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Active spectating in the digital public sphere: A qualitative exploration 数字公共领域中的积极旁观:定性探索
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0018
Elizabeth Solverson
Abstract Through an interpretive, user-centred approach, in this article I investigate a frequently overlooked dimension of online political engagement: spectating. Drawing on mini focus groups with Norwegian young adults, I challenge depictions of so-called lurking as antisocial and unproductive by advocating a more nuanced view of silent social media use. The findings demonstrate that spectating is viewed as a socially acceptable and meaningful activity within the participants’ broader expectations for civic behaviour. The analysis also presents active and normatively desirable activities encompassed in spectating – such as monitoring, critically consuming, and consciously curating political content – which can support citizens to maintain public connection and develop informed opinions. Ultimately, the study elevates the discussion on digital citizenship by illustrating how active spectating can serve as a meaningful and cooperative form of participation within a distributed understanding of civic engagement in an era of communicative plenty.
摘要 本文通过一种以用户为中心的解释性方法,研究了网络政治参与中一个经常被忽视的方面:潜伏。通过与挪威年轻人进行小型焦点小组讨论,我对所谓的 "潜伏 "这一反社会和无益的描述提出了质疑,并主张对沉默的社交媒体使用采取一种更加细致入微的观点。研究结果表明,在参与者对公民行为更广泛的期望中,旁观被视为一种社会可接受的、有意义的活动。分析还提出了旁观中包含的积极和规范的理想活动,如监督、批判性消费和有意识地策划政治内容,这些活动可以支持公民保持与公众的联系并形成明智的观点。最终,本研究通过说明积极的旁观如何能够成为一种有意义的、合作的参与形式,在大量交流的时代,在对公民参与的分布式理解中,提升了对数字公民身份的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Between civic virtue and vice: Self-censorship of political views on social media among Norwegian young adults 公民美德与罪恶之间:挪威年轻人在社交媒体上对政治观点的自我审查
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0011
Lukas Mozdeika
While small groups leverage disproportionate visibility online, oftentimes resorting to hostile language, the use of social media for political expression by the majority of Norwegian users has been theorised in terms of lurking, inhibition, and self-restraint. Drawing from qualitative in-depth interviews with young adults of different political orientations and ethnic-cultural backgrounds in Oslo, Norway, I take an abductivehermeneutic approach to analyse their rationale for self-censorship. The findings reveal shared frustrations and risks that explain the prevalence of lurking yet point to different coping mechanisms and expression strategies adopted by the respondents. While progressives tend to internalise their reactions by withdrawing and avoiding confrontations, conservatives more often appeal to self-censorship on the presumption of actual censorship. Different styles of media use call into question divergent ideals of democratic theory, setting self-expressive rationality at odds with deliberative norms of citizenship. I argue that this can help explain increasing perceived political polarisation and disconnection tendencies.
虽然一小部分人在网上的能见度过高,经常使用敌对语言,但大多数挪威用户使用社交媒体发表政治言论的理论基础是潜伏、抑制和自我克制。通过对挪威奥斯陆不同政治取向和种族文化背景的年轻人进行深入定性访谈,我采用归纳法(abductivehermeneutic)分析了他们进行自我审查的理由。研究结果揭示了共同的挫折和风险,这些挫折和风险解释了潜伏的普遍性,同时也指出了受访者采取的不同应对机制和表达策略。进步派倾向于通过退缩和避免对抗来内化自己的反应,而保守派则更多地在假定实际审查的基础上诉诸自我审查。不同的媒体使用方式对民主理论的不同理想提出了质疑,使自我表达的理性与公民身份的审议准则相冲突。我认为,这有助于解释人们所认为的日益严重的政治两极分化和脱节倾向。
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引用次数: 0
Democracy and digital disintegration: Platforms, actors, citizens 民主与数字解体:平台、参与者、公民
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0005
Andreas Widholm, Mattias Ekman
The digital transformations of contemporary media systems have had severe consequences for democracy and public debates. This introductory article addresses key challenges of what we refer to as varieties of “digital disintegration” within democratic societies. The eight contributions in the special issue are thematised in three parts. The first part explores disintegration within the context of political communication during elections, including data-driven campaigning, populism, and politicised forms of news production. The second part delves into the role of alternative news curators, audience polarisation, and issues of self-censorship in digital information environments. The third part centres on deliberative norms connected to content moderation of user comments within legacy media and the consequences digitalisation has had on journalistic sourcing practices and source diversity over time. The contributions offer valuable empirical insights, as well as new lines of thinking concerning democracy and digital and disintegrative transformations in the Nordic region and beyond.
当代媒体系统的数字化转型给民主和公共辩论带来了严重后果。这篇介绍性文章探讨了民主社会中各种 "数字解体 "所面临的主要挑战。特刊中的八篇文章分为三个部分。第一部分探讨了选举期间政治传播背景下的解体,包括数据驱动的竞选活动、民粹主义和政治化的新闻制作形式。第二部分深入探讨了另类新闻策展人的作用、受众两极分化以及数字信息环境中的自我审查问题。第三部分集中探讨了传统媒体中与用户评论内容审核相关的审议规范,以及随着时间的推移,数字化对新闻来源实践和来源多样性产生的影响。这些文章提供了宝贵的经验见解,以及关于北欧地区及其他地区民主、数字化和解体转型的新思路。
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引用次数: 0
Online discussion threads as promotors of citizen democracy: Current opportunities and challenges for small- and medium-sized media organisations in Finland 在线讨论作为公民民主的推动者:芬兰中小型媒体机构当前面临的机遇和挑战
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0012
K. Backholm, Heini Ruohonen, Kim Strandberg
This article focuses on user-generated discussion threads in journalistic online publication platforms. We investigate how journalists can apply deliberative norms to promote a democratically sustainable discussion within the threads. We also examine which opportunities and challenges journalists currently see with such threads in relation to central citizen democracy principles such as user participation and interactivity. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 Finnish news journalists and personnel in charge of moderation strategies. The findings show that deliberative norms are used to some degree in discussion-thread moderation, and that such norms are a key factor to promote democratically sustainable discussions in media organisations. The findings also show that threads can be useful tools for promoting citizen democracy due to their participatory features, but that several current challenges affect this, including uncivil user-generated content, limited representativeness among active users, and lacking resources to handle content in smaller media organisations. One main implication is that journalists see a risk of challenges with discussion threads outweighing benefits for democracy.
本文重点关注新闻在线出版平台中用户生成的讨论主题。我们研究了记者如何运用审议规范来促进线程内民主可持续的讨论。我们还研究了记者目前在此类主题中看到的与用户参与和互动性等公民民主核心原则相关的机遇和挑战。我们对 18 名芬兰新闻记者和负责审核策略的人员进行了结构化访谈。研究结果表明,审议规范在一定程度上被用于讨论线程的管理,而且这种规范是促进媒体组织中民主可持续讨论的一个关键因素。研究结果还表明,由于讨论主题的参与性特点,它可以成为促进公民民主的有用工具,但目前存在的一些挑战影响了这一点,包括用户生成的内容不文明、活跃用户的代表性有限以及小型媒体机构缺乏处理内容的资源。其中一个主要影响是,记者认为讨论线程面临的挑战有可能超过其对民主的益处。
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引用次数: 0
American media, Scandinavian audiences: Contextual fragmentation and polarisation among Swedes and Norwegians engaging with American politics 美国媒体,斯堪的纳维亚受众:瑞典人和挪威人参与美国政治的背景割裂和两极分化
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0010
Jessica Yarin Robinson
This article explores the contextual nature of fragmentation and polarisation – subjects that have attracted significant concern in the age of social media. I investigate the media sharing practices of Scandinavian Twitter users discussing the 2020 American presidential election, an event that attracted international attention. Using links in tweets, I map the media networks of users in Sweden and Norway in their national languages and in English. This intranational approach provides a view into whether fragmentation and polarisation are characteristic of the audience or the media milieu. The findings show Scandinavian users exhibit low audience polarisation within their national languages, but they display polarisation similar to American users when engaging with English-language media. At the same time, media fragmentation is higher in the Norwegian language than in any other sphere. This article sheds light on the relationship between the sometimes-conflated concepts of fragmentation and polarisation and provides a discussion of the implications of political information sharing on transnational digital platforms.
本文探讨了社交媒体时代备受关注的碎片化和两极分化的背景性质。我调查了斯堪的纳维亚推特用户在讨论 2020 年美国总统大选这一备受国际关注的事件时的媒体分享行为。通过使用推文中的链接,我绘制了瑞典和挪威用户使用本国语言和英语的媒体网络图。通过这种国内方法,我们可以了解碎片化和两极分化是受众的特点还是媒体环境的特点。研究结果表明,斯堪的纳维亚用户在使用本国语言时表现出较低的受众极化现象,但在使用英语媒体时,他们表现出与美国用户类似的极化现象。与此同时,挪威语的媒体碎片化程度高于其他任何语言。本文揭示了碎片化和极化这两个有时被夸大的概念之间的关系,并对跨国数字平台上政治信息共享的影响进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
What makes the difference? Social media platforms and party characteristics as contextual factors for political parties’ use of populist political communication 是什么造成了差异?社交媒体平台和政党特征是政党使用民粹主义政治传播的背景因素
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0007
M. Magin, Anders Olof Larsson, Eli Skogerbø, Hedvig Tønnesen
Social media has contributed to the spread of populist political communication, yet we still lack systematic knowledge of the contextual factors affecting its use. In this study, we investigated how and to what degree platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) and party characteristics (populist vs. non-populist parties; political ideology) affected the use of populist communication by Norwegian political parties on social media during the 2021 national election campaign. Based on a tripartite conceptualisation of populist communication consisting of people-centrism, anti-elitism, and the exclusion of out-groups, we conducted a standardised content analysis of the official social media accounts of nine parties and their party leaders. Populist communication was overall rather rare, being most widespread on Facebook and least widespread on Twitter. Which parties used populist communication the most depended on the platform, and it was not always the populist Progress Party [Fremskrittspartiet] that communicated in the most populist manner. Parties located towards the fringes of the political party spectrum used more populist communication. Anti-elitism was more widespread among left-wing parties, and almost exclusively the right-wing Progress Party excluded out-groups.
社交媒体促进了民粹主义政治传播的传播,但我们仍然缺乏对影响其使用的背景因素的系统了解。在本研究中,我们调查了在2021年全国大选期间,平台(Facebook、Instagram、Twitter)和政党特征(民粹主义政党与非民粹主义政党;政治意识形态)如何以及在多大程度上影响了挪威政党在社交媒体上使用民粹主义传播。基于由人民中心主义、反精英主义和排斥外群体三部分组成的民粹主义传播概念,我们对九个政党及其领导人的官方社交媒体账户进行了标准化内容分析。总体而言,民粹主义传播方式较为罕见,在 Facebook 上最为普遍,而在 Twitter 上则最少。哪些政党最常使用民粹主义传播方式取决于平台,而且并非总是民粹主义进步党(Fremskrittspartiet)以最民粹的方式进行传播。位于政党谱系边缘的政党使用了更多的民粹主义传播方式。反精英主义在左翼政党中更为普遍,几乎只有右翼的进步党排斥外来群体。
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引用次数: 0
Curators of digital counterpublics: Mapping alternative news environments in Sweden and Denmark 数字反公共机构的策展人:绘制瑞典和丹麦的另类新闻环境图
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0009
Eva Mayerhöffer, Jakob Baek Kristensen, Tim Ramsland
This article maps and compares digital alternative news environments in two Scandinavian countries: Sweden and Denmark. Drawing on an analysis of over 20,000 public social media accounts that have shared alternative news content on eight different social media platforms from January 2019 to March 2022, we document the importance of different types of curators, such as political actors, social media pundits, public discussion groups, and individual “hyper-tweeters”, in multiplying the reach of alternative news content on social media. The analysis reveals substantial differences in the digital curation of alternative news between the two countries, as well as between the curation of left-wing and right-wing alternative content. In the article, we discuss how different types of alternative news curation practices contribute to the formation of digital counterpublics.
本文描绘并比较了两个斯堪的纳维亚国家的数字替代新闻环境:瑞典和丹麦。通过对 2019 年 1 月至 2022 年 3 月期间在 8 个不同社交媒体平台上分享过另类新闻内容的 20,000 多个公共社交媒体账户的分析,我们记录了不同类型的策划者(如政治人物、社交媒体专家、公共讨论组和个人 "超级推手")在扩大另类新闻内容在社交媒体上的影响力方面的重要性。分析显示,两国在另类新闻的数字策划方面存在巨大差异,左翼和右翼另类内容的策划也存在巨大差异。在文章中,我们讨论了不同类型的另类新闻策划实践如何促进了数字反公众的形成。
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引用次数: 0
Second thoughts on digital first: Exploring the development of election campaigning among Swedish political parties, 2010–2022 数字第一的第二想法:2010-2022 年瑞典政党竞选活动发展探索
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0006
Niklas Bolin, M. Grusell, Lars Nord
This article offers a longitudinal perspective on communications during election campaigns from a political-party perspective, where strategic considerations about digital media are compared across time. Our analysis is grounded on the concepts of hybridisation and data-driven campaigning, where digital technology tends to play a central role without replacing all traditional campaign features. Empirically, the study is based on a longitudinal analysis of four election campaigns in Sweden during 2010–2022. The analysis shows that Swedish political parties have gradually integrated digital campaign features in their structure and strategy. The process is not linear, but rather back and forth, as party perceptions of the importance of communication channels vary across time. The results imply a development where all parties, regardless of size and ideology, are increasingly making rational judgments of which combinations of old and new campaign methods and communication channels are most effective.
本文从政党的角度对竞选期间的传播进行了纵向透视,对数字媒体的战略考虑进行了跨时间比较。我们的分析以混合化和数据驱动型竞选活动的概念为基础,即数字技术倾向于发挥核心作用,而不会取代所有传统竞选活动的特点。在经验方面,本研究基于对 2010-2022 年瑞典四次竞选活动的纵向分析。分析表明,瑞典各政党已逐步将数字竞选功能融入其结构和战略中。由于各政党对传播渠道重要性的认识因时而异,因此这一过程并非线性的,而是反反复复的。分析结果表明,所有政党,无论其规模大小和意识形态如何,都越来越理性地判断哪些新旧竞选方法和传播渠道的组合最有效。
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引用次数: 0
Political communication as television news: Party-produced news of the Sweden Democrats during the 2022 election campaign 作为电视新闻的政治传播:瑞典民主党在 2022 年竞选期间制作的政党新闻
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0008
Mattias Ekman, Andreas Widholm
Political communication has taken new and complex forms within the contemporary hybrid media system. In this article, we examine how political campaigning that draws on television news forms utilises the increasingly blurred boundaries between news journalism and politics online. We assess the digital television news channel Riks, which during the 2022 national election was operated by the Sweden Democrats party and distributed via YouTube. Deploying a mixed-methods approach, we analysed all videos published by Riks four weeks prior to the election. Results show that Riks blends descriptive, interpretative, and outrage genres, and strategically frames the most important political issues of the election campaign in favour of the party’s policies. Hence, the study contributes to political communication scholarship by emphasising how news has become an integral part of strategic party communication, challenging established scholarly conceptualisations of alternative media and hyperpartisan news.
在当代混合媒体系统中,政治传播采取了新的、复杂的形式。在本文中,我们将探讨借鉴电视新闻形式的政治竞选活动如何利用新闻报道与网络政治之间日益模糊的界限。我们对数字电视新闻频道 Riks 进行了评估,该频道在 2022 年全国大选期间由瑞典民主党运营,并通过 YouTube 进行传播。我们采用混合方法,分析了 Riks 在选举前四周发布的所有视频。结果表明,Riks 融合了描述性、解释性和愤怒性等体裁,并战略性地将竞选活动中最重要的政治问题框架化,以支持该党的政策。因此,本研究强调了新闻是如何成为政党战略传播不可分割的一部分,挑战了学术界对另类媒体和超党派新闻的既定概念,从而为政治传播学术做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Enduring elites in quoted sources: Institutional alignment in Finnish media, 1999–2018 引文来源中的持久精英:1999-2018 年芬兰媒体的机构调整
IF 1.1 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/nor-2024-0013
Olli Seuri, A. Koivunen, Henna Levola, Eetu Mäkelä
This article addresses the question of whether and how sourcing practices of journalistic news media have been transformed by online-first publishing and the hybridisation of the media system. Focusing on four Finnish news outlets from 1999 to 2018 (a daily newspaper, a news agency, a tabloid, and a public broadcaster), we analyse the essential gatekeeping practice of giving voice to actors by quoting them directly or indirectly. According to our data, the hybrid media context does not lead to an increased diversification of sources. Instead, our analysis indicates a concentration and consolidation of sources across different news outlets: a continued elite source dominance in domestic political news. This development we term institutional alignment, suggesting that, by foregrounding elite sources, the news media seeks to maintain both its gatekeeping function and its key position in networks of power.
本文探讨了新闻媒体的采购实践是否以及如何因网络优先出版和媒体系统的混合化而发生转变这一问题。我们以1999年至2018年期间的四家芬兰新闻机构(一家日报、一家通讯社、一家小报和一家公共广播公司)为重点,分析了通过直接或间接引用行动者的言论来为其发声的基本把关做法。根据我们的数据,混合媒体环境并没有导致消息来源更加多样化。相反,我们的分析表明,消息来源在不同的新闻机构中出现了集中和整合:精英消息来源在国内政治新闻中继续占据主导地位。我们将这种发展称为 "机构一致性"(institutional alignment),表明新闻媒体通过突出精英消息来源,力图保持其把关功能及其在权力网络中的关键地位。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Nordicom Review
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