International Review of Social Psychology最新文献

We report an internal reanalysis of five exploratory studies (total N = 1460) and two preregistered experiments (Ns = 778; 528), in which we investigated to what extent perceived causal involvement in harming sweatshop workers increases perceived moral obligation to support the workers. Within hypothetical scenarios as well as alleged magazine articles, target persons purchasing sweatshop-made products were contrasted with uninvolved bystanders. When participants made judgments about abstract others, causal involvement moderately increased ratings of moral obligation. However, when facing their own complicity in maintaining sweatshop conditions, the effect of causal involvement was small to non-existent. The greater sensitivity to the moral imperative of causal responsibility for indirect harm within global supply chains for others than for the self cannot be attributed to defensive processes, however. To the contrary, moral obligation for the self remained comparatively high, even if causal responsibility was low, presumably due to the greater reliance on internal states for the self.

Given the current interest in social participation, this article focuses on existing measures that (1) include the four dimensions of formal social participation - breadth, intensity, duration, and engagement - identified by Bohnert et al. (2010) and (2) can be used in large-scale surveys. In Study 1, a scoping review conducted on three databases (PsychTest, PsychInfo, Sociological abstracts) identified 99 articles that included at least one measure of formal social participation. No measure met our two requirements. We therefore decided to design a new measure, which included an index based on six items to assess the four dimensions of the construct. Using clustering techniques, Study 2 identified social participation profiles based on the responses of 4,160 participants. Five clusters of social participation emerged: (0) absence, (1) passive, (2) low active, (3) medium active and (4) high active. Study 3 replicated these findings with a new sample (n = 3,956), thereby supporting the quality and replicability of the social participation measure by clustering. Coded as an ordinal categorical variable, the score lends itself to statistical analyses commonly performed on large-scale survey data. In this way, the Social Participation Index could meet the need for a standard tool that can be used in a multidisciplinary way.

In this review, we analyse the Covid-19 pandemic in the light of the General Process Model of Threat and Defense (GPMTD; Jonas et al., 2014) and describe motivational and affective consequences resulting from the psychological threat elicited by the pandemic: Covid-19 did not only abruptly change everyday life, but also confronted people with existential questions. This led to the experience of discrepancies that people could not resolve, triggering an aversive state of anxious inhibition. People were motivated to overcome this anxiety using defensive behaviours that re-establish approach motivation. Such defensive behaviours include conspiratorial thinking and increased ingroup support. While describing the pandemic, we review evidence in favour and against the model to develop concrete suggestions to effectively promote non-destructive reactions to manage affective-motivational challenges resulting from the pandemic. In a final outlook, we conclude that the evidence generated may be used to analyse and react to future crises and their related psychological threats.

Black Lives Matter (BLM) has gained momentum in its fight against racism cross-nationally. Yet, there are conflicting opinions on BLM. To account for this, previous research relied on cross-national predictors (e.g., Social Dominance Orientation; SDO). However, BLM support needs to be examined via the prism of national contexts and their peculiarities. Here, we claim that nationally-grounded determinants (next to cross-national ones) shape BLM (dis-)approval. Based on national identity construal, we argue that the way individuals identify with it predicts BLM support. Further, we expect this relationship to be mediated by personal endorsement of national beliefs about diversity. This claim was tested in a French ecological context, where: 1) national identity is based on a straitened view of diversity and 2) diversity issues are regulated via two antagonistic cultural norms: one is egalitarian (i.e., Historic Laïcité) and the other is assimilationist (i.e., New Laïcité). In two pre-registered and well-powered studies (Study 1, N = 305; Study 2, N = 489), we anticipated and found that National Identification negatively predicts BLM support. Crucially, cultural norm endorsements dually-mediated this relationship, suggesting their instrumental function in BLM support. We considered, via path analysis, an additional pathway involving SDO. We found that nationally-grounded and cross-national paths operate jointly to shape BLM support. We replicated these results one year later, providing support for our model. These findings are of relevance beyond the French context as they contribute to an emerging literature examining how intra- and inter-national forces shape, in tandem, diversity responses.

Various national and international political associations have claimed that present-day racism towards people of African descent living in formerly colonizing European countries is caused by these countries' colonial past and their governments' failure to adequately address this historical legacy. However, no empirical study has yet examined the relation between social representations of colonialism (SRC) and attitudes towards Afro-descendants among majority group members. To investigate this phenomenon, we carried out two cross-sectional studies, which both confirmed that SRC are associated with attitudes towards the Congolese and with support for compensations. Study 1 (N = 407) investigated, among Belgian participants, the association of the two dimensions of SRC - Exploitation and Development - with present-day intergroup attitudes and support for compensations (material and symbolic) for colonialism. Representing the colonial past in terms of Exploitation was associated with more positive attitudes and more intentions to compensate for colonialism, whereas representing it in terms of Development had the opposite effect. Some of these effects were moderated by national identification. Study 2 (N = 203) used the same design but also included a modern racism scale. Results of Study 1 were generally replicated, and effects of SRC on modern racism were obtained: SRC in terms of Exploitation was associated with less modern racism, and SRC in terms of Development was associated with more modern racism. Results are discussed in terms of post-colonial intergroup relations.

Outcome bias is the phenomenon whereby decisions which resulted in successful outcomes were rated more favorably than when the same decisions resulted in failures. We conducted a pre-registered replication and extension of Experiment 1 (original's: N = 20) from the classic Baron and Hershey (1988) with an online Amazon Mechanical Turk sample using CloudResearch (N = 692), switching from a within-participants design in the original experiment to a between-participants design. We tested outcome bias by measuring participants' ratings of the quality of decisions in medical scenarios. For the replication (pre-registered) part of the study, we successfully replicated signal and direction of the outcome bias (original: d_paired = 0.21 - 0.53; replication: d_independent = 0.77 [0.62, 0.93] to 1.1 [0.94, 1.26]), and even for participants who stated that outcomes should not be taken into consideration when evaluating decisions (d = 0.64 [0.21, 1.08]). For the extension part of the study, we found differences, dependent on outcome types, in evaluations of the perceived importance of considering the outcome, the perceived responsibility of decision-makers, and the perception that others would act similarly given the choice by outcome type. Materials, data, and code are available on Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/knjhu/.

We created a novel instrument to assess individual orientations toward the neoliberal capitalist system, the Neoliberal Orientation Questionnaire (NOQ), which is comprised of four dimensions: competitiveness, individual self-regulation, relational detachment, and public divestment. The instrument was intended to complement existing scales by (a) adopting a European perspective, and (b) incorporating personal as well as societal values, including lifestyle considerations. We sought to validate the NOQ in a European country with a strong history of public investment and social welfare provisions, namely France. In three nationally representative French samples, and one US student sample we assessed the internal consistency and construct validity of long and short versions of the scale. In terms of convergent and divergent validity, NOQ scores were positively correlated with scores on the Neoliberal Beliefs Inventory (NBI), general and economic forms of system justification, social dominance orientation, social and economic conservatism, internal locus of control, belief in free will, future-orientation, and a tendency to look on the 'bright side' in the face of hardships. The NOQ should prove useful for understanding the antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of attitudinal support versus opposition to the neoliberal capitalist system that dominates contemporary Western societies.

Conversational agents (CAs) are increasingly being developed on commercial websites nowadays. We tested in two studies whether gender stereotypes apply to non-gendered CAs. In the first study, participants evaluated whether CAs are expected to display more masculine or feminine characteristics in situations designed to be stereotypically male or female. The sexist attitudes of the respondents were also measured. As predicted, participants perceived that a CA should be more masculine in stereotypically male situations and more feminine in stereotypically female situations. Moreover, we found that hostile sexism but not benevolent sexism moderated the effect of the gendered situation. The second study replicated the results while addressing the limits of Study 1, showing the robustness of these effects. These findings are consistent with models of gender stereotypes in humans and robots and show for the first time a moderation effect of (hostile) sexism in a customer service context with CAs. The processes involved in human relationships seem relevant in a digital environment that involves CAs. Researchers and professionals should work together to avoid reproducing and perpetuating gender stereotypes when developing CAs.