expanding our understanding of self-monitoring and its role in moderating the effects of cyber-ostracism that may occur within social media.

Bastian et al. (2012) argued that the meat paradox-caring for animals yet eating them-creates a tension between people's moral standards (caring for animals) and their behavior (eating them) that can be resolved via mechanisms of motivated moral disengagement. One disengagement mechanism that is thought to play a central role is the denial of food-animal minds and therefore their status as moral patients. This idea has garnered substantial interest and has framed much of the psychological approach to meat consumption. We subjected Studies 1 and 2 of Bastian et al. (2012) to high-powered direct replications and found support for the target article's hypotheses, concluding a successful replication. Perceptions of animals' minds were negatively related to their perceived edibility (original: r = -.42 [-.67, -.08]; replication: r = -.45 [-.69, -.12]), positively related to moral concern for them (original: r = .77 [.58, .88]); replication: r = .83 [.68, .91]) and positively related to negative affect related to eating them (original: r = .80 [.63, .90]; replication: r = .80 [.62, .90]). Learning that an animal will be used for food led people to deny its mental capabilities (original: d = 0.40 [0.15, 0.65]; replication: d = 0.30, 95% CI [0.24, 0.37]), with the affect slightly weaker than the original. Our findings support the idea that the meat paradox is resolved through people's motivated denial of food animals' minds. Materials, data, and code are available on the OSF: https://osf.io/h2pqu/. This Registered Report has been officially endorsed by Peer Community in Registered Reports: https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.rr.100545.