Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001603
Rodrigo Moulian Tesmer, M. P. Poblete
This paper contextualizes the variants of the symbolism of the head in use among the Reche,which was the ethnic name for the original inhabitants of southern Chile until the eighteenthcentury, today named Mapuche. Information is provided in intracultural terms while exposing itstranscultural background. We explore the ‘semiotic constellations’ associated with this symbolism.That is, we read series of meaning relationships that make sense to the practice of taking headsof enemies killed in war, the ritual of beheading the prisoners, the use of their skulls as trophiesand ceremonial instruments, and the preservation or burial of the heads of relatives and brethrenfor the reproduction of the social group. The recurrence and persistence of these practices amongAmerindian groups in the Southern Cone, as well as the systems of representations about them,show the symbolism of the head of the Reche Mapuche as part of a Pan-Andean and Amazoniancultural pattern. This means that a cotradition around this cultural pattern has developed in thismacro region.
{"title":"Katulongkon: contextualización y antecedentes transculturales del simbolismo de la cabeza entre los Reche-Mapuche","authors":"Rodrigo Moulian Tesmer, M. P. Poblete","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001603","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contextualizes the variants of the symbolism of the head in use among the Reche,which was the ethnic name for the original inhabitants of southern Chile until the eighteenthcentury, today named Mapuche. Information is provided in intracultural terms while exposing itstranscultural background. We explore the ‘semiotic constellations’ associated with this symbolism.That is, we read series of meaning relationships that make sense to the practice of taking headsof enemies killed in war, the ritual of beheading the prisoners, the use of their skulls as trophiesand ceremonial instruments, and the preservation or burial of the heads of relatives and brethrenfor the reproduction of the social group. The recurrence and persistence of these practices amongAmerindian groups in the Southern Cone, as well as the systems of representations about them,show the symbolism of the head of the Reche Mapuche as part of a Pan-Andean and Amazoniancultural pattern. This means that a cotradition around this cultural pattern has developed in thismacro region.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"219 1","pages":"213-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76785525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001602
Manuel Llorca-Jaña, Roberto Araya, Juan Navarrete-Montalvo
espanolLa estatura promedio de una poblacion se ha considerado recientemente como un buen indicador de bienestar biologico, y por tanto de niveles de vida y desarrollo economico. Este articulo entrega la primera serie disponible para Chile, aportando la evolucion de la estatura promedio de soldados chilenos (varones) nacidos desde la decada de 1730 hasta la de 1980, usando una muestra de 6.200 individuos. Dicha muestra puede tomarse como un buen proxy de la estatura promedio de la poblacion chilena (masculina) para el periodo bajo estudio. Del analisis de los datos, nuestras principales conclusiones son: (i) a mediados del siglo XVIII la estatura promedio de los chilenos era relativamente alta si se compara con Chile mismo en otros periodos, asi como con otros paises de la region y de Europa; (ii) en el siglo XIX la estatura promedio de los chilenos cae durante un periodo prolongado; (iii) en el siglo XX se observa un importante aumento de la estatura promedio masculina, pero en el mundo desarrollado la estatura crecio mucho mas rapido que en Chile. EnglishThe average height of a population has been recently taken as a good indicator of biological welfare, andtherefore of standards of living and economic development. This article provides the first available seriesfor Chile, providing the evolution of the average height of Chilean soldiers (male) born from the 1730sto the 1980s, using a sample of 6.200 individuals. This sample can be safely taken as a good proxy ofthe average height of Chilean male population for the period under study. Having analysed our data,our main conclusions are: (i) around mid-eighteenth century the average height of Chileans was ratherhigh if compared to Chile itself, as well as to other countries of the region and Europe; (ii) during thenineteenth century the average height of Chileans declined during a long spell, (iii) in the twentiethcentury there was an important increase in the average male height, but in the developed world heightincreased faster than in Chile.
人口的平均身高最近被认为是生物福祉的良好指标，因此也是生活水平和经济发展的良好指标。这篇文章提供了智利可用的第一个系列，提供了从1730年到1980年出生的智利士兵(男性)平均身高的演变，使用了6200个样本。这一样本可以作为研究期间智利人口(男性)平均身高的一个很好的代表。通过对数据的分析，我们的主要结论是:(i)在18世纪中期，智利人的平均身高与其他时期的智利本身以及该地区和欧洲的其他国家相比相对较高;在19世纪，智利人的平均身高在很长一段时间内下降;在20世纪，男性的平均身高有了显著的增长，但发达国家的身高增长速度比智利快得多。最近人们认为，人口平均身高是生物福利的良好指标，因此也是生活标准和经济发展的良好指标。这条提供the first可seriesfor智利提供the evolution of the height of平均货真价实的士兵(男)born from the 1730sto the 1980s, using a sample of 6200个人。该样本可以安全地作为研究期间智利男性人口平均身高的良好代表。在分析了我们的数据后，我们的主要结论是:(i)在18世纪中期，智利人的平均身高与智利本身以及该区域和欧洲其他国家相比相当高;(二)在十七世纪，智利人的平均身高因长期的拼写而下降;(三)在二十世纪，男性的平均身高大幅增加，但在发达世界，身高的增长速度比智利快。
{"title":"Antropometría histórica de Chile: evolución de la estatura de la población en el largo plazo, siglos XVIII-XX","authors":"Manuel Llorca-Jaña, Roberto Araya, Juan Navarrete-Montalvo","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001602","url":null,"abstract":"espanolLa estatura promedio de una poblacion se ha considerado recientemente como un buen indicador de bienestar biologico, y por tanto de niveles de vida y desarrollo economico. Este articulo entrega la primera serie disponible para Chile, aportando la evolucion de la estatura promedio de soldados chilenos (varones) nacidos desde la decada de 1730 hasta la de 1980, usando una muestra de 6.200 individuos. Dicha muestra puede tomarse como un buen proxy de la estatura promedio de la poblacion chilena (masculina) para el periodo bajo estudio. Del analisis de los datos, nuestras principales conclusiones son: (i) a mediados del siglo XVIII la estatura promedio de los chilenos era relativamente alta si se compara con Chile mismo en otros periodos, asi como con otros paises de la region y de Europa; (ii) en el siglo XIX la estatura promedio de los chilenos cae durante un periodo prolongado; (iii) en el siglo XX se observa un importante aumento de la estatura promedio masculina, pero en el mundo desarrollado la estatura crecio mucho mas rapido que en Chile. EnglishThe average height of a population has been recently taken as a good indicator of biological welfare, andtherefore of standards of living and economic development. This article provides the first available seriesfor Chile, providing the evolution of the average height of Chilean soldiers (male) born from the 1730sto the 1980s, using a sample of 6.200 individuals. This sample can be safely taken as a good proxy ofthe average height of Chilean male population for the period under study. Having analysed our data,our main conclusions are: (i) around mid-eighteenth century the average height of Chileans was ratherhigh if compared to Chile itself, as well as to other countries of the region and Europe; (ii) during thenineteenth century the average height of Chileans declined during a long spell, (iii) in the twentiethcentury there was an important increase in the average male height, but in the developed world heightincreased faster than in Chile.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"100 1","pages":"161-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72763792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001404
D. M. Kligmann, M. P. Falchi
The analysis of Northwest Argentine Prehispanic iconography has been principally centeredon images of camelids, felines, serpent-like animals, and anthropomorphs. This paper seeks toanalyze the representation of a scarcely depicted and consequently little studied animal, thatof the lizard. In this, our aim is to provide a typology that will enable us - in the near future -to identify patterns in the manner these creatures are represented across time.In this undertaking, we compiled a catalog of lizard images from the Argentine archaeologicalliterature. Selected pieces from the Museo Nacional del Hombre and the Museo EtnograficoJ.B. Ambrosetti were also considered. In turn, all of these images were classified in respect oftheir general characteristics, as well as according to the morphological characteristics of theirheads, bodies, legs, and tails, as informed by the biological attributes of said reptiles.Based on the variability observed, a typological approach for the analysis of lizardrepresentations was created. This allowed us to arrange the information collected, therebyproviding us with a usable methodological tool. Throughout the article, we also discuss theusefulness and scope of these types of approaches in archaeology.
{"title":"La imagen de la lagartija en la iconografía prehispánica del Noroeste Argentino I: una propuesta tipológica","authors":"D. M. Kligmann, M. P. Falchi","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001404","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of Northwest Argentine Prehispanic iconography has been principally centeredon images of camelids, felines, serpent-like animals, and anthropomorphs. This paper seeks toanalyze the representation of a scarcely depicted and consequently little studied animal, thatof the lizard. In this, our aim is to provide a typology that will enable us - in the near future -to identify patterns in the manner these creatures are represented across time.In this undertaking, we compiled a catalog of lizard images from the Argentine archaeologicalliterature. Selected pieces from the Museo Nacional del Hombre and the Museo EtnograficoJ.B. Ambrosetti were also considered. In turn, all of these images were classified in respect oftheir general characteristics, as well as according to the morphological characteristics of theirheads, bodies, legs, and tails, as informed by the biological attributes of said reptiles.Based on the variability observed, a typological approach for the analysis of lizardrepresentations was created. This allowed us to arrange the information collected, therebyproviding us with a usable methodological tool. Throughout the article, we also discuss theusefulness and scope of these types of approaches in archaeology.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"27 1","pages":"97-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86089477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001505
Bernardo Arriaza, Luis Huamán, Fiorella Villanueva, R. Tornero, Vivien G. Standen, Natalia Aravena
Dental calculus and dental pathologies of 40 adults from 4 archaeological sites from the coastand valley of northern Chile were studied: MO 1/6, PLM-4, AZ-8 and CAM-9, analyzing 10individuals per site. In all of the dental calculus analyzed, phytolith and starches were found,except on the Late Archaic MO 1/6 site, which although did not present starch did presentphytoliths. These results are consistent with the macroscopical observation, where individualsbelonging to MO 1/6 site do not present dental cavities and generally have better dental healththan those individuals from the Late Intermediate and Late Period, both valley and the coastassociated with a mixed diet. Furthermore, a good concordance between grave goods plants andthe identified varieties in the dental calculus was observed in individuals from Late Intermediateand Late period sites.
{"title":"Estudio del cálculo dental en poblaciones arqueológicas del extremo norte de Chile","authors":"Bernardo Arriaza, Luis Huamán, Fiorella Villanueva, R. Tornero, Vivien G. Standen, Natalia Aravena","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001505","url":null,"abstract":"Dental calculus and dental pathologies of 40 adults from 4 archaeological sites from the coastand valley of northern Chile were studied: MO 1/6, PLM-4, AZ-8 and CAM-9, analyzing 10individuals per site. In all of the dental calculus analyzed, phytolith and starches were found,except on the Late Archaic MO 1/6 site, which although did not present starch did presentphytoliths. These results are consistent with the macroscopical observation, where individualsbelonging to MO 1/6 site do not present dental cavities and generally have better dental healththan those individuals from the Late Intermediate and Late Period, both valley and the coastassociated with a mixed diet. Furthermore, a good concordance between grave goods plants andthe identified varieties in the dental calculus was observed in individuals from Late Intermediateand Late period sites.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"25 1","pages":"297-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72875520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001304
S. L. Campeny, C. Agüero
La historia de este volumen temático se inicia en el año 2015, cuando entre los días 12 y 17 de julio se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de San Salvador, en El Salvador, el 55 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, bajo la consigna “Conflicto, paz y construcción de identidades en las Américas”. En el marco de dicho encuentro, las editoras de este volumen convocamos a un simposio temático que, en sintonía con el lema del congreso, se titulaba “Tensar las fibras: conflicto y negociación en la construcción de identidades. Miradas desde la evidencia textil en América”.
{"title":"Tensar las fibras: conflicto y negociación en la construcción de identidades","authors":"S. L. Campeny, C. Agüero","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001304","url":null,"abstract":"La historia de este volumen temático se inicia en el año 2015, cuando entre los días 12 y 17 de julio se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de San Salvador, en El Salvador, el 55 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, bajo la consigna “Conflicto, paz y construcción de identidades en las Américas”. En el marco de dicho encuentro, las editoras de este volumen convocamos a un simposio temático que, en sintonía con el lema del congreso, se titulaba “Tensar las fibras: conflicto y negociación en la construcción de identidades. Miradas desde la evidencia textil en América”.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"27 1","pages":"3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82034771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001503
P. Quiñones, Walter Imilán
Migration challenges the relation between identity-building process and territory. Space hastraditionally been observed as backdrop of social relations and practices, but a constructivistperspective leads the analysis to observe the practices producing space and territory. Thatspace expresses itself on different territorialities. Some practices of migrant populationproduce territory on the bodies, so, the body becomes territory. This reflection expands theknowledge of migration and its spatial expression. The present text is based on ethnographicalfieldwork on migrant beauty salons and barber shops in Santiago downtown. Consideringthese empirical observations, the text discusses multiple ways to produce space through theidentity-building processes.
{"title":"Reterritorializaciones migrantes a través del cuerpo y su expresividad","authors":"P. Quiñones, Walter Imilán","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001503","url":null,"abstract":"Migration challenges the relation between identity-building process and territory. Space hastraditionally been observed as backdrop of social relations and practices, but a constructivistperspective leads the analysis to observe the practices producing space and territory. Thatspace expresses itself on different territorialities. Some practices of migrant populationproduce territory on the bodies, so, the body becomes territory. This reflection expands theknowledge of migration and its spatial expression. The present text is based on ethnographicalfieldwork on migrant beauty salons and barber shops in Santiago downtown. Consideringthese empirical observations, the text discusses multiple ways to produce space through theidentity-building processes.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"43 1","pages":"241-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86457041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001403
Anahí Hernández
In this paper, the results of the analysis of a zooarchaeological sample from thearchaeological site Condor II are presented. The site is located in the upper partof Condor Quebrada (Humahuaca, Jujuy). The sample comes from two levels ofhuman occupation dated by radiocarbon in 1130 and 960 BP, which falls withinthe Regional Developments period I (PDR 1) (ca. AD 900-1250), of the widely usedregional periodization.The sample analyzed is characterized by a predominance of bone specimenscorresponding to South American camelids. Because of this, in addition to the surveyof anthropic marks, a traditional osteometrical study, based on measurements takenon first and second phalanges of this taxon, is carried out. The goal is to preliminaryassess the presence of wild and/or domestic species in the site.
{"title":"Aprovechamiento de camélidos y variabilidad morfométrica en el sector norte de Quebrada de Humahuaca. El sitio Cóndor II (Jujuy, Argentina)","authors":"Anahí Hernández","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001403","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the results of the analysis of a zooarchaeological sample from thearchaeological site Condor II are presented. The site is located in the upper partof Condor Quebrada (Humahuaca, Jujuy). The sample comes from two levels ofhuman occupation dated by radiocarbon in 1130 and 960 BP, which falls withinthe Regional Developments period I (PDR 1) (ca. AD 900-1250), of the widely usedregional periodization.The sample analyzed is characterized by a predominance of bone specimenscorresponding to South American camelids. Because of this, in addition to the surveyof anthropic marks, a traditional osteometrical study, based on measurements takenon first and second phalanges of this taxon, is carried out. The goal is to preliminaryassess the presence of wild and/or domestic species in the site.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"28 1","pages":"77-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73355653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001402
Juan Villanueva Críales, P. González, Patricia Ayala Rocabado
This paper analyzes the impact of colonialism on the ways in which subaltern populationsestablish relations of sameness and otherness with their ancestors and with archaeologicalvestiges in their surroundings. From a perspective that questions the dominant dichotomousand structural interpretation that conceived the logic of otherness as a product of intrinsiccommunity dynamics, this study reveals the central role of historically specific powerrelations in the articulation of identity configurations. This is revealed in the comparativeanalysis of the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula, the Bolivian highlands, and theChilean Atacama region. The populations of the three regions present animistic beliefs inmouros, chullpas, gentiles and abuelos, which they associate with archaeological remains undera common logic. Starting with the Christian struggle against paganism in Europe and theextirpation of idolatry in America, this article demonstrates how enlightened modernity,nationalism and contemporary multiculturalism have led to different configurations ofpatterns of identity and alterity, as well as alternative notions of ancestry in each case.Archaeology has played a prominent role in these processes, subordinating local conceptionsof otherness and partaking in their heritagisation.
{"title":"Arqueología de la ruptura colonial: mouros, chullpas, gentiles y abuelos en España, Bolivia y Chile en perspectiva comparada","authors":"Juan Villanueva Críales, P. González, Patricia Ayala Rocabado","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001402","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the impact of colonialism on the ways in which subaltern populationsestablish relations of sameness and otherness with their ancestors and with archaeologicalvestiges in their surroundings. From a perspective that questions the dominant dichotomousand structural interpretation that conceived the logic of otherness as a product of intrinsiccommunity dynamics, this study reveals the central role of historically specific powerrelations in the articulation of identity configurations. This is revealed in the comparativeanalysis of the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula, the Bolivian highlands, and theChilean Atacama region. The populations of the three regions present animistic beliefs inmouros, chullpas, gentiles and abuelos, which they associate with archaeological remains undera common logic. Starting with the Christian struggle against paganism in Europe and theextirpation of idolatry in America, this article demonstrates how enlightened modernity,nationalism and contemporary multiculturalism have led to different configurations ofpatterns of identity and alterity, as well as alternative notions of ancestry in each case.Archaeology has played a prominent role in these processes, subordinating local conceptionsof otherness and partaking in their heritagisation.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"22 1","pages":"9-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84520833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001601
J. A. G. Pizarro
This paper examines The Antofagasta Nitrate Company, which emerged after theWar of the Pacific and its change into a modern enterprise since its productive andcompetitive nitrate strategy demanded a change in its administrative organization,where technological innovation played a relevant role. In this sense, we show thatthere reforms were implemented between 1916 and 1925. Once the number of nitratemines increased, the company had to face the challenge of synthetic nitrate and theoption of inventions to change the production system.
{"title":"La Compañía de Salitres de Antofagasta, Chile. El desafío de su modernización empresarial e innovación estratégica","authors":"J. A. G. Pizarro","doi":"10.4067/S0718-10432018005001601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001601","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines The Antofagasta Nitrate Company, which emerged after theWar of the Pacific and its change into a modern enterprise since its productive andcompetitive nitrate strategy demanded a change in its administrative organization,where technological innovation played a relevant role. In this sense, we show thatthere reforms were implemented between 1916 and 1925. Once the number of nitratemines increased, the company had to face the challenge of synthetic nitrate and theoption of inventions to change the production system.","PeriodicalId":45736,"journal":{"name":"Estudios Atacamenos","volume":"17 1","pages":"133-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86184881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-10432018005001401
A. Zangrando, H. B. Bjerck, E. Piana, H. M. Breivik, Angélica M. Tivoli, J. Negre
espanolEn este trabajo analizamos la distribucion espacial de conjuntos de artefactos liticos correspondientes alas ocupaciones del Holoceno Temprano del sitio Binushmuka I, costa norte del canal Beagle, Tierra delFuego. Asimismo, exploramos la consistencia espacial de estas ocupaciones con la identificacion de rasgosde la paleogeografia y del paisaje arqueologico. Sobre la base de este analisis, discutimos las implicacionespara la movilidad de grupos de cazadores-recolectores tempranos. Esta publicacion constituye un primerinforme de las excavaciones efectuadas hasta el momento en el sitio, por lo que se describe la informacioncorrespondiente a la estratigrafia, la cronologia y la composicion de los conjuntos arqueologicos.El bajo grado de dispersion y disgregacion espacial de los conjuntos (~7-8 m2) estarian indicandoocupaciones por grupos de reducido tamano. Por ultimo, senalamos la consistencia espacial entre lasocupaciones costeras del Holoceno Temprano con las correspondientes para cazadores-recolectoresmarinos del Holoceno Medio, lo cual permite plantear hipotesis sobre las pautas de movilidad decazadores-recolectores tempranos en la region. EnglishWe explore the implications of the spatial structure of the artifact assemblages at the Binushmuka I site, located in the north coast of the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego). Considering the expectations derived from ethno-archaeological models concerning settlement patterns, we assume here that the spatial distribution of artifacts, which mainly depend on the number and duration of the occupations and the size of the group, can be used to evaluate the temporal characteristics of the assemblages. For evaluating pattern mobility, we also consider the spatial consistency of the location of the site in relation to features of the paleogeography and the archaeological landscape. The information corresponding to the stratigraphy, chronology and composition of the archaeological sites of this site is described. The confined size of the assemblages (~7m2) and the low degree of size sorting observed in the earlier record of Binushmuka are likely to represent short-term occupations by small sized groups. The spatial consistency between early Holocene occupations and marine hunter-gatherer assemblages observed at a regional level can suggest hypothetically that groups with similar mobility strategies could have occupied the site.
在这项工作中，我们分析了火地岛比格尔海峡北岸Binushmuka I遗址与早全新世职业相对应的岩屑组的空间分布。在这篇文章中，我们分析了这些职业的空间一致性，以识别古地理和考古景观的痕迹。在此基础上，我们讨论了对早期狩猎采集者群体流动性的影响。这份出版物是迄今为止在该遗址进行的挖掘工作的第一份报告，因此描述了与地层学、年表和考古组合组成相对应的信息。集合的低分散和空间分解程度(~7-8 m2)表明小群体的职业。最后，我们强调了全新世早期沿海职业与中全新世海洋狩猎采集者职业之间的空间一致性，从而对该地区早期狩猎采集者的流动模式提出了假设。我们在比格尔海峡(火地岛)北岸的Binushmuka I遗址探索了文物组装的空间结构的含义。虽然ngok the expectations毁坏ethno-archaeological models关于settlement patterns, we assume here that the空间distribution of artifacts, which mainly depend on the number and duration of the职业and the size of the group),可以用来临时犯罪性assemblages的特征。为了评估模式移动性，我们还考虑了场地位置与古地理和考古景观特征的空间一致性。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该镇的总面积为，其中土地和(2.641平方公里)水。在Binushmuka的早期记录中观察到的集合的有限规模(~7平方米)和规模分拣程度较低，很可能代表小群体的短期职业。在区域一级观察到的全新世早期职业与海洋猎人-采集者组合之间的空间一致性，可以假设具有类似移动策略的群体可能占据了该地点。
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