Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032943
Nisar Majid, M. Theros
ABSTRACT A better understanding of ‘local’ agreements vis-a-vis national reconciliation processes is a strong current in policy and academic circles, with Somalia acknowledged as a relevant context with a rich history of such processes. This article examines a local agreement reached in Galkaio, a divided city where renewed violence had national implications around the formation of a new Federal system. It explores the role of external mediators, and strategies used to create buy-in at different levels in the process in order to forge ann agreement that could end violence and address some underlying conflict drivers. It argues how experimentation with sequencing, linking and moving between levels helped ensure the viability and sustainability of the process. It contributes to the literature on mediating multi-level conflicts by focusing analysis on the role played by external mediators, demonstrating the importance of who mediates and how while providing insight into dynamic conflict mediation environments.
{"title":"Galkaio, Somalia: bridging the border","authors":"Nisar Majid, M. Theros","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2032943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032943","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A better understanding of ‘local’ agreements vis-a-vis national reconciliation processes is a strong current in policy and academic circles, with Somalia acknowledged as a relevant context with a rich history of such processes. This article examines a local agreement reached in Galkaio, a divided city where renewed violence had national implications around the formation of a new Federal system. It explores the role of external mediators, and strategies used to create buy-in at different levels in the process in order to forge ann agreement that could end violence and address some underlying conflict drivers. It argues how experimentation with sequencing, linking and moving between levels helped ensure the viability and sustainability of the process. It contributes to the literature on mediating multi-level conflicts by focusing analysis on the role played by external mediators, demonstrating the importance of who mediates and how while providing insight into dynamic conflict mediation environments.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"172 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45816160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032946
Allard Duursma
ABSTRACT Much of the quantitative conflict resolution literature focuses on peacemaking efforts aimed at resolving international conflict or civil wars that involve state forces, while ignoring non-state conflict between communal groups, rebel groups, or militias. This article aims to contribute to filling this gap in research. I first put forward a typology of non-state conflicts, based on two dimensions: (1) whether the conflict issues are local or national; and (2) whether the conflict parties receive external support or not. Next, I provide some descriptive statistics on the conclusion of peace agreements in non-state conflicts, which suggest that in locations of peacekeeping operations, the involvement of peacekeeping staff in negotiations makes these negotiations more likely to end in the conclusion of an agreement. The article considers several possible causal mechanisms that drive this effectiveness, including the arranging of logistics, the provision of security, and mitigating biases of relevant stakeholders.
{"title":"Non-state conflicts, peacekeeping, and the conclusion of local agreements","authors":"Allard Duursma","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2032946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2032946","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Much of the quantitative conflict resolution literature focuses on peacemaking efforts aimed at resolving international conflict or civil wars that involve state forces, while ignoring non-state conflict between communal groups, rebel groups, or militias. This article aims to contribute to filling this gap in research. I first put forward a typology of non-state conflicts, based on two dimensions: (1) whether the conflict issues are local or national; and (2) whether the conflict parties receive external support or not. Next, I provide some descriptive statistics on the conclusion of peace agreements in non-state conflicts, which suggest that in locations of peacekeeping operations, the involvement of peacekeeping staff in negotiations makes these negotiations more likely to end in the conclusion of an agreement. The article considers several possible causal mechanisms that drive this effectiveness, including the arranging of logistics, the provision of security, and mitigating biases of relevant stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"138 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47567633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-27DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.2018180
Benjamin Maiangwa, Christiane Ndedi Essombe, S. Byrne
ABSTRACT The Peace and Conflict Studies (PACS) discipline has advanced critical analysis of armed conflict, ethnic violence, and peacebuilding, yet remains marginally silent on racism/racialisation as a form of violence. Consequently, we employ in this article the notions of ‘structure’ and ‘infrastructure’ to bring the multiple layers of racism to PACS attention. The structure, as we conceive it, are the tangibles of racism, manifested, performed, and enacted in real time. The infrastructure is the ontological grounding or the substratum of structural racism; the intangibles, ideologies and hidden ideas and the everyday destructive metanarratives, which, although mostly disguised at first, condition daily interactions between the dominator cultures and the subalterns. We argue that these forms of racism are products of imperialism and coloniality in settler colonial societies like Canada, which explains why, for the most part, our remedial efforts subsist at the level of the structures, with less impact on the invisibilized infrastructural ideologies sustaining them at the micro levels. We identify some of these infrastructures of racism in Canada, and raise some questions on their tenacity, banality, and the complacency of PACS in their perpetuation in everyday life.
{"title":"The banality of infrastructural racism through the lens of peace and conflict studies","authors":"Benjamin Maiangwa, Christiane Ndedi Essombe, S. Byrne","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.2018180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.2018180","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Peace and Conflict Studies (PACS) discipline has advanced critical analysis of armed conflict, ethnic violence, and peacebuilding, yet remains marginally silent on racism/racialisation as a form of violence. Consequently, we employ in this article the notions of ‘structure’ and ‘infrastructure’ to bring the multiple layers of racism to PACS attention. The structure, as we conceive it, are the tangibles of racism, manifested, performed, and enacted in real time. The infrastructure is the ontological grounding or the substratum of structural racism; the intangibles, ideologies and hidden ideas and the everyday destructive metanarratives, which, although mostly disguised at first, condition daily interactions between the dominator cultures and the subalterns. We argue that these forms of racism are products of imperialism and coloniality in settler colonial societies like Canada, which explains why, for the most part, our remedial efforts subsist at the level of the structures, with less impact on the invisibilized infrastructural ideologies sustaining them at the micro levels. We identify some of these infrastructures of racism in Canada, and raise some questions on their tenacity, banality, and the complacency of PACS in their perpetuation in everyday life.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"242 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46484489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2027153
Claire Wright, B. Rolston, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin
ABSTRACT In recent years, interest has grown in how Transitional Justice (TJ) can approach colonial harms and their long-lasting effects, because of a lacuna in both TJ practice and academic research . Scant attention has been paid, particularly, to how peace processes themselves can be undermined by ongoing colonial legacies. In this article, we offer an in-depth case study on Colombia, particularly the Havana Peace Accord of 2016, and discuss how the debris – to use Stoler’s term – of Spanish colonialism relating to land, ethnicity and gender have become evident throughout the process: during the negotiations, in the campaigns prior to the referendum, and while undertaking its implementation. We argue that peace processes must account for ongoing harms rooted in colonial projects; in the first instance, to provide structural justice for those who suffer these harms in a broader sense and, also, to protect the specific aims of the peace process in question.
{"title":"Navigating colonial debris: structural challenges for Colombia’s peace accord","authors":"Claire Wright, B. Rolston, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2022.2027153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2027153","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, interest has grown in how Transitional Justice (TJ) can approach colonial harms and their long-lasting effects, because of a lacuna in both TJ practice and academic research . Scant attention has been paid, particularly, to how peace processes themselves can be undermined by ongoing colonial legacies. In this article, we offer an in-depth case study on Colombia, particularly the Havana Peace Accord of 2016, and discuss how the debris – to use Stoler’s term – of Spanish colonialism relating to land, ethnicity and gender have become evident throughout the process: during the negotiations, in the campaigns prior to the referendum, and while undertaking its implementation. We argue that peace processes must account for ongoing harms rooted in colonial projects; in the first instance, to provide structural justice for those who suffer these harms in a broader sense and, also, to protect the specific aims of the peace process in question.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"11 1","pages":"62 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49530164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.1895610
S. Brennan
ABSTRACT The question of whether peacebuilding can be effective arises as liberal internationalist approaches appear unable to sustainably resolve state, inter-state, or ethno-national violence. Such failures have led to claims that peacebuilding, in its ‘post-conflict’ form, is now in a state of ‘crisis’. However, rather than abandoning it, viewed through the lens of post-structuralism, new biopolitical insights arise on how peacebuilding can begin to do what it was conceptualised for, to develop an associative and multi-sectoral peace framework that can sustainably reduce direct violence and structural violence and address a lack of basic human needs in a post-ceasefire environ. Developing this biopolitical insight on ‘post-conflict’ peacebuilding, through the rhizomatic realism of biopolitical labour, and subaltern agency, may then help innovate a positive peace formation that sustains transformative peacebuilding and delivers a quality of life outcome for ex-combatants, victims and survivors, which resolves endemic cycles of violence, peacefully.
{"title":"Biopolitical peacebuilding","authors":"S. Brennan","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.1895610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.1895610","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The question of whether peacebuilding can be effective arises as liberal internationalist approaches appear unable to sustainably resolve state, inter-state, or ethno-national violence. Such failures have led to claims that peacebuilding, in its ‘post-conflict’ form, is now in a state of ‘crisis’. However, rather than abandoning it, viewed through the lens of post-structuralism, new biopolitical insights arise on how peacebuilding can begin to do what it was conceptualised for, to develop an associative and multi-sectoral peace framework that can sustainably reduce direct violence and structural violence and address a lack of basic human needs in a post-ceasefire environ. Developing this biopolitical insight on ‘post-conflict’ peacebuilding, through the rhizomatic realism of biopolitical labour, and subaltern agency, may then help innovate a positive peace formation that sustains transformative peacebuilding and delivers a quality of life outcome for ex-combatants, victims and survivors, which resolves endemic cycles of violence, peacefully.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21647259.2021.1895610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45656103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.1999167
D. McDougall
{"title":"The frontlines of peace: an insider’s guide to changing the world","authors":"D. McDougall","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.1999167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.1999167","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"506 - 507"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49214892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.2019467
Esra Dilek, Basar Baysal
ABSTRACT Adopting a negotiation process analysis perspective, this article analyzes the peace negotiation processes in Colombia (2012–2016) and Turkey (2012–2015) with a focus on three aspects of the negotiation process: the timing of the negotiations, the actors in the negotiation process, and transparency. In the Colombian case, the formation of a clear negotiation framework at the start of official negotiations in August 2012 helped the process to stay on track until the signing of the General Agreement in 2016. Conversely, the negotiations in Turkey did not proceed based on a clear framework and stalled in 2015 amid domestic and regional developments because of a lack of clear representatives and of monitoring third parties to keep the process on track. As the Colombian case shows, the existence of a commonly agreed and clear negotiation framework may increase resilience that help mitigate the potential for domestic and external risks to derail the process.
{"title":"Peace negotiation process and outcome: considering Colombia and Turkey in comparative perspective","authors":"Esra Dilek, Basar Baysal","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.2019467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.2019467","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Adopting a negotiation process analysis perspective, this article analyzes the peace negotiation processes in Colombia (2012–2016) and Turkey (2012–2015) with a focus on three aspects of the negotiation process: the timing of the negotiations, the actors in the negotiation process, and transparency. In the Colombian case, the formation of a clear negotiation framework at the start of official negotiations in August 2012 helped the process to stay on track until the signing of the General Agreement in 2016. Conversely, the negotiations in Turkey did not proceed based on a clear framework and stalled in 2015 amid domestic and regional developments because of a lack of clear representatives and of monitoring third parties to keep the process on track. As the Colombian case shows, the existence of a commonly agreed and clear negotiation framework may increase resilience that help mitigate the potential for domestic and external risks to derail the process.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"449 - 469"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43630183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.2000159
Primitivo Cabanes Ragandang
ABSTRACT This article explores peace research as a field of knowledge production and the experience of peace practitioners when accessing this field. It aims to challenge the idea that peace research should only deal with knowledge production and not necessarily require scholars to directly engage in peace work as the practitioners do. The current knowledge-making space in peace research is impermeable to the practitioners. This impermeability emanates from the practitioners’ training for urgent and practical solutions for distressed communities and not on knowledge production. Such impermeability creates a metropolic tendency for peace research, which practitioners have difficulty accessing. This paper argues that there is a need for peace research to transcend from its current approach of knowledge production for purposes of describing a phenomenon. Knowledge production should include advocating for direct community engagement as a moral obligation and ensure that the discipline makes sense to the community it operates.
{"title":"What are they writing for? Peace research as an impermeable metropole","authors":"Primitivo Cabanes Ragandang","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.2000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.2000159","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores peace research as a field of knowledge production and the experience of peace practitioners when accessing this field. It aims to challenge the idea that peace research should only deal with knowledge production and not necessarily require scholars to directly engage in peace work as the practitioners do. The current knowledge-making space in peace research is impermeable to the practitioners. This impermeability emanates from the practitioners’ training for urgent and practical solutions for distressed communities and not on knowledge production. Such impermeability creates a metropolic tendency for peace research, which practitioners have difficulty accessing. This paper argues that there is a need for peace research to transcend from its current approach of knowledge production for purposes of describing a phenomenon. Knowledge production should include advocating for direct community engagement as a moral obligation and ensure that the discipline makes sense to the community it operates.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"265 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41396506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.1999166
Ignasi Torrent
ABSTRACT This article examines the suitability of entanglements and relations to think and see peacebuilding events. Through a reflection upon the limited results of the United Nations (UN) in securing lasting peace in war-torn scenarios, the text critically engages with three debates on contemporary peacebuilding literature: the inclusion of ‘the locals’, the achievement of an organisational system-wide coherence and the agential condition of peacebuilding actors. Whilst acknowledging the analytical potential of affirming the entangled ontogenesis of actors and processes in the conflict-affected configuration, the article ends with a cautionary argument about entanglement fetishism, namely the celebratory, normative and exclusionary projection of a relational world. Entangled peace is an invitation to read the peacebuilding milieu, and by extension the broader theatre of the real, as radical openness, where events emanate from the collision of an infinite multiplicity of possible worlds.
{"title":"Scrutinising UN peacebuilding: entangled peace and its limits","authors":"Ignasi Torrent","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.1999166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.1999166","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the suitability of entanglements and relations to think and see peacebuilding events. Through a reflection upon the limited results of the United Nations (UN) in securing lasting peace in war-torn scenarios, the text critically engages with three debates on contemporary peacebuilding literature: the inclusion of ‘the locals’, the achievement of an organisational system-wide coherence and the agential condition of peacebuilding actors. Whilst acknowledging the analytical potential of affirming the entangled ontogenesis of actors and processes in the conflict-affected configuration, the article ends with a cautionary argument about entanglement fetishism, namely the celebratory, normative and exclusionary projection of a relational world. Entangled peace is an invitation to read the peacebuilding milieu, and by extension the broader theatre of the real, as radical openness, where events emanate from the collision of an infinite multiplicity of possible worlds.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"209 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46934250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-04DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2021.1997387
Anthony Ware, V. Ware
ABSTRACT ‘Everyday peace’ entered the literature over the past two decades, referring to ordinary people navigating everyday life in deeply divided societies, in ways that minimise conflict. Most cited is Mac Ginty’s ‘conceptual scoping’ paper, which culminates in a typology of social practices he argues constitutes everyday peace. Drawing on additional, detailed ethnographic studies, this paper proposes a re-think, presenting a total of eight everyday peace social practices:avoidance, reading, ambiguity, shielding, civility, reciprocity, solidarity and renunciation. This new typology applies across a wider spectrum of situations, better constitutes the full breadth of social practices, and more accurately reflects the diverse agency of actors seeking non-violent local coexistence. While noting its potential for wider peace formation /peacebuilding, this paper cautions about its potential to perpetuate injustice and highlights its vulnerability to manipulation.
{"title":"Everyday peace: rethinking typologies of social practice and local agency","authors":"Anthony Ware, V. Ware","doi":"10.1080/21647259.2021.1997387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.1997387","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT ‘Everyday peace’ entered the literature over the past two decades, referring to ordinary people navigating everyday life in deeply divided societies, in ways that minimise conflict. Most cited is Mac Ginty’s ‘conceptual scoping’ paper, which culminates in a typology of social practices he argues constitutes everyday peace. Drawing on additional, detailed ethnographic studies, this paper proposes a re-think, presenting a total of eight everyday peace social practices:avoidance, reading, ambiguity, shielding, civility, reciprocity, solidarity and renunciation. This new typology applies across a wider spectrum of situations, better constitutes the full breadth of social practices, and more accurately reflects the diverse agency of actors seeking non-violent local coexistence. While noting its potential for wider peace formation /peacebuilding, this paper cautions about its potential to perpetuate injustice and highlights its vulnerability to manipulation.","PeriodicalId":45555,"journal":{"name":"Peacebuilding","volume":"10 1","pages":"222 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47859324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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