Abstract This study develops a conceptual model of network dynamics on innovation by integrating observations and insights from a world-leading innovation company with concepts and theories from the relevant literature. This study first defines the two stages of the innovation process – early-stage and late-stage and unpacks two types of network activities – knowledge networks and social networks. This work then suggests that the experimental learning cycle with failures spontaneously stimulates network activities to become cognitively activated in the innovation process and incorporates six testable propositions. This study illuminates the idea of Learning by Networking and demonstrates that inventors constitute the reality about what knowledge involves and which people act and intentionally create network dynamics for each task, thus merging these streams as a sequential phenomenon.
{"title":"Network Dynamic for Experimental Learning Cycle and Innovation Process: A Conceptual Model","authors":"Siwei Zhu","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0287","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study develops a conceptual model of network dynamics on innovation by integrating observations and insights from a world-leading innovation company with concepts and theories from the relevant literature. This study first defines the two stages of the innovation process – early-stage and late-stage and unpacks two types of network activities – knowledge networks and social networks. This work then suggests that the experimental learning cycle with failures spontaneously stimulates network activities to become cognitively activated in the innovation process and incorporates six testable propositions. This study illuminates the idea of Learning by Networking and demonstrates that inventors constitute the reality about what knowledge involves and which people act and intentionally create network dynamics for each task, thus merging these streams as a sequential phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"265 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76274007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lan Xuan Pham, Luc Tan Phan, A. Le, Anh Bui Ngoc Tuan
Abstract This paper aims to apply Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) to investigate social entrepreneurial intention factors. In particular, the impacts of social entrepreneurship education and prior experience with social organizations on social entrepreneurial intention through the mediating roles of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social entrepreneurial outcome expectations are scrutinized. Based on a dataset of 503 individuals who have completed social-entrepreneurship orientation courses, the analysis results reveal that the other direct hypotheses are supported except for the insignificant direct effect of social entrepreneurship education on social entrepreneurial outcome expectations. Thus, the applicability of SCCT in the context of social entrepreneurship is confirmed. In addition, the sequential mediating roles of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social entrepreneurial outcome expectations are also supported by this study. These two mediators fully and complementarity play a factor in the respective effects of social entrepreneurship education and prior experience on social entrepreneurial intention. Policymakers and educators can rely on the findings of this study to design curricula that aim to enhance the social education and experience of learners to stimulate social entrepreneurial intention.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Social Entrepreneurial Intention: An Application of Social Cognitive Career Theory","authors":"Lan Xuan Pham, Luc Tan Phan, A. Le, Anh Bui Ngoc Tuan","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aims to apply Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) to investigate social entrepreneurial intention factors. In particular, the impacts of social entrepreneurship education and prior experience with social organizations on social entrepreneurial intention through the mediating roles of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social entrepreneurial outcome expectations are scrutinized. Based on a dataset of 503 individuals who have completed social-entrepreneurship orientation courses, the analysis results reveal that the other direct hypotheses are supported except for the insignificant direct effect of social entrepreneurship education on social entrepreneurial outcome expectations. Thus, the applicability of SCCT in the context of social entrepreneurship is confirmed. In addition, the sequential mediating roles of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social entrepreneurial outcome expectations are also supported by this study. These two mediators fully and complementarity play a factor in the respective effects of social entrepreneurship education and prior experience on social entrepreneurial intention. Policymakers and educators can rely on the findings of this study to design curricula that aim to enhance the social education and experience of learners to stimulate social entrepreneurial intention.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78507828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Bricolage is commonly recognized as a practice of non-traditional resource mobilization by immigrant entrepreneurs within their country of residence. When the host country is in an adversarial social and institutional context characterized by the liability of foreignness, we posit that accessing “resources at hand” in the external environment is hampered by anti-immigrant sentiments, both socially and institutionally. Through a rigorous analysis of eight cases of immigrant entrepreneurs and their South African-based enterprises, we apply Bourdieu’s theory of practice to examine the practice of bricolage at a more nuanced level. Our findings suggest that the localized prejudice against immigrants ‘otherizes’ their foreignness, and in turn, heightens the entrepreneurs’ awareness of their habitus. We argue that the immigrants’ ‘heightened habitus’ represents an internalization of both cognitive (i.e. resources at head) and adaptive (i.e. resources at heart) dispositions informed by the home country, and which serve as crucial endogenous resources by which to reimagine and reconstruct external resources accessed via local social capital. We present the novel theoretical contribution of immigrant entrepreneurial bricolage as the utilization of both endogenous resources at head and heart, which are activated by – and intended to overcome – their liability of foreignness. Our contribution also aims to reconstruct the frequently referenced exogenous resources at hand.
{"title":"“Resources at Hand, Head, and Heart”: ‘Heightened Habitus’ as an Endogenous Resource in Immigrant Entrepreneurial Bricolage","authors":"Eliada Griffin-EL, Joy Olabisi","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0229","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bricolage is commonly recognized as a practice of non-traditional resource mobilization by immigrant entrepreneurs within their country of residence. When the host country is in an adversarial social and institutional context characterized by the liability of foreignness, we posit that accessing “resources at hand” in the external environment is hampered by anti-immigrant sentiments, both socially and institutionally. Through a rigorous analysis of eight cases of immigrant entrepreneurs and their South African-based enterprises, we apply Bourdieu’s theory of practice to examine the practice of bricolage at a more nuanced level. Our findings suggest that the localized prejudice against immigrants ‘otherizes’ their foreignness, and in turn, heightens the entrepreneurs’ awareness of their habitus. We argue that the immigrants’ ‘heightened habitus’ represents an internalization of both cognitive (i.e. resources at head) and adaptive (i.e. resources at heart) dispositions informed by the home country, and which serve as crucial endogenous resources by which to reimagine and reconstruct external resources accessed via local social capital. We present the novel theoretical contribution of immigrant entrepreneurial bricolage as the utilization of both endogenous resources at head and heart, which are activated by – and intended to overcome – their liability of foreignness. Our contribution also aims to reconstruct the frequently referenced exogenous resources at hand.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79374990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper explores how firms engage in corporate entrepreneurship through programmes, and what kind of outcomes they achieve in terms of innovations. Insights are drawn from four cases of organisations that engaged in corporate entrepreneurial activities. The paper identifies two dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship programmes as idea themes, indicating whether programmes are designed with specific themes in mind, and idea ownership, indicating whether there is a dedicated team to focus on new ideas, or not. These dimensions are under the direct control of management. Based on these two dimensions, four models of corporate entrepreneurial activities are presented linking each of these models to one of the four cases of product innovations (product line extensions, product improvements, new products, start-up businesses). By drawing on the insights of the effectuation and causation logics, the paper provides a fresh perspective of corporate entrepreneurship programmes in an emerging, non-Western cultural setup and the product innovation context. This is primarily done by introducing a 2 × 2 matrix regarding corporate entrepreneurship idea themes and idea ownership in an emerging context.
{"title":"Corporate entrepreneurship programmes as mechanisms to accelerate product innovations","authors":"A. S. Ghura, Burak Erkut","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores how firms engage in corporate entrepreneurship through programmes, and what kind of outcomes they achieve in terms of innovations. Insights are drawn from four cases of organisations that engaged in corporate entrepreneurial activities. The paper identifies two dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship programmes as idea themes, indicating whether programmes are designed with specific themes in mind, and idea ownership, indicating whether there is a dedicated team to focus on new ideas, or not. These dimensions are under the direct control of management. Based on these two dimensions, four models of corporate entrepreneurial activities are presented linking each of these models to one of the four cases of product innovations (product line extensions, product improvements, new products, start-up businesses). By drawing on the insights of the effectuation and causation logics, the paper provides a fresh perspective of corporate entrepreneurship programmes in an emerging, non-Western cultural setup and the product innovation context. This is primarily done by introducing a 2 × 2 matrix regarding corporate entrepreneurship idea themes and idea ownership in an emerging context.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82633880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1515/erj-2022-frontmatter1
Article Frontmatter was published on January 1, 2022 in the journal Entrepreneurship Research Journal (volume 12, issue 1).
文章Frontmatter于2022年1月1日发表在《创业研究杂志》第12卷第1期。
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/erj-2022-frontmatter1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2022-frontmatter1","url":null,"abstract":"Article Frontmatter was published on January 1, 2022 in the journal Entrepreneurship Research Journal (volume 12, issue 1).","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"56 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138504589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We investigate whether team ventures are more likely to be acquired than single-founder ventures, and if so, attempt to determine what number of founders results in the highest acquisition likelihood. Using the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) of US businesses started in 2004, our results indicate that team-founded new ventures are more likely to be acquired, and that there is a positive and diminishing relationship between team size and acquisition likelihood. This study contributes to the understanding of drivers of exit for new ventures, and opens up the new venture exit literature to future contributions of a team demography approach.
{"title":"Team Ventures and Acquisition Exits: Are Team-Founded Ventures More Likely to be Acquired?","authors":"Leila Soleimani, Mohammad H. Keyhani","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0193","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We investigate whether team ventures are more likely to be acquired than single-founder ventures, and if so, attempt to determine what number of founders results in the highest acquisition likelihood. Using the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) of US businesses started in 2004, our results indicate that team-founded new ventures are more likely to be acquired, and that there is a positive and diminishing relationship between team size and acquisition likelihood. This study contributes to the understanding of drivers of exit for new ventures, and opens up the new venture exit literature to future contributions of a team demography approach.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78438388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study is developed based on particular social and cultural backgrounds and discovers young Eastern ethnic minority groups’ (EMGs) online-startup motivation on live streaming platforms. Drawing on the Hofstede cultural dimensions, this paper explores various influencing factors, including peers’ support, conservative thinking and family support. It analyses young Eastern EMGs’ entrepreneurial motivation and behaviour based on the Stimulus, Organism and Response (S-O-R) model. Compared with traditional research models, the combination of the Hofstede cultural theory and the S-O-R model could be conducive to make the research model reflect influencing factors and present their specific relationships. By analysing 531 valid online questionnaires based on the partial least squares path modelling and variance-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), the paper proves that peers’ support and family support can reduce young EMGs’ conservative thinking and positively affect young people EMGs’ online-startup motivation. Based on the analysis results, some suggestions are provided for related departments, aiming to enhance young EMGs’ online-startup confidence.
{"title":"Effect of the Social and Cultural Control on Young Eastern Ethnic Minority Groups’ Online-Startup Motivation","authors":"Lifu Li, Kyeong Kang","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0262","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is developed based on particular social and cultural backgrounds and discovers young Eastern ethnic minority groups’ (EMGs) online-startup motivation on live streaming platforms. Drawing on the Hofstede cultural dimensions, this paper explores various influencing factors, including peers’ support, conservative thinking and family support. It analyses young Eastern EMGs’ entrepreneurial motivation and behaviour based on the Stimulus, Organism and Response (S-O-R) model. Compared with traditional research models, the combination of the Hofstede cultural theory and the S-O-R model could be conducive to make the research model reflect influencing factors and present their specific relationships. By analysing 531 valid online questionnaires based on the partial least squares path modelling and variance-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), the paper proves that peers’ support and family support can reduce young EMGs’ conservative thinking and positively affect young people EMGs’ online-startup motivation. Based on the analysis results, some suggestions are provided for related departments, aiming to enhance young EMGs’ online-startup confidence.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79145078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This research examines the relationship between a founding team’s social network and the acquisition of its critical human capital. First, explicitly dealing with technology-based firms, we disaggregate the founder(s) social network into four sub-networks: academic, industry, finance, and personal (family and community). Then, we detail the relationship between these individual sub-networks and the acquisition of both technical and business skilled human capital. Our results confirm that individual sub-networks have a differential effect on acquiring both technical and business human capital.
{"title":"The Connections Between Founders’ Social Network and Human Capital in Technology-Based New Ventures","authors":"Lee J. Zane, D. DeCarolis","doi":"10.1515/erj-2020-0550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2020-0550","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research examines the relationship between a founding team’s social network and the acquisition of its critical human capital. First, explicitly dealing with technology-based firms, we disaggregate the founder(s) social network into four sub-networks: academic, industry, finance, and personal (family and community). Then, we detail the relationship between these individual sub-networks and the acquisition of both technical and business skilled human capital. Our results confirm that individual sub-networks have a differential effect on acquiring both technical and business human capital.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73956230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Entrepreneurial Personality (EP) is a collection of personality traits that broadly and strongly relate to entrepreneurial outcomes across most contexts. The goal of the current article is to address present uncertainties surrounding EP by identifying its dimensions and assessing their relations with entrepreneurial outcomes. Our systematic literature review demonstrates that seven dimensions are commonly used to represent EP: innovativeness, risk-taking, achievement orientation, locus of control, proactiveness, self-efficacy, and autonomy orientation. Via meta-analytic structural equation modeling, we find support for a one-factor model composed of these seven dimensions, suggesting that they indeed represent a unitary construct. Our meta-analysis also supports that EP and its dimensions consistently produce significant relations with entrepreneurial attitudes, intent, status, and performance. EP is thereby supported as an important component of successful entrepreneurial endeavors, and our meta-analytic results provide clear criteria for determining the inclusion of dimensions within the construct of EP – which our seven identified dimensions satisfy.
{"title":"A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Entrepreneurial Personality","authors":"Matt C. Howard, Melanie Boudreaux","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0322","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Entrepreneurial Personality (EP) is a collection of personality traits that broadly and strongly relate to entrepreneurial outcomes across most contexts. The goal of the current article is to address present uncertainties surrounding EP by identifying its dimensions and assessing their relations with entrepreneurial outcomes. Our systematic literature review demonstrates that seven dimensions are commonly used to represent EP: innovativeness, risk-taking, achievement orientation, locus of control, proactiveness, self-efficacy, and autonomy orientation. Via meta-analytic structural equation modeling, we find support for a one-factor model composed of these seven dimensions, suggesting that they indeed represent a unitary construct. Our meta-analysis also supports that EP and its dimensions consistently produce significant relations with entrepreneurial attitudes, intent, status, and performance. EP is thereby supported as an important component of successful entrepreneurial endeavors, and our meta-analytic results provide clear criteria for determining the inclusion of dimensions within the construct of EP – which our seven identified dimensions satisfy.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83751630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Many new ventures are founded and developed by teams rather than solo entrepreneurs. Therefore, the extent to which entrepreneurs identify with their teams is likely to have an important impact on the process and outcome of new venture creation in new venture teams. However, most of the relevant studies focus on entrepreneurs’ individual identity, and the identity at the team level has been overlooked. This study seeks to fill this gap by exploring the effect of collective team identification on new venture performance. The relationship between collective team identification and new venture performance was examined using a sample of 54 new venture teams in Internet Technology (IT) industry. The results show that the relationship between collective team identification and new venture performance is inverted U-shaped. Moreover, environmental uncertainty may moderate this curvilinear effect, such that this inverted U-shaped relationship is more salient at a low level of environmental uncertainty rather than at a high level of environmental uncertainty.
{"title":"The Curvilinear Relationship Between Collective Team Identification and New Venture Performance: The Moderating Effect of Environmental Uncertainty","authors":"Hao Ji, Wencang Zhou","doi":"10.1515/erj-2021-0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many new ventures are founded and developed by teams rather than solo entrepreneurs. Therefore, the extent to which entrepreneurs identify with their teams is likely to have an important impact on the process and outcome of new venture creation in new venture teams. However, most of the relevant studies focus on entrepreneurs’ individual identity, and the identity at the team level has been overlooked. This study seeks to fill this gap by exploring the effect of collective team identification on new venture performance. The relationship between collective team identification and new venture performance was examined using a sample of 54 new venture teams in Internet Technology (IT) industry. The results show that the relationship between collective team identification and new venture performance is inverted U-shaped. Moreover, environmental uncertainty may moderate this curvilinear effect, such that this inverted U-shaped relationship is more salient at a low level of environmental uncertainty rather than at a high level of environmental uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":45658,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Research Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85890743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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