The article presents the understanding of the theory of mind in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In order to find out the level of understanding of ToM, non-letter material was used, for testing the understanding of non-literal messages (such as metaphors, ironies and hyperbolas). The study involved 16 people with ASD, aged between 10 to 16 years, to whom pupils with normative development were selected pairwise, which allowed to compare the understanding of non-literal meanings in the two groups. The results showed that children with ASD have significant deficits in understanding non-literal messages presented on non -letter material, and thus difficulties in understanding the theory of mind. The research suggests the need for further research in the field of the development of the theory of mind in children with ASD, as well as the implementation of practical solutions to support the develop ment of this socially important competence.
{"title":"Teoria umysłu u dzieci z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu: wnioskowanie w oparciu o wizualny materiał nieliterowy","authors":"Roma Talaga","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the understanding of the theory of mind in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In order to find out the level of understanding of ToM, non-letter material was used, for testing the understanding of non-literal messages (such as metaphors, ironies and hyperbolas). The study involved 16 people with ASD, aged between 10 to 16 years, to whom pupils with normative development were selected pairwise, which allowed to compare the understanding of non-literal meanings in the two groups. The results showed that children with ASD have significant deficits in understanding non-literal messages presented on non -letter material, and thus difficulties in understanding the theory of mind. The research suggests the need for further research in the field of the development of the theory of mind in children with ASD, as well as the implementation of practical solutions to support the develop ment of this socially important competence.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"2 1","pages":"91-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90116840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the results of original research conducted for the purposes of a thesis in the field of clinical psychology and psychiatry using perspective and narrative methodology. Mental health in the narrative perspective is defined as the ability to create a life story that meets certain formal criteria (Stemplewska-Żakowicz, Zalewski, 2010). The main research question of the study concerned the differences between life stories of people with diagnosed schizophrenia and the stories of healthy people – in relation to the so-called ‘healthy/adaptive’ autobiographical narratives (beneficial life stories indicators). The study group included 9 patients with the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, patients of the Psychiatric-Rehabilitation Ward of Clinical Hospital in Krakow. Autobiographical narratives of the subjects were obtained in response to a narrative stimulus: “Please tell me the story of your life”, starting the interview about the life story (The Life Story Interview) by Dan P. McAdams (1985, 2006). The reconstruction of the strategy of creating a story about one’s own life by the subjects allowed to determine the degree to which the autobiographical narratives of people suffering from schizophrenia are compatible with the criteria that favour the health of the narrative. The results of the study also revealed the internal diversity of the patients’ life histories within the whole group. The criteria referred to in the article and their conceptualisation in relation to life stories constructed by psychiatric patients may constitute a theoretical basis for differentiating autonarrations characteristic for proper functioning of an individual. These indicators also potentially serve as guidelines for clinicians, psychiatrists, and psychotherapists working with psychotic patients. Moreover, identification of disturbances or deficits occurring at the level of autobiographical narrations enables insight into the phenomenology of the disease from the perspective of the person experiencing it. This in turn enriches psychological strategies of explaining psychological phenomena that take place in the examined individuals with a category of their understanding.
本文介绍了为临床心理学和精神病学领域的一篇论文而进行的原始研究的结果，使用了视角和叙事方法。从叙事角度来看，心理健康被定义为创造符合某些正式标准的生活故事的能力(Stemplewska-Żakowicz, Zalewski, 2010)。该研究的主要研究问题涉及诊断为精神分裂症的人的生活故事与健康的人的故事之间的差异——与所谓的"健康/适应性"自传式叙述(有益的生活故事指标)有关。研究对象为克拉科夫临床医院精神病康复病房的9例偏执型精神分裂症患者。在“请告诉我你的生活故事”的叙述刺激下获得被试的自传体叙述，开始对Dan P. McAdams(1985, 2006)的关于生活故事的采访(the life story interview)。受试者对自己生活故事创作策略的重建，可以确定精神分裂症患者的自传体叙述在多大程度上符合有利于叙述健康的标准。研究结果还揭示了整个群体中患者生活史的内在多样性。文章中提到的标准及其与精神病患者构建的生活故事相关的概念化可能构成区分个体正常功能特征的自主叙述的理论基础。这些指标也有可能作为临床医生、精神科医生和心理治疗师治疗精神病患者的指导方针。此外，识别在自传体叙述层面上发生的干扰或缺陷，可以从经历它的人的角度洞察疾病的现象学。这反过来又丰富了用他们的理解范畴来解释被调查个体发生的心理现象的心理学策略。
{"title":"Możliwości wykorzystania wskaźników adaptacyjnych narracji autobiograficznych w pracy z osobami z diagnozą schizofrenii paranoidalnej","authors":"M. Wojtak","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.10","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of original research conducted for the purposes of a thesis in the field of clinical psychology and psychiatry using perspective and narrative methodology. Mental health in the narrative perspective is defined as the ability to create a life story that meets certain formal criteria (Stemplewska-Żakowicz, Zalewski, 2010). The main research question of the study concerned the differences between life stories of people with diagnosed schizophrenia and the stories of healthy people – in relation to the so-called ‘healthy/adaptive’ autobiographical narratives (beneficial life stories indicators). The study group included 9 patients with the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, patients of the Psychiatric-Rehabilitation Ward of Clinical Hospital in Krakow. Autobiographical narratives of the subjects were obtained in response to a narrative stimulus: “Please tell me the story of your life”, starting the interview about the life story (The Life Story Interview) by Dan P. McAdams (1985, 2006). The reconstruction of the strategy of creating a story about one’s own life by the subjects allowed to determine the degree to which the autobiographical narratives of people suffering from schizophrenia are compatible with the criteria that favour the health of the narrative. The results of the study also revealed the internal diversity of the patients’ life histories within the whole group. The criteria referred to in the article and their conceptualisation in relation to life stories constructed by psychiatric patients may constitute a theoretical basis for differentiating autonarrations characteristic for proper functioning of an individual. These indicators also potentially serve as guidelines for clinicians, psychiatrists, and psychotherapists working with psychotic patients. Moreover, identification of disturbances or deficits occurring at the level of autobiographical narrations enables insight into the phenomenology of the disease from the perspective of the person experiencing it. This in turn enriches psychological strategies of explaining psychological phenomena that take place in the examined individuals with a category of their understanding.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"1 1","pages":"177-194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90592225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Freudenstein, Hagit Nagar Shimoni, Shahar Gindi, Y. Leitner
This study compares the classification of ASD using ADOS-2 with diagnoses using DSM-5 among children between 8 and 10 years old. Case series data were used on four children who were referred with suspected autism, and as a result a discrepancy was found between the ADOS-2 assessment and the overall diagnosis. Initial findings indicated that age, additional diagnoses, and over-reliance on observation may bias the ADOS-2 classification. In particular, children who were diagnosed with other disorders that share symptoms with ASD exhibit behaviors that may bias the ADOS-2 classification as it relies on observed behavior without considering the underlying cause. This discrepancy points to the importance of utilizing and integrating multiple sources of information in the process of establishing an ASD diagnosis, and suggests a need for specialized clinical training in diagnosing autism and other related co-morbid conditions in children aged 8–10. This preliminary data calls for further research into the area, especially due to the current over-reliance on the ADOS-2 in clinical practice and research.
{"title":"Disagreement between assessment of ASD utilizing the ADOS-2 and DSM-5 – A preliminary study","authors":"O. Freudenstein, Hagit Nagar Shimoni, Shahar Gindi, Y. Leitner","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares the classification of ASD using ADOS-2 with diagnoses using DSM-5 among children between 8 and 10 years old. Case series data were used on four children who were referred with suspected autism, and as a result a discrepancy was found between the ADOS-2 assessment and the overall diagnosis. Initial findings indicated that age, additional diagnoses, and over-reliance on observation may bias the ADOS-2 classification. In particular, children who were diagnosed with other disorders that share symptoms with ASD exhibit behaviors that may bias the ADOS-2 classification as it relies on observed behavior without considering the underlying cause. This discrepancy points to the importance of utilizing and integrating multiple sources of information in the process of establishing an ASD diagnosis, and suggests a need for specialized clinical training in diagnosing autism and other related co-morbid conditions in children aged 8–10. This preliminary data calls for further research into the area, especially due to the current over-reliance on the ADOS-2 in clinical practice and research.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"73 1","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75226674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z cyklu „Wyznania pedagoga specjalnego” czyli o tym, jak uruchomilem w „Przystanku Betlejem” swoje szalone alter-ego…
{"title":"Z cyklu „Wyznania pedagoga specjalnego” czyli o tym, jak uruchomiłem w „Przystanku Betlejem” swoje szalone alter-ego…","authors":"M. Wolski","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.15","url":null,"abstract":"Z cyklu „Wyznania pedagoga specjalnego” czyli o tym, jak uruchomilem w „Przystanku Betlejem” swoje szalone alter-ego…","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"9 1","pages":"249-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79175289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. M. Constant, H. M. Barros, M. Ferigolo, C. Moret-Tatay
Alcohol abuse is one of the main causes of health problems in the world. In response to these alcohol-related health consequences, telehealth supportive counseling has emerged, offering new strategies of dealing with addition problems. Most of telehealth supportive counseling strategies are focused on coping more precisely with positive and negative thinking. The aim of presented study was to examine the relationships between positive thinking, and other coping strategies inherent to human thinking, to refuse alcohol. For this purpose, a total of 232 people participated in the study, all of them were users of a telehealth supportive counseling in Brazil. A batch of questionnaires was employed. This included the sociodemographic information, IDHEA-AD scores and the Coping Behaviours Inventory (CBI-20). After an analysis of mediation, the results indicated that the relationship between negative and positive thinking might be mediated by the assertiveness to refuse. These results suggest that this type of supportive counseling modality might be helpful for users and health professionals. More research is needed to examine the innumerable possibilities of the telehealth tools using as a strategy to deal with the coping variables related to quitting alcohol use.
{"title":"The role of positive thinking: a study of telehealth supportive counseling for alcohol abusers","authors":"H. M. Constant, H. M. Barros, M. Ferigolo, C. Moret-Tatay","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.6","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol abuse is one of the main causes of health problems in the world. In response to these alcohol-related health consequences, telehealth supportive counseling has emerged, offering new strategies of dealing with addition problems. Most of telehealth supportive counseling strategies are focused on coping more precisely with positive and negative thinking. The aim of presented study was to examine the relationships between positive thinking, and other coping strategies inherent to human thinking, to refuse alcohol. For this purpose, a total of 232 people participated in the study, all of them were users of a telehealth supportive counseling in Brazil. A batch of questionnaires was employed. This included the sociodemographic information, IDHEA-AD scores and the Coping Behaviours Inventory (CBI-20). After an analysis of mediation, the results indicated that the relationship between negative and positive thinking might be mediated by the assertiveness to refuse. These results suggest that this type of supportive counseling modality might be helpful for users and health professionals. More research is needed to examine the innumerable possibilities of the telehealth tools using as a strategy to deal with the coping variables related to quitting alcohol use.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"38 1","pages":"113-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87183151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu ujawniane przez dzieci stanowią dla ich matek poważne wyzwanie. Z tego powodu matki dzieci z ASD doświadczają stresu o zdecydowanie większym nasileniu aniżeli matki dzieci z innymi rodzajami niepełnosprawności lub zaburzeń w stanie zdrowia. Stopień natężenia stresu zależy jednak od różnych czynników, które można uporządkować w obrębie trzech obszarów dotyczących: indywidualnych cech matki, indywidualnych cech dziecka oraz kontekstu sytuacyjnego. W artykule przedstawiona została analiza wybranych stresorów, które na podstawie przeglądu literatury można uznać za istotne w obrębie wspomnianych trzech grup czynników. Jednak ze względu na złożoność problematyki stresu, przestawionej listy potencjalnych stresorów nie można uznać za zamkniętą.
{"title":"Macierzyństwo w kontekście autyzmu. O stresogennych czynnikach na drodze życia matek dzieci z ASD","authors":"Joanna Kossewska","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.3","url":null,"abstract":"Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu ujawniane przez dzieci stanowią dla ich matek poważne wyzwanie. Z tego powodu matki dzieci z ASD doświadczają stresu o zdecydowanie większym nasileniu aniżeli matki dzieci z innymi rodzajami niepełnosprawności lub zaburzeń w stanie zdrowia. Stopień natężenia stresu zależy jednak od różnych czynników, które można uporządkować w obrębie trzech obszarów dotyczących: indywidualnych cech matki, indywidualnych cech dziecka oraz kontekstu sytuacyjnego. \u0000W artykule przedstawiona została analiza wybranych stresorów, które na podstawie przeglądu literatury można uznać za istotne w obrębie wspomnianych trzech grup czynników. Jednak ze względu na złożoność problematyki stresu, przestawionej listy potencjalnych stresorów nie można uznać za zamkniętą.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"186 1","pages":"43-68"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78527972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celem niniejszego artykulu jest prezentacja aktywności marzenio-tworczej podejmowanej przez osoby w okresie poźnej doroslości w oparciu o wyniki badan wlasnych, w ktorychuczestniczylo 10 osob (5 kobiet i 5 mezczyzn) w wieku powyzej 60 r.z. Material badawczy pozyskany zostal przy pomocy pelnego narracyjnego wywiadu autobiograficznego, wybranychkart wchodzących w sklad narracyjnej gry (auto)biograficznej W osiemdziesiąt historii dookola zycia Urszuli Tokarskiej oraz autorskiego Testu Zdan Niedokonczonych. Analiza materialu pozwolila na dokonanie charakterystyki aktualnych marzen seniorow oraz opisanie relacji, w jakiej pozostają do wlasnych marzen. Uzyskane wyniki umozliwily sformulowanie stadialnego modelu rozwoju marzenia oraz wyroznienie nowej kategorii marzenia nazwanego marzeniem generacyjnym. Wnioski plynące ze zrealizowanego projektu badawczego odslaniają potencjalne mozliwości aplikacyjne zarowno w obszarze psychologii wspomagania rozwoju czlowieka doroslego, jak i optymalizacji komunikacji miedzypokoleniowej oraz doskonalenia narzedzi umozliwiających poznanie czlowieka oraz podejmowanie oddzialywan psychologicznych w obszarze gerontologii narracyjnej.
{"title":"„Marzenia na emeryturze”? Aktywność marzenio-twórcza osób w drugiej połowie życia","authors":"Weronika Popielarz-Mróz","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.11","url":null,"abstract":"Celem niniejszego artykulu jest prezentacja aktywności marzenio-tworczej podejmowanej przez osoby w okresie poźnej doroslości w oparciu o wyniki badan wlasnych, w ktorychuczestniczylo 10 osob (5 kobiet i 5 mezczyzn) w wieku powyzej 60 r.z. Material badawczy pozyskany zostal przy pomocy pelnego narracyjnego wywiadu autobiograficznego, wybranychkart wchodzących w sklad narracyjnej gry (auto)biograficznej W osiemdziesiąt historii dookola zycia Urszuli Tokarskiej oraz autorskiego Testu Zdan Niedokonczonych. \u0000Analiza materialu pozwolila na dokonanie charakterystyki aktualnych marzen seniorow oraz opisanie relacji, w jakiej pozostają do wlasnych marzen. Uzyskane wyniki umozliwily sformulowanie stadialnego modelu rozwoju marzenia oraz wyroznienie nowej kategorii marzenia nazwanego marzeniem generacyjnym. Wnioski plynące ze zrealizowanego projektu badawczego odslaniają potencjalne mozliwości aplikacyjne zarowno w obszarze psychologii wspomagania rozwoju czlowieka doroslego, jak i optymalizacji komunikacji miedzypokoleniowej oraz doskonalenia narzedzi umozliwiających poznanie czlowieka oraz podejmowanie oddzialywan psychologicznych w obszarze gerontologii narracyjnej.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"8 1","pages":"195-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82406290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivana Vasilevska Petrovska, Natalia Petrevska, Vladimir Trajkovski
The aim of presented study was to explore barriers and facilitators of optimal support for social and developmental outcomes for people with ASD. The survey was based on the semistructured interviews with parents of people with ASD, as well as professionals supporting persons with ASD. Thematic analysis of the data was viewed with regard to positive and negative practices that essentially serve as barriers and facilitators of optimal support of individuals with ASD. The results showed three levels of perceived barriers and facilitators of optimal support: (1) individual – related to the level of autistic impairment, (2) attitudinal – related to social interpretation of individual behaviour and needs, and (3) systemic – related to the education and welfare approach and practice at macro level. Insights from viewpoints of key stakeholders represent indispensable considerations in promotion of health, equity and well-beingof individuals with ASD and to inform the development of an individualized support system based on the person-centred planning approach.
{"title":"Stakeholders’ views on barriers and facilitators of optimal support of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Macedonia","authors":"Ivana Vasilevska Petrovska, Natalia Petrevska, Vladimir Trajkovski","doi":"10.24917/20845596.13.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.13.2","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of presented study was to explore barriers and facilitators of optimal support for social and developmental outcomes for people with ASD. The survey was based on the semistructured interviews with parents of people with ASD, as well as professionals supporting persons with ASD. Thematic analysis of the data was viewed with regard to positive and negative practices that essentially serve as barriers and facilitators of optimal support of individuals with ASD. \u0000The results showed three levels of perceived barriers and facilitators of optimal support: (1) individual – related to the level of autistic impairment, (2) attitudinal – related to social interpretation of individual behaviour and needs, and (3) systemic – related to the education and welfare approach and practice at macro level. Insights from viewpoints of key stakeholders represent indispensable considerations in promotion of health, equity and well-beingof individuals with ASD and to inform the development of an individualized support system based on the person-centred planning approach.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":"12 1","pages":"27-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87764484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Siroňová, Hynek Cígler, Stanislav Ježek, L. Lacinová
Several tools to measure attachment style in adulthood have been developed in the past three decades; however, their dimensionality is still unclear, with the main unanswered question being that of global attachment. In the Relationship Structures Questionnaire, ECR RS (Fraley et al., 2011), respondents rate their relationship to four attachment figures (mother, father, close friend and partner). The paper assesses its dimensionality to test the structure of global attachment. We used a Czech sample (N = 1023) and an international sample (Hudson et al., 2015; N = 1095) to compare a hierarchical model, in which the figure specific attachment factors are partially the product of global attachment, with a bifactor model, in which the global attachment factors directly affect the responses in questionnaires. The bifactor model fits the data better and it lends support to the hypothesis that global attachment relates to human behavior directly and is not mediated by specific attachment to different figures. The limitations of this finding are discussed.
在过去的三十年里，已经开发出了几种衡量成年依恋类型的工具;然而，他们的维度仍然不清楚，主要的未回答的问题是全球依恋。在《关系结构问卷》(ECR RS) (Fraley et al.， 2011)中，受访者将他们的关系评价为四个依恋人物(母亲、父亲、亲密朋友和伴侣)。本文对其维度进行评估，以检验整体依恋的结构。我们使用捷克样本(N = 1023)和国际样本(Hudson et al.， 2015;N = 1095)，比较数字特定依恋因素部分是全局依恋的产物的层次模型和全局依恋因素直接影响问卷回答的双因素模型。双因素模型更好地拟合了数据，它支持了全球依恋与人类行为直接相关的假设，而不是由对不同数字的特定依恋所介导的。讨论了这一发现的局限性。
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