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Race and South African rugby: a review of the 1919 “all black” tour 种族与南非橄榄球:1919年“全黑”巡回赛回顾
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59304
F. V. Merwe
In as much as British civil rugby leagues were suppressed during the First World War, rugby in military guise experienced a revival. The highlight was the Interservices Tournament in 1919 in which Great Britain and the Dominions competed for the King George V Cup. New Zealand was the eventual winner of this trophy. In South Africa the South African Rugby Board wanted to boost local rugby after a lull caused by the war. Thus they invited the New Zealand Services team to tour South Africa for six weeks on their way home. The negative aspect of this tour was the prior request of the South African Rugby Board for them not to bring any coloured players. The South African High Commissioner in London, W.P. Schreiner, extended the invitation and was satisfied with the coloureds being included in the team, but it was his son, Bill Schreiner, who voted against it at the Rugby Board meeting. The players concerned were Ranji Wilson and Parekura Tureia. This scandal would rock the rugby world only years later. The positive aspect of the tour was the new ideas and enthusiasm the tour brought to South African rugby. South African forward play and tackling were subsequently improved. It also gave new impetus to the Springboks’ desire to tour New Zealand. This tour only became a reality in 1921. Key words:  Rugby; New Zealand; South Africa; 1919 “All Black” tour; Ranji Wilson; Parekura Tureia; First World War.
尽管英国民间橄榄球联盟在第一次世界大战期间受到压制,但以军事名义进行的橄榄球运动却得到了复兴。最精彩的是1919年的军种间锦标赛,英国和自治领争夺乔治五世国王杯。新西兰队最终赢得了这个奖杯。在南非,南非橄榄球委员会希望在战争造成的平静之后促进当地橄榄球的发展。因此,他们邀请新西兰服务团队在回国途中到南非进行为期六周的考察。这次巡回赛的消极方面是南非橄榄球委员会事先要求他们不要带任何有色人种的球员。南非驻伦敦高级专员W.P.施赖纳(W.P. Schreiner)发出了邀请,并对有色人种加入球队感到满意,但他的儿子比尔施赖纳(Bill Schreiner)在橄榄球委员会会议上投了反对票。涉及的球员是兰吉·威尔逊和帕雷库拉·图雷里亚。这件丑闻在几年后撼动了橄榄球界。这次旅行的积极方面是这次旅行给南非橄榄球带来了新的想法和热情。南非队的前锋打法和抢断随后得到了改善。这也给了跳羚队去新西兰旅游的愿望新的动力。这次旅行直到1921年才成为现实。关键词:橄榄球;新西兰;南非;1919年“全黑”巡回演出;Ranji威尔逊;Parekura Tureia;一战。
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引用次数: 5
The use of recovery modalities by elite South African team athletes 使用恢复模式的精英南非队运动员
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54106
R. Venter, J. Potgieter, J. Barnard
Athletes competing at the highest level, should optimally balance training and competition stress with adequate recovery. However, athletes are not always aware of the available recovery options. This study investigated the recovery modalities currently used by elite South African sports persons. Research questions focused on types and frequency of recovery strategies used by players from four different sport codes (hockey, netball, rugby and soccer), as well as from different levels of participation. A total of 890 elite South African team sport players (507 males; 383 females) completed a questionnaire, specifically designed for the study. Results showed that recovery modalities are used to varying degrees by players from the four different sport codes, as well as from different levels of participation. The postmatch recovery modality used the most by hockey, netball and soccer players was an active cool-down. Rugby players used a strategy for rehydration the most. The frequency of using an active cool-down and rehydration was not affected by level of participation. There seems to be an increased need for player and coach education regarding recovery modalities.
在最高水平的比赛中,运动员应该在训练和比赛压力之间达到最佳平衡,并有足够的恢复。然而,运动员并不总是知道可用的恢复选择。本研究调查了南非精英运动员目前使用的康复方式。研究问题集中在四种不同运动(曲棍球、无挡板篮球、橄榄球和足球)以及不同参与水平的球员使用的恢复策略的类型和频率上。共有890名南非精英体育运动员(男性507人;383名女性)完成了一份专门为这项研究设计的调查问卷。结果表明,四种不同运动规范和不同参与水平的运动员对恢复方式的使用程度不同。曲棍球、无挡板篮球和足球运动员使用最多的赛后恢复方式是主动冷却。橄榄球运动员使用的补水策略最多。使用主动冷却和补液的频率不受参与水平的影响。似乎越来越需要对球员和教练进行有关恢复方式的教育。
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引用次数: 25
The impact of a 10-week physical activity intervention programme on selective metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents 为期10周的体育活动干预计划对黑人青少年选择性代谢综合征标志物的影响
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54107
H. Kruger, S. Moss, J. M. Rooyen, Annemarié Zeelie
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 10-week physical activity (PA) intervention on selective metabolic syndrome markers in black adolescents. All available adolescents (194 subjects), boys and girls, in the grade 9 class (15-19 years) attending a secondary school were recruited for the experimental group. A control group consisting of 57 adolescents from grade 9 of another secondary school in the same area was also recruited. The experimental group participated in a 10- week PA intervention. Body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Windkessel arterial compliance (Cw), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and waist circumference were measured. After the 10-week PA intervention, adolescents from the control group had a significantly lower DBP compared to the intervention group (p=0.00005) and adolescents from the intervention group had a significantly lower SBP compared to the control group (p=0.000061). There was also a tendency towards a higher Cw and lower HOMA-IR in the intervention group compared to the control group. The findings of this study suggest that black adolescents had significantly lower SBP and a trend of lower HOMA-IR after a 10-week PA intervention. Key words: Physical activity; Metabolic syndrome; Adolescents.
本研究的目的是确定为期10周的体育活动(PA)干预对黑人青少年选择性代谢综合征标志物的影响。实验组招募了一所中学九年级(15-19岁)所有可用的青少年(194名),包括男孩和女孩。另外还招募了来自同一地区另一所中学九年级的57名青少年作为对照组。实验组接受为期10周的PA干预。测量体重指数(BMI)、空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估(HOMA-IR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、Windkessel动脉顺应性(Cw)、总外周阻力(TPR)和腰围。经过10周PA干预后,对照组青少年的舒张压明显低于干预组(p=0.00005),干预组青少年的收缩压明显低于对照组(p=0.000061)。与对照组相比,干预组也有更高的Cw和更低的HOMA-IR的趋势。本研究的结果表明,黑人青少年在经过10周的PA干预后,收缩压明显降低,HOMA-IR也有降低的趋势。关键词:体育活动;代谢综合征;青少年。
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引用次数: 7
SPORT-FOR-DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 南非背景下的体育促进发展方法:案例研究分析
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54088
C. Burnett
The politics of development ideology and global leadership set the scene for sport (for) development in South Africa. Diverse research agendas and donor requirements informed research whereby indigenous knowledge systems could be accessed in a collaborative venture of knowledge production. A discussion of three distinct and interrelated models, based on the rationale of Mintzberg (2006), affords insights within a social capital framework of a top-down, bottom-up and outside-in approach in the field of sport-for-development. Each approach as evidenced in three diverse case studies set the scene for social impact and networking around strategic alliance formation and development agenda of major stakeholders. The different approaches, either in isolation and/or in an interrelated fashion shed light on the evolving dynamics in the field of sport and development.
发展意识形态和全球领导的政治为南非的体育(促进)发展奠定了基础。不同的研究议程和捐助者的要求为研究提供了信息,从而可以在知识生产的合作企业中利用土著知识系统。基于Mintzberg(2006)的基本原理,对三个不同且相互关联的模型进行了讨论,在社会资本框架内提供了自上而下,自下而上和由外而内的体育促进发展方法的见解。在三个不同的案例研究中,每种方法都为围绕战略联盟形成和主要利益相关者的发展议程的社会影响和网络设置了场景。这些不同的方法,无论是单独的还是相互关联的,都说明了体育与发展领域不断变化的动态。
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引用次数: 42
Relationship between resistance training and selfreported habitual macronutrient and energy intake 抗阻训练与自我报告的习惯性常量营养素和能量摄入的关系
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59300
B. Shaw, I. Shaw, Gregory A Brown
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and more effective treatments are required to prevent the expansion of this disease. Treatments should focus on creating a negative energy balance either via increasing energy expenditure or by decreasing energy intake, or preferably both. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether resistance training can influence feeding behaviour as determined by self-reported habitual macronutrient and energy intake. The effect of eight weeks of resistance training (n = 13) on self-reported macronutrient and energy intake was compared to a non-exercising control group (n = 13) in inactive males using a computer-based software program. Similar to the non-exercising control group, resistance training resulted in no significant (p > 0.05) changes in the habitual intake of daily intake of total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats. In conclusion, eight weeks of resistance training is not an effective mode of training to promote an improvement in macronutrient and energy intake and despite studies demonstrating that exercise itself, in the absence of counseling, may affect feeding behaviour, it may be that resistance training as a mode of training may not be an effective mode of exercise to promote overall physical activity in an attempt to modify the patterns of macronutrient and energy intake. As such, negative energy balance would solely be due to the energy expenditure during this mode of exercise. Key words:  Diet; Exercise; Feeding behaviour; Physical activity.
肥胖正在达到流行病的程度,需要更有效的治疗方法来防止这种疾病的扩大。治疗应侧重于通过增加能量消耗或减少能量摄入来创造负能量平衡,或者最好两者兼而有之。因此,本研究的目的是调查阻力训练是否可以影响由自我报告的习惯性常量营养素和能量摄入决定的摄食行为。使用基于计算机的软件程序,将8周阻力训练(n = 13)对自我报告的宏量营养素和能量摄入的影响与不运动的男性对照组(n = 13)进行比较。与非运动对照组相似,阻力训练导致每日总热量、碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的习惯性摄入量没有显著变化(p > 0.05)。总之,八周的抗阻训练并不是一种有效的训练模式来促进宏量营养素和能量摄入的改善,尽管研究表明,在缺乏咨询的情况下,运动本身可能会影响喂养行为,但可能是抗阻训练作为一种训练模式,可能不是一种有效的运动模式,以促进整体身体活动,试图改变宏量营养素和能量摄入的模式。因此,负能量平衡完全是由于这种运动模式下的能量消耗。关键词:饮食;锻炼;摄食行为;体力活动。
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引用次数: 3
Risk management practices of high school sport coaches and administrators 高中体育教练和管理人员的风险管理实践
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54104
C. Singh, J. Surujlal
Sport and recreation constitute a significant part of the learning experiences at schools in South Africa. They provide the subject matter of learning and instruction in sport and physical education. Research on safety in sport has been conducted in the USA, Britain, Canada, Australia and other developed countries since the 1950s. There is a paucity of empirical, evidence-based information on safety and security of learners participating in sport activities in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to identify the key safety dimensions of school sport, and to assess the risk management practices implemented by coaches and administrators at high schools. The aim was also to highlight the chief problems associated with safety in sport and to develop strategies to protect learners. The findings could raise awareness of coaches, administrators and relevant role players concerning their legal duties. A previously validated and pilot tested instrument was used to gather data. Purposive sampling was done in three provinces. Several dimensions and individual safety factors were not adequately addressed by relevant personnel, and certain basic minimum requirements were not met at a fair number of schools. These findings support previous reports by researchers that coaches and administrators are not adequately aware of, or do not fully appreciate the implications of their legal liability relative to sports activities at schools. Recommendations and guidelines have been offered to enable coaches and educators manage potential risks so that athletes and other learners experience a non-threatening environment where they gain optimally from sports activities.
体育和娱乐是南非学校学习经验的重要组成部分。它们提供了运动和体育教育的学习和教学的主题。自20世纪50年代以来,美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等发达国家对体育运动的安全性进行了研究。在南非,关于参加体育活动的学习者的安全和保障方面缺乏经验的、基于证据的信息。本研究的目的是确定学校体育的关键安全维度,并评估高中教练和管理人员实施的风险管理实践。其目的还在于强调与体育安全有关的主要问题,并制定保护学习者的策略。研究结果可以提高教练、管理人员和相关角色参与者对其法律责任的认识。使用了先前经过验证和试点测试的仪器来收集数据。在三个省进行了有目的的抽样。有关人员没有充分处理若干方面和个别安全因素,相当多的学校没有达到某些基本的最低要求。这些发现支持了先前研究人员的报告,即教练和管理人员没有充分意识到,或者没有充分认识到他们与学校体育活动相关的法律责任的含义。已经提出了建议和指导方针,使教练和教育工作者能够管理潜在的风险,以便运动员和其他学习者体验一个没有威胁的环境,从而从体育活动中获得最佳收益。
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引用次数: 10
The validity and reliability of the exercise benefits/barriers scale for Turkish Military nursing students 土耳其军队护生运动利益/障碍量表的效度和信度
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I2.59297
Tulay Ortabag, S. Ceylan, A. Akyuz, H. Bebiş
This study aims to test the validity and reliability of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) for female university students in Turkey. This is a validity and reliability study of the EBBS for use in a Turkish context. The study sample consisted of 409 students of a School of Nursing (97.1% of the total student body). In the study, a three-part questionnaire was used. The EBBS, developed by Sechrist (Sechrist et al., 1987), was used in the study in order to determine the participants’ benefitbarrier perceptions. The EBBS validity coefficient was found to be 0.87 (re-test =0.85) for the whole scale, 0.95 (re-test=0.94) for the benefit aspect and, 0.80 (retest= 0.79) for the barrier aspect. “Physical performance” and “preventive health” were given the highest scores by the participants within the EBBS’s benefit subscales. The exercise barrier subscale with the lowest score was “exercise milieu”. Determining the benefits of and barriers to exercise, by using a standardized scale, plays an important role in maintaining proper levels of physical activity. The Turkish translation of the EBBS model has shown it to be an effective tool for measuring physical activity among female Turkish university students. Key words:  Adolescent health; Exercise; Health behaviours; Physical activity.
本研究旨在检验土耳其女大学生运动益处/障碍量表(EBBS)的效度和信度。这是一个在土耳其语境中使用EBBS的效度和可靠性研究。研究样本为某护理学院409名学生(占学生总数的97.1%)。在研究中,使用了三部分的问卷调查。研究中使用了由secchriist (secchriist et al., 1987)开发的EBBS,以确定参与者的利益障碍感知。整体量表的EBBS效度系数为0.87(重测=0.85),效益量表效度系数为0.95(重测=0.94),障碍量表效度系数为0.80(重测= 0.79)。在EBBS的利益子量表中,参与者给“身体表现”和“预防健康”打了最高分。得分最低的运动障碍分量表为“运动环境”。通过使用标准化量表来确定运动的益处和障碍,对于保持适当的身体活动水平起着重要作用。EBBS模型的土耳其语翻译表明,它是衡量土耳其女大学生体育活动的有效工具。关键词:青少年健康;锻炼;健康行为;体力活动。
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引用次数: 34
Non-participation in sport by black learners with special reference to gender, grades, family income and home environment 黑人学生在性别、年级、家庭收入和家庭环境等方面不参加体育运动
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54102
S. Mchunu, K. L. Roux
This study was aimed at finding reasons for non-participation in sport by black learners at secondary school level. According to the findings of this research, factors that have the most important influence on non-participation in sport by black secondary learners are (in order of importance), facilities, political factors, social factors , self-image, economic factors and health. In terms of facilities it has been revealed that black township schools do not have adequate equipment, properly organized recreational facilities, coaches for the different sport codes and upgraded as well as well-maintained sport fields. Cultural isolation of black players in sport surfaced as an important political factor for non-participation. Through this research it has also emerged that while gender and income do seem to have an influence on non-participation in sport, grades and home environment do not. The results indicate that income as a reason for non-participation in sport is significantly more important for learners from low-income families than for learners from average-income families.
本研究旨在找出中学阶段黑人学生不参加体育运动的原因。根据本研究的结果,对黑人中学学习者不参加体育运动影响最大的因素(按重要性排序)是设施、政治因素、社会因素、自我形象、经济因素和健康。在设施方面,据透露,黑人乡镇学校没有足够的设备,没有适当组织的娱乐设施,没有针对不同体育项目的教练,也没有升级和维护良好的运动场。黑人运动员在体育运动中的文化孤立成为不参加体育运动的一个重要政治因素。通过这项研究还发现,虽然性别和收入似乎对不参加体育运动有影响,但成绩和家庭环境却没有影响。结果表明,收入作为不参加体育运动的原因,低收入家庭的学生比中等收入家庭的学生更重要。
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引用次数: 21
Does aerobic exercises induce mtDNA mutation in human blood leucocytes 有氧运动能诱导人血液白细胞mtDNA突变吗
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54103
B. Mirzaei, F. Salami, F. Rahmani-nia, Afshar Jafari, M. Houshmand, M. S. S. Panahi, R. Rahimi
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation in human blood leucocytes. Twenty untrained healthy students (training group: n =10, age = 20.7±1.5 yrs, weight = 67.7±10 kg, BF% = 17.5±7.35 & control group: n =10, age = 21±1.3 yrs, weight = 78.5±18.5 kg, BF% = 18.2±6.4) were randomly assigned to two groups and participated in an eight weeks aerobic training program. Blood samples were collected before and after the eight weeks aerobic training. mtDNA mutation were analyzed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Although, all subjects were fairly young and the possibility of mtDNA mutation at normal condition was unlikely, just to be certain, all blood samples were also analyzed for possible mutation. Those subjects who had mutant mtDNA prior to the study, were excluded. The findings show that there were no changes in mtDNA mutation in human leucocytes in both groups before and after eight weeks aerobic training (P>0.05). These results demonstrate that eight week aerobic training dose not causes mtDNA mutation in human blood leucocytes.
本研究的目的是确定八周有氧训练对人类血液白细胞线粒体DNA (mtDNA)突变的影响。将20名未经训练的健康学生随机分为两组(训练组:n =10,年龄= 20.7±1.5岁,体重= 67.7±10 kg, BF% = 17.5±7.35;对照组:n =10,年龄= 21±1.3岁,体重= 78.5±18.5 kg, BF% = 18.2±6.4)进行8周有氧训练。在8周有氧训练前后采集血液样本。采用多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析mtDNA突变。虽然所有受试者都相当年轻,正常情况下mtDNA突变的可能性不大,但为了确定,所有血液样本也都进行了可能的突变分析。那些在研究前mtDNA突变的受试者被排除在外。结果显示,8周有氧训练前后,两组人白细胞mtDNA突变无明显变化(P < 0.05)。这些结果表明,8周有氧训练不会引起人血液白细胞mtDNA突变。
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引用次数: 2
Die antropometriese sprongitem-prestasiedeterminante van jong dogtergimnaste 人体测量运动项目预先确定范体操运动员
IF 0.3 4区 教育学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/SAJRS.V32I1.54087
Annelize Bester, B. Coetzee
The purposes of this study were firstly, to determine the anthropometric variables that differ significantly (p  0.05) between successful and less successful young, South-African female gymnasts who participate in the floor item and secondly, to determine the anthropometric variables that contribute to the floor item performance of those gymnasts. Twelve young, female gymnasts (13.39 ± 2.14 years) from a gymnastics club in the North-West Province of South Africa participated in the study. Only gymnasts who participated at level 6-9 and junior as well as senior Olympic level were selected to participate in the study. Sixty-one anthropometric variables were measured on the dominant side of the body according to the methods of Norton et al. (1996). Independent t-tests revealed that the gymnast who obtained the highest marks (top 5) during the execution of the floor item during the South African Gymnastics Championships had statistical and practical significantly larger relaxed and flexed upper arm, wrist and ankle circumferences as well as mesomorphy values than the less successful gymnasts. The cluster analysis-reduced variables were used to perform a forward, stepwise multiple regression analysis which showed that bi-trochanterion (34.86%), femur (17.07%) and bi-deltoid breadth (4.93%); front thigh skinfold (19.71%); fat percentage (7.68%); acromialradial (4.09%) and foot length (0.05%) as well as waist (6.68%), chest (2.92%) and gluteal thigh circumference (2.02%) contributed 100% to the variance in gymnasts’ floor performances. The contributions of bi-trochanterion breadth, femur breadth, gluteal thigh circumference and foot length to floor-gymnastic performance were significant. Only gluteal thigh circumference showed a negative relationship with floor-gymnastic performance. The conclusion that can therefore be drawn is that larger limb and torso circumferences, waist breadths, fat percentages and front thigh skinfolds, as well as upper arm and foot lengths are important anthropometric floor performance determinants for young, South African female gymnasts and should be included in the sports-scientific testing protocols of gymnasts. Key words:  Gymnastics; Floor; Anthropometry; Performance; Females; Girls
本研究的目的首先是确定参加自由体操项目的成功和不太成功的年轻南非女体操运动员之间显著差异的人体测量变量(p  0.05),其次是确定有助于这些体操运动员自由体操项目表现的人体测量变量。来自南非西北省一家体操俱乐部的12名年轻女体操运动员(13.39±2.14岁)参加了本研究。只选择参加6-9级、初中和高中奥运会水平的体操运动员参加研究。根据Norton et al.(1996)的方法,在身体的优势侧测量61个人体测量变量。独立t检验显示,在南非体操锦标赛中,在自由体操项目的执行中获得最高分(前5名)的体操运动员,其放松和弯曲的上臂、手腕和脚踝周长以及中形态值在统计上和实践上都明显大于不太成功的体操运动员。采用聚类分析-精简变量进行多元正向逐步回归分析,结果显示双粗隆(34.86%)、股骨(17.07%)和双三角肌宽度(4.93%);大腿前皮褶(19.71%);脂肪率(7.68%);肩桡肌(4.09%)、脚长(0.05%)、腰围(6.68%)、胸围(2.92%)和臀大腿围(2.02%)对体操运动员自由体操成绩的差异贡献了100%。双转子宽度、股骨宽度、臀大腿围和足长对地板体操成绩的贡献显著。只有臀围与自由体操成绩呈负相关。因此,可以得出的结论是,较大的四肢和躯干周长、腰宽、脂肪百分比和大腿前部的皮肤褶皱,以及上臂和脚的长度是南非年轻女体操运动员重要的人体测量地板性能决定因素,应该纳入体操运动员的运动科学测试方案。关键词:体操;地板上;人体测量学;性能;女性;女孩
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引用次数: 2
期刊
South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation
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