Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59304
F. V. Merwe
In as much as British civil rugby leagues were suppressed during the First World War, rugby in military guise experienced a revival. The highlight was the Interservices Tournament in 1919 in which Great Britain and the Dominions competed for the King George V Cup. New Zealand was the eventual winner of this trophy. In South Africa the South African Rugby Board wanted to boost local rugby after a lull caused by the war. Thus they invited the New Zealand Services team to tour South Africa for six weeks on their way home. The negative aspect of this tour was the prior request of the South African Rugby Board for them not to bring any coloured players. The South African High Commissioner in London, W.P. Schreiner, extended the invitation and was satisfied with the coloureds being included in the team, but it was his son, Bill Schreiner, who voted against it at the Rugby Board meeting. The players concerned were Ranji Wilson and Parekura Tureia. This scandal would rock the rugby world only years later. The positive aspect of the tour was the new ideas and enthusiasm the tour brought to South African rugby. South African forward play and tackling were subsequently improved. It also gave new impetus to the Springboks’ desire to tour New Zealand. This tour only became a reality in 1921. Key words: Rugby; New Zealand; South Africa; 1919 “All Black” tour; Ranji Wilson; Parekura Tureia; First World War.
{"title":"Race and South African rugby: a review of the 1919 “all black” tour","authors":"F. V. Merwe","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59304","url":null,"abstract":"In as much as British civil rugby leagues were suppressed during the First World War, rugby in military guise experienced a revival. The highlight was the Interservices Tournament in 1919 in which Great Britain and the Dominions competed for the King George V Cup. New Zealand was the eventual winner of this trophy. In South Africa the South African Rugby Board wanted to boost local rugby after a lull caused by the war. Thus they invited the New Zealand Services team to tour South Africa for six weeks on their way home. The negative aspect of this tour was the prior request of the South African Rugby Board for them not to bring any coloured players. The South African High Commissioner in London, W.P. Schreiner, extended the invitation and was satisfied with the coloureds being included in the team, but it was his son, Bill Schreiner, who voted against it at the Rugby Board meeting. The players concerned were Ranji Wilson and Parekura Tureia. This scandal would rock the rugby world only years later. The positive aspect of the tour was the new ideas and enthusiasm the tour brought to South African rugby. South African forward play and tackling were subsequently improved. It also gave new impetus to the Springboks’ desire to tour New Zealand. This tour only became a reality in 1921. Key words: Rugby; New Zealand; South Africa; 1919 “All Black” tour; Ranji Wilson; Parekura Tureia; First World War.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"161-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54106
R. Venter, J. Potgieter, J. Barnard
Athletes competing at the highest level, should optimally balance training and competition stress with adequate recovery. However, athletes are not always aware of the available recovery options. This study investigated the recovery modalities currently used by elite South African sports persons. Research questions focused on types and frequency of recovery strategies used by players from four different sport codes (hockey, netball, rugby and soccer), as well as from different levels of participation. A total of 890 elite South African team sport players (507 males; 383 females) completed a questionnaire, specifically designed for the study. Results showed that recovery modalities are used to varying degrees by players from the four different sport codes, as well as from different levels of participation. The postmatch recovery modality used the most by hockey, netball and soccer players was an active cool-down. Rugby players used a strategy for rehydration the most. The frequency of using an active cool-down and rehydration was not affected by level of participation. There seems to be an increased need for player and coach education regarding recovery modalities.
{"title":"The use of recovery modalities by elite South African team athletes","authors":"R. Venter, J. Potgieter, J. Barnard","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54106","url":null,"abstract":"Athletes competing at the highest level, should optimally balance training and competition stress with adequate recovery. However, athletes are not always aware of the available recovery options. This study investigated the recovery modalities currently used by elite South African sports persons. Research questions focused on types and frequency of recovery strategies used by players from four different sport codes (hockey, netball, rugby and soccer), as well as from different levels of participation. A total of 890 elite South African team sport players (507 males; 383 females) completed a questionnaire, specifically designed for the study. Results showed that recovery modalities are used to varying degrees by players from the four different sport codes, as well as from different levels of participation. The postmatch recovery modality used the most by hockey, netball and soccer players was an active cool-down. Rugby players used a strategy for rehydration the most. The frequency of using an active cool-down and rehydration was not affected by level of participation. There seems to be an increased need for player and coach education regarding recovery modalities.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"133-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54107
H. Kruger, S. Moss, J. M. Rooyen, Annemarié Zeelie
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 10-week physical activity (PA) intervention on selective metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents. All available adolescents (194 subjects), boys and girls, in the grade 9 class (15-19 years) attending a secondary school were recruited for the experimental group. A control group consisting of 57 adolescents from grade 9 of another secondary school in the same area was also recruited. The experimental group participated in a 10- week PA intervention. Body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Windkessel arterial compliance (Cw), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and waist circumference were measured. After the 10-week PA intervention, adolescents from the control group had a significantly lower DBP compared to the intervention group (p=0.00005) and adolescents from the intervention group had a significantly lower SBP compared to the control group (p=0.000061). There was also a tendency towards a higher Cw and lower HOMA-IR in the intervention group compared to the control group. The findings of this study suggest that black adolescents had significantly lower SBP and a trend of lower HOMA-IR after a 10-week PA intervention. Key words: Physical activity; Metabolic syndrome; Adolescents.
{"title":"The impact of a 10-week physical activity intervention programme on selective metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents","authors":"H. Kruger, S. Moss, J. M. Rooyen, Annemarié Zeelie","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54107","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 10-week physical activity (PA) intervention on selective metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents. All available adolescents (194 subjects), boys and girls, in the grade 9 class (15-19 years) attending a secondary school were recruited for the experimental group. A control group consisting of 57 adolescents from grade 9 of another secondary school in the same area was also recruited. The experimental group participated in a 10- week PA intervention. Body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Windkessel arterial compliance (Cw), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and waist circumference were measured. After the 10-week PA intervention, adolescents from the control group had a significantly lower DBP compared to the intervention group (p=0.00005) and adolescents from the intervention group had a significantly lower SBP compared to the control group (p=0.000061). There was also a tendency towards a higher Cw and lower HOMA-IR in the intervention group compared to the control group. The findings of this study suggest that black adolescents had significantly lower SBP and a trend of lower HOMA-IR after a 10-week PA intervention. Key words: Physical activity; Metabolic syndrome; Adolescents.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"146-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54088
C. Burnett
The politics of development ideology and global leadership set the scene for sport (for) development in South Africa. Diverse research agendas and donor requirements informed research whereby indigenous knowledge systems could be accessed in a collaborative venture of knowledge production. A discussion of three distinct and interrelated models, based on the rationale of Mintzberg (2006), affords insights within a social capital framework of a top-down, bottom-up and outside-in approach in the field of sport-for-development. Each approach as evidenced in three diverse case studies set the scene for social impact and networking around strategic alliance formation and development agenda of major stakeholders. The different approaches, either in isolation and/or in an interrelated fashion shed light on the evolving dynamics in the field of sport and development.
{"title":"SPORT-FOR-DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS","authors":"C. Burnett","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54088","url":null,"abstract":"The politics of development ideology and global leadership set the scene for sport (for) development in South Africa. Diverse research agendas and donor requirements informed research whereby indigenous knowledge systems could be accessed in a collaborative venture of knowledge production. A discussion of three distinct and interrelated models, based on the rationale of Mintzberg (2006), affords insights within a social capital framework of a top-down, bottom-up and outside-in approach in the field of sport-for-development. Each approach as evidenced in three diverse case studies set the scene for social impact and networking around strategic alliance formation and development agenda of major stakeholders. The different approaches, either in isolation and/or in an interrelated fashion shed light on the evolving dynamics in the field of sport and development.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59300
B. Shaw, I. Shaw, Gregory A Brown
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and more effective treatments are required to prevent the expansion of this disease. Treatments should focus on creating a negative energy balance either via increasing energy expenditure or by decreasing energy intake, or preferably both. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether resistance training can influence feeding behaviour as determined by self-reported habitual macronutrient and energy intake. The effect of eight weeks of resistance training (n = 13) on self-reported macronutrient and energy intake was compared to a non-exercising control group (n = 13) in inactive males using a computer-based software program. Similar to the non-exercising control group, resistance training resulted in no significant (p > 0.05) changes in the habitual intake of daily intake of total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats. In conclusion, eight weeks of resistance training is not an effective mode of training to promote an improvement in macronutrient and energy intake and despite studies demonstrating that exercise itself, in the absence of counseling, may affect feeding behaviour, it may be that resistance training as a mode of training may not be an effective mode of exercise to promote overall physical activity in an attempt to modify the patterns of macronutrient and energy intake. As such, negative energy balance would solely be due to the energy expenditure during this mode of exercise. Key words: Diet; Exercise; Feeding behaviour; Physical activity.
{"title":"Relationship between resistance training and selfreported habitual macronutrient and energy intake","authors":"B. Shaw, I. Shaw, Gregory A Brown","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59300","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and more effective treatments are required to prevent the expansion of this disease. Treatments should focus on creating a negative energy balance either via increasing energy expenditure or by decreasing energy intake, or preferably both. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether resistance training can influence feeding behaviour as determined by self-reported habitual macronutrient and energy intake. The effect of eight weeks of resistance training (n = 13) on self-reported macronutrient and energy intake was compared to a non-exercising control group (n = 13) in inactive males using a computer-based software program. Similar to the non-exercising control group, resistance training resulted in no significant (p > 0.05) changes in the habitual intake of daily intake of total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats. In conclusion, eight weeks of resistance training is not an effective mode of training to promote an improvement in macronutrient and energy intake and despite studies demonstrating that exercise itself, in the absence of counseling, may affect feeding behaviour, it may be that resistance training as a mode of training may not be an effective mode of exercise to promote overall physical activity in an attempt to modify the patterns of macronutrient and energy intake. As such, negative energy balance would solely be due to the energy expenditure during this mode of exercise. Key words: Diet; Exercise; Feeding behaviour; Physical activity.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"109-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54104
C. Singh, J. Surujlal
Sport and recreation constitute a significant part of the learning experiences at schools in South Africa. They provide the subject matter of learning and instruction in sport and physical education. Research on safety in sport has been conducted in the USA, Britain, Canada, Australia and other developed countries since the 1950s. There is a paucity of empirical, evidence-based information on safety and security of learners participating in sport activities in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to identify the key safety dimensions of school sport, and to assess the risk management practices implemented by coaches and administrators at high schools. The aim was also to highlight the chief problems associated with safety in sport and to develop strategies to protect learners. The findings could raise awareness of coaches, administrators and relevant role players concerning their legal duties. A previously validated and pilot tested instrument was used to gather data. Purposive sampling was done in three provinces. Several dimensions and individual safety factors were not adequately addressed by relevant personnel, and certain basic minimum requirements were not met at a fair number of schools. These findings support previous reports by researchers that coaches and administrators are not adequately aware of, or do not fully appreciate the implications of their legal liability relative to sports activities at schools. Recommendations and guidelines have been offered to enable coaches and educators manage potential risks so that athletes and other learners experience a non-threatening environment where they gain optimally from sports activities.
{"title":"Risk management practices of high school sport coaches and administrators","authors":"C. Singh, J. Surujlal","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54104","url":null,"abstract":"Sport and recreation constitute a significant part of the learning experiences at schools in South Africa. They provide the subject matter of learning and instruction in sport and physical education. Research on safety in sport has been conducted in the USA, Britain, Canada, Australia and other developed countries since the 1950s. There is a paucity of empirical, evidence-based information on safety and security of learners participating in sport activities in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to identify the key safety dimensions of school sport, and to assess the risk management practices implemented by coaches and administrators at high schools. The aim was also to highlight the chief problems associated with safety in sport and to develop strategies to protect learners. The findings could raise awareness of coaches, administrators and relevant role players concerning their legal duties. A previously validated and pilot tested instrument was used to gather data. Purposive sampling was done in three provinces. Several dimensions and individual safety factors were not adequately addressed by relevant personnel, and certain basic minimum requirements were not met at a fair number of schools. These findings support previous reports by researchers that coaches and administrators are not adequately aware of, or do not fully appreciate the implications of their legal liability relative to sports activities at schools. Recommendations and guidelines have been offered to enable coaches and educators manage potential risks so that athletes and other learners experience a non-threatening environment where they gain optimally from sports activities.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"107-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59297
Tulay Ortabag, S. Ceylan, A. Akyuz, H. Bebiş
This study aims to test the validity and reliability of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) for female university students in Turkey. This is a validity and reliability study of the EBBS for use in a Turkish context. The study sample consisted of 409 students of a School of Nursing (97.1% of the total student body). In the study, a three-part questionnaire was used. The EBBS, developed by Sechrist (Sechrist et al., 1987), was used in the study in order to determine the participants’ benefitbarrier perceptions. The EBBS validity coefficient was found to be 0.87 (re-test =0.85) for the whole scale, 0.95 (re-test=0.94) for the benefit aspect and, 0.80 (retest= 0.79) for the barrier aspect. “Physical performance” and “preventive health” were given the highest scores by the participants within the EBBS’s benefit subscales. The exercise barrier subscale with the lowest score was “exercise milieu”. Determining the benefits of and barriers to exercise, by using a standardized scale, plays an important role in maintaining proper levels of physical activity. The Turkish translation of the EBBS model has shown it to be an effective tool for measuring physical activity among female Turkish university students. Key words: Adolescent health; Exercise; Health behaviours; Physical activity.
本研究旨在检验土耳其女大学生运动益处/障碍量表(EBBS)的效度和信度。这是一个在土耳其语境中使用EBBS的效度和可靠性研究。研究样本为某护理学院409名学生(占学生总数的97.1%)。在研究中，使用了三部分的问卷调查。研究中使用了由secchriist (secchriist et al.， 1987)开发的EBBS，以确定参与者的利益障碍感知。整体量表的EBBS效度系数为0.87(重测=0.85)，效益量表效度系数为0.95(重测=0.94)，障碍量表效度系数为0.80(重测= 0.79)。在EBBS的利益子量表中，参与者给“身体表现”和“预防健康”打了最高分。得分最低的运动障碍分量表为“运动环境”。通过使用标准化量表来确定运动的益处和障碍，对于保持适当的身体活动水平起着重要作用。EBBS模型的土耳其语翻译表明，它是衡量土耳其女大学生体育活动的有效工具。关键词:青少年健康;锻炼;健康行为;体力活动。
{"title":"The validity and reliability of the exercise benefits/barriers scale for Turkish Military nursing students","authors":"Tulay Ortabag, S. Ceylan, A. Akyuz, H. Bebiş","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59297","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to test the validity and reliability of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) for female university students in Turkey. This is a validity and reliability study of the EBBS for use in a Turkish context. The study sample consisted of 409 students of a School of Nursing (97.1% of the total student body). In the study, a three-part questionnaire was used. The EBBS, developed by Sechrist (Sechrist et al., 1987), was used in the study in order to determine the participants’ benefitbarrier perceptions. The EBBS validity coefficient was found to be 0.87 (re-test =0.85) for the whole scale, 0.95 (re-test=0.94) for the benefit aspect and, 0.80 (retest= 0.79) for the barrier aspect. “Physical performance” and “preventive health” were given the highest scores by the participants within the EBBS’s benefit subscales. The exercise barrier subscale with the lowest score was “exercise milieu”. Determining the benefits of and barriers to exercise, by using a standardized scale, plays an important role in maintaining proper levels of physical activity. The Turkish translation of the EBBS model has shown it to be an effective tool for measuring physical activity among female Turkish university students. Key words: Adolescent health; Exercise; Health behaviours; Physical activity.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"55-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54102
S. Mchunu, K. L. Roux
This study was aimed at finding reasons for non-participation in sport by black learners at secondary school level. According to the findings of this research, factors that have the most important influence on non-participation in sport by black secondary learners are (in order of importance), facilities, political factors, social factors , self-image, economic factors and health. In terms of facilities it has been revealed that black township schools do not have adequate equipment, properly organized recreational facilities, coaches for the different sport codes and upgraded as well as well-maintained sport fields. Cultural isolation of black players in sport surfaced as an important political factor for non-participation. Through this research it has also emerged that while gender and income do seem to have an influence on non-participation in sport, grades and home environment do not. The results indicate that income as a reason for non-participation in sport is significantly more important for learners from low-income families than for learners from average-income families.
{"title":"Non-participation in sport by black learners with special reference to gender, grades, family income and home environment","authors":"S. Mchunu, K. L. Roux","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54102","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed at finding reasons for non-participation in sport by black learners at secondary school level. According to the findings of this research, factors that have the most important influence on non-participation in sport by black secondary learners are (in order of importance), facilities, political factors, social factors , self-image, economic factors and health. In terms of facilities it has been revealed that black township schools do not have adequate equipment, properly organized recreational facilities, coaches for the different sport codes and upgraded as well as well-maintained sport fields. Cultural isolation of black players in sport surfaced as an important political factor for non-participation. Through this research it has also emerged that while gender and income do seem to have an influence on non-participation in sport, grades and home environment do not. The results indicate that income as a reason for non-participation in sport is significantly more important for learners from low-income families than for learners from average-income families.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"85-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54103
B. Mirzaei, F. Salami, F. Rahmani-nia, Afshar Jafari, M. Houshmand, M. S. S. Panahi, R. Rahimi
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation in human blood leucocytes. Twenty untrained healthy students (training group: n =10, age = 20.7±1.5 yrs, weight = 67.7±10 kg, BF% = 17.5±7.35 & control group: n =10, age = 21±1.3 yrs, weight = 78.5±18.5 kg, BF% = 18.2±6.4) were randomly assigned to two groups and participated in an eight weeks aerobic training program. Blood samples were collected before and after the eight weeks aerobic training. mtDNA mutation were analyzed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Although, all subjects were fairly young and the possibility of mtDNA mutation at normal condition was unlikely, just to be certain, all blood samples were also analyzed for possible mutation. Those subjects who had mutant mtDNA prior to the study, were excluded. The findings show that there were no changes in mtDNA mutation in human leucocytes in both groups before and after eight weeks aerobic training (P>0.05). These results demonstrate that eight week aerobic training dose not causes mtDNA mutation in human blood leucocytes.
{"title":"Does aerobic exercises induce mtDNA mutation in human blood leucocytes","authors":"B. Mirzaei, F. Salami, F. Rahmani-nia, Afshar Jafari, M. Houshmand, M. S. S. Panahi, R. Rahimi","doi":"10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54103","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation in human blood leucocytes. Twenty untrained healthy students (training group: n =10, age = 20.7±1.5 yrs, weight = 67.7±10 kg, BF% = 17.5±7.35 & control group: n =10, age = 21±1.3 yrs, weight = 78.5±18.5 kg, BF% = 18.2±6.4) were randomly assigned to two groups and participated in an eight weeks aerobic training program. Blood samples were collected before and after the eight weeks aerobic training. mtDNA mutation were analyzed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Although, all subjects were fairly young and the possibility of mtDNA mutation at normal condition was unlikely, just to be certain, all blood samples were also analyzed for possible mutation. Those subjects who had mutant mtDNA prior to the study, were excluded. The findings show that there were no changes in mtDNA mutation in human leucocytes in both groups before and after eight weeks aerobic training (P>0.05). These results demonstrate that eight week aerobic training dose not causes mtDNA mutation in human blood leucocytes.","PeriodicalId":45543,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70653068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54087
Annelize Bester, B. Coetzee
The purposes of this study were firstly, to determine the anthropometric variables that differ significantly (p 0.05) between successful and less successful young, South-African female gymnasts who participate in the floor item and secondly, to determine the anthropometric variables that contribute to the floor item performance of those gymnasts. Twelve young, female gymnasts (13.39 ± 2.14 years) from a gymnastics club in the North-West Province of South Africa participated in the study. Only gymnasts who participated at level 6-9 and junior as well as senior Olympic level were selected to participate in the study. Sixty-one anthropometric variables were measured on the dominant side of the body according to the methods of Norton et al. (1996). Independent t-tests revealed that the gymnast who obtained the highest marks (top 5) during the execution of the floor item during the South African Gymnastics Championships had statistical and practical significantly larger relaxed and flexed upper arm, wrist and ankle circumferences as well as mesomorphy values than the less successful gymnasts. The cluster analysis-reduced variables were used to perform a forward, stepwise multiple regression analysis which showed that bi-trochanterion (34.86%), femur (17.07%) and bi-deltoid breadth (4.93%); front thigh skinfold (19.71%); fat percentage (7.68%); acromialradial (4.09%) and foot length (0.05%) as well as waist (6.68%), chest (2.92%) and gluteal thigh circumference (2.02%) contributed 100% to the variance in gymnasts’ floor performances. The contributions of bi-trochanterion breadth, femur breadth, gluteal thigh circumference and foot length to floor-gymnastic performance were significant. Only gluteal thigh circumference showed a negative relationship with floor-gymnastic performance. The conclusion that can therefore be drawn is that larger limb and torso circumferences, waist breadths, fat percentages and front thigh skinfolds, as well as upper arm and foot lengths are important anthropometric floor performance determinants for young, South African female gymnasts and should be included in the sports-scientific testing protocols of gymnasts. Key words: Gymnastics; Floor; Anthropometry; Performance; Females; Girls
本研究的目的首先是确定参加自由体操项目的成功和不太成功的年轻南非女体操运动员之间显著差异的人体测量变量(p 0.05)，其次是确定有助于这些体操运动员自由体操项目表现的人体测量变量。来自南非西北省一家体操俱乐部的12名年轻女体操运动员(13.39±2.14岁)参加了本研究。只选择参加6-9级、初中和高中奥运会水平的体操运动员参加研究。根据Norton et al.(1996)的方法，在身体的优势侧测量61个人体测量变量。独立t检验显示，在南非体操锦标赛中，在自由体操项目的执行中获得最高分(前5名)的体操运动员，其放松和弯曲的上臂、手腕和脚踝周长以及中形态值在统计上和实践上都明显大于不太成功的体操运动员。采用聚类分析-精简变量进行多元正向逐步回归分析，结果显示双粗隆(34.86%)、股骨(17.07%)和双三角肌宽度(4.93%);大腿前皮褶(19.71%);脂肪率(7.68%);肩桡肌(4.09%)、脚长(0.05%)、腰围(6.68%)、胸围(2.92%)和臀大腿围(2.02%)对体操运动员自由体操成绩的差异贡献了100%。双转子宽度、股骨宽度、臀大腿围和足长对地板体操成绩的贡献显著。只有臀围与自由体操成绩呈负相关。因此，可以得出的结论是，较大的四肢和躯干周长、腰宽、脂肪百分比和大腿前部的皮肤褶皱，以及上臂和脚的长度是南非年轻女体操运动员重要的人体测量地板性能决定因素，应该纳入体操运动员的运动科学测试方案。关键词:体操;地板上;人体测量学;性能;女性;女孩
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