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Mindware Instantiation as a Predictor of Logical Intuitions in Cognitive Reflection Test 认知反射测试中思维实例化对逻辑直觉的预测作用
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-05-18 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.02.822
Roman Burič, Ľubica Konrádová
Following the growing body of evidence suggesting that substantial individual differences in reasoning exist already at early stages of the reasoning process and that reasoners might be able to produce logical intuitions, the model of mindware automatization posits that the mindware acquired to the extent that it is fully automatized can cue the logically correct type 1 response. In this study, we asked participants to solve the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) presented under the two-response paradigm. Among individual difference factors, we measured mindware instantiation and conflict detection efficiency. These variables explained approximately 10% of the variance in the accuracy of intuitive answers. We also observed that in more than half of cases, the correct response was already correct at the initial response stage. These results are in line with the theoretical model of mindware automatization to a large extent and raise a question about the main attribute of the CRT.
随着越来越多的证据表明,在推理过程的早期阶段,推理中已经存在实质性的个体差异,推理者可能能够产生逻辑直觉,心智自动化模型假定,获得的心智在完全自动化的程度上可以提示逻辑上正确的第一类反应。在本研究中,我们要求被试解决双反应范式下的认知反思测试(CRT)。在个体差异因素中,我们测量了思维实例化和冲突检测效率。这些变量解释了直觉答案准确度上大约10%的差异。我们还观察到,在超过一半的病例中,正确的反应在初始反应阶段已经是正确的。这些结果在很大程度上符合思维自动化的理论模型,并对CRT的主要属性提出了质疑。
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引用次数: 5
Everybody Bullshits Sometimes: Relationships of Bullshitting Frequency, Overconfidence and Myside Bias in the Topic of Migration 每个人都有扯淡的时候:在移民话题中,扯淡频率、过度自信和自我偏见的关系
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-05-18 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.02.818
V. Čavojová, I. Brezina
Current research on bullshit has shifted its focus from the recipient of bullshit to the producer of bullshit; this trend being reflected in the new Bullshitting frequency scale (Littrell et al., 2020) measuring persuasive and evasive bullshitting. The aim of our study was to validate the scale on the Slovak population and to examine the relationship between persuasive and evasive bullshitting behavior, overconfidence and myside bias in the context of the topic of migration. Six hundred and sixty-six Slovak adults (52.7% men, Mage = 41.84) participated in an online study. The two-factor structure of BFS was confirmed. The results showed that people high in persuasive bullshitting (“persuasive bullshitters”), after controlling for evasive bullshitting, felt they had more knowledge about migration, but they also showed more myside bias. Similarly, people high in evasive bullshitting (“evasive bullshitters”), after controlling for persuasive bullshitting, felt they had less knowledge about migration and tended to underestimate their knowledge. Contrary to our expectations, correlation between overconfidence and persuasive bullshitting disappeared when evasive bullshitting was controlled for, and it seems that negative the correlation was caused by evasive bullshitters being underconfident. Our results further expand the knowledge about cognitive characteristics of bullshitters and support the distinction between the two kinds of bullshitting behavior, which has implications for political debates as well.
目前对屁话的研究已经从屁话的接受者转向了屁话的制造者;这一趋势反映在新的胡扯频率量表(Littrell et al., 2020)中,该量表测量了说服性和回避性的胡扯。我们研究的目的是验证斯洛伐克人口的规模,并检查在移民主题背景下说服和回避扯淡行为,过度自信和我的偏见之间的关系。666名斯洛伐克成年人(52.7%为男性,法师= 41.84)参与了一项在线研究。确定了BFS的双因子结构。结果显示,在控制了闪烁其词的胡扯之后,那些高说服力的人(“有说服力的胡扯者”)觉得他们对移民有更多的了解,但他们也表现出更多的自我偏见。同样,在控制了有说服力的胡扯之后,那些回避性胡扯的人(“逃避性胡扯者”)觉得他们对移民的了解更少,并且倾向于低估他们的知识。与我们的预期相反,当规避性的扯淡被控制后,过度自信与劝导性的扯淡之间的相关性消失了,似乎是由于规避性的扯淡不自信导致了负相关。我们的研究结果进一步扩展了关于扯淡者认知特征的知识,并支持两种扯淡行为之间的区别,这对政治辩论也有影响。
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引用次数: 1
Paranoid and conspiracy beliefs: The role of anxiety and life satisfaction 偏执和阴谋信念:焦虑和生活满意度的作用
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.31234/OSF.IO/ZW65S
Veronika Pekárová
This study aimed to examine the relationship between paranoid and conspiracy beliefs and how these beliefs further relate to anxiety-trait, anxiety disorders, and satisfaction with life. The research was attended by 814 participants who were administered the Paranoia Scale, the Slovak Conspiracy Belief Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. The results suggest that paranoid beliefs were associated with conspiracy beliefs, anxiety-trait, and life satisfaction. All of the variables together accounted for almost 40% of the variance of paranoid beliefs. In addition, the presence of anxiety disorders had a relatively strong effect on the level of paranoid beliefs. However, life satisfaction and anxiety-trait were not related to conspiracy beliefs. These results suggest the more attention should be drawn to mental health as both anxiety level and life satisfaction, along with conspiracy beliefs significantly predicted paranoid beliefs.
本研究旨在探讨偏执和阴谋信念之间的关系,以及这些信念如何进一步与焦虑特质、焦虑障碍和生活满意度相关。共有814名参与者参加了研究,他们分别接受了偏执量表、斯洛伐克阴谋信念量表、状态-特质焦虑量表和生活满意度量表。结果表明,偏执信念与阴谋信念、焦虑特质和生活满意度有关。所有这些变量加起来占偏执信念方差的近40%。此外,焦虑障碍的存在对偏执信念的水平有相对较强的影响。然而,生活满意度和焦虑特质与阴谋信念无关。这些结果表明,应该更多地关注心理健康,因为焦虑水平和生活满意度以及阴谋信念都能显著预测偏执信念。
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引用次数: 2
The Role of the Inhibition of Natural Number Based Reasoning and Strategy Switch Cost in a Fraction Comparison Task 基于自然数的推理抑制和策略转换代价在分数比较任务中的作用
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.01.814
J. Hoof, E. Ceulemans, W. Dooren
Previous research amply showed the importance of a good fraction understanding but also people’s lack of fraction understanding. It is therefore important to investigate the cognitive processes that underlie reasoning with fractions. The present study investigated the role of inhibition and switch costs in fraction comparison tasks. Participants solved a fraction comparison task that alternated between 4 items congruent and 4 items incongruent with natural number reasoning. This allowed to not only investigate congruency switch effects, but also inhibition, given that inhibition was experimentally increased by the prolonged exposure to incongruent trials. Based on data of seventh graders, the present study showed that inhibition does not only play a role in learners’ general mathematics achievement, but also in specific areas of mathematics, such as fractions. Moreover, a switch cost was found in the lower accuracy rates and higher reaction times needed to correctly solve switch items compared to non-switch items.
以往的研究充分表明了良好的分数理解的重要性,但也表明了人们对分数理解的不足。因此,研究分数推理背后的认知过程是很重要的。本研究探讨了抑制和转换成本在分数比较任务中的作用。参与者解决了一个分数比较任务,在自然数推理的4个项目一致和4个项目不一致之间交替进行。这不仅可以研究一致性转换效应,还可以研究抑制作用,因为在实验中,长时间暴露于不一致的试验会增加抑制作用。本研究基于七年级学生的数据,表明抑制不仅在学习者的一般数学成绩中起作用,而且在特定的数学领域,如分数中也起作用。此外,与非开关项目相比,正确解决开关项目的正确率较低,反应时间较长,这是一个开关成本。
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引用次数: 1
Attachment Dimensions as Moderators of the Relationship between Commitment to Supervisors and Organizational Citizenship Behavior 依恋维度在主管承诺与组织公民行为关系中的调节作用
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.01.813
Milica Schraggeová, Zuzana Stupková
The aims of this study are to examine the correlation between the commitment to supervisors and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) by using two different commitment conceptions and to determine whether this relationship is moderated by personal internal attachment dimensions. The theoretical framework was provided by the concept of Affective Commitment (AC), derived from Meyer and Allen’s Three-Component Model (TCM), the target-free approach of Klein et al. (2014), and attachment personality theory. The study used the Affective Commitment to Supervisors (ACS) scale and Klein’s Unidimensional and Target-free (KUT) scale. The predictive value of supervisory commitment was confirmed by both methods. However, depending on the scale, the results revealed different links between commitment, OCB, and attachment personal dimensions as moderating factors. The ACS scale interacted with the dimension of attachment anxiety: In the case of a low or moderate supervisory commitment, anxiety decreased engagement in OCB. By contrast, the moderating model indicated that there was no such interaction when using the KUT scale.
本研究的目的是通过使用两种不同的承诺概念来检验主管承诺与组织公民行为之间的相关性,并确定这种关系是否受到个人内部依恋维度的调节。理论框架由Meyer和Allen的三成分模型(Three-Component Model, TCM)衍生而来的情感承诺(Affective Commitment, AC)概念、Klein等人(2014)的无目标方法和依恋人格理论提供。本研究采用对主管情感承诺量表(ACS)和Klein 's Unidimensional and Target-free量表(KUT)。两种方法均证实了监督承诺的预测价值。然而,根据不同的量表,结果显示承诺、组织公民行为和依恋个人维度作为调节因素之间存在不同的联系。ACS量表与依恋焦虑维度相互作用:在低或中度监督承诺的情况下,焦虑降低了组织公民行为的敬业度。相反,调节模型表明,当使用KUT量表时,不存在这种相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Brief Partner Behavioral Control Scale (B-PBCS): Development and Validation 简要伴侣行为控制量表(B-PBCS):开发与验证
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.01.815
Ali Serdar Sağkal, Yalçın Özdemir, Didem Aydoğan
Despite the large growth of close relationships literature, partner behavioral control has been rarely the primary focus of research. It is also evident that the instruments for measuring partner behavioral control are scarce. Thus, the present study aims to develop and validate a 9-item Brief Partner Behavioral Control Scale (B-PBCS). The validity and reliability of the B-PBCS were examined in a sample of emerging adults (N = 511; 81.8% females; Rangeage = 18-25) who are currently in a premarital romantic relationship. To assess psychometric properties of the B-PBCS, we conducted a series of tests examining factor structure (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), measurement invariance (configural and metric invariance), reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), and predictive validity. Results demonstrated that the B-PBCS has a two-factor solution (overt and covert partner behavioral control), acceptable measurement invariance, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and predictive validity. The overt partner behavioral control at baseline assessment has been linked to romantic relationship conflict and psychological distress at 14-week follow-up assessment even after controlling for sex, age, and relationship duration. In conclusion, the B-PBCS offers a valid and brief measure for assessing partner behavioral control.
尽管亲密关系的文献大量增长,但伴侣行为控制很少成为研究的主要焦点。同样明显的是,衡量伴侣行为控制的工具很少。因此,本研究的目的是开发和验证一个包含9个条目的简短伴侣行为控制量表(B-PBCS)。B-PBCS的有效性和可靠性在新生成人样本中进行了检验(N = 511;81.8%的女性;年龄范围= 18-25岁),目前处于婚前恋爱关系。为了评估B-PBCS的心理测量特性,我们进行了一系列测试,包括因素结构(探索性和验证性因素分析)、测量不变性(构形和度量不变性)、信度(内部一致性和重测信度)和预测效度。结果表明,B-PBCS具有双因素解决方案(显性和隐性伴侣行为控制)、可接受的测量不变性、内部一致性、重测信度和预测效度。在基线评估中,公开的伴侣行为控制与恋爱冲突和14周随访评估中的心理困扰有关,即使在控制了性别、年龄和关系持续时间后也是如此。综上所述,B-PBCS为评估伴侣行为控制提供了一种有效而简短的方法。
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引用次数: 1
Predictors of Teacher Burnout in Middle Education: School Culture and Self-Efficacy 中学教师职业倦怠的预测因素:学校文化与自我效能感
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.01.811
Meral Öztürk, M. Bulut, Murat Yıldız
This study aimed to investigate the extent to which school culture and self-efficacy predicts teacher burnout. The research was conducted on 284 (Mage = 36.15, SDage = 8.34; 51.4% females) middle school teachers from 12 Turkish middle schools. The data were collected utilizing the School Culture Scale, Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory and personal information form. Structural equation model was used to analyze whether school culture and self efficacy predicts teacher burnout or not. Findings showed that school culture dimensions of bureaucratic culture and task culture had a statistically significant positive association with efficacy for student engagement and efficacy for instructional strategies. Task culture had also a significant positive association with efficacy for classroom management. Although success culture was negatively associated with both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, bureaucratic culture had a positive association with depersonalization. Efficacy for student engagement was negatively associated with emotional exhaustion. The results of this study support the importance of school culture for self-efficacy and burnout. The findings were discussed within the scope of burnout literature.
本研究旨在探讨学校文化和自我效能感对教师职业倦怠的影响程度。研究对象为284人(Mage = 36.15, SDage = 8.34;51.4%女性)来自12所土耳其中学的中学教师。采用学校文化量表、教师效能感量表、Maslach职业倦怠量表和个人信息表进行数据收集。采用结构方程模型分析学校文化和自我效能感对教师职业倦怠的预测作用。研究发现,官僚文化和任务文化的学校文化维度与学生参与效能和教学策略效能有显著的正相关。任务文化对课堂管理效能也有显著的正相关。成功文化与情绪耗竭和去人格化均呈负相关,而官僚文化与去人格化呈正相关。学生参与效能与情绪耗竭呈负相关。本研究结果支持学校文化对自我效能感和倦怠的重要性。研究结果在倦怠文献的范围内进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 3
Psychometric Evaluation and Initial Validation of the Slovak Version of the Goal Adjustment Scale (GAS) 斯洛伐克版目标调整量表(GAS)的心理测量学评价与初步验证
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.01.816
Beáta Ráczová, Pavol Kačmár, M. Hricova
The aim of this study was to pilot test the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the Goal Adjustment Scale (GAS) in a student sample. The research sample consisted of 636 students (355 secondary school pupils and 281 university students). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the 2-factor structure (as correlating factors) in the Slovak version of the scale. The internal consistency estimates of two factors (goal disengagement and reengagement) were relatively satisfactory. Regarding the convergent validity, the negative correlations between goal disengagement and dispositional optimism (LOT-R), hope (Snyder’s Hope Scale) and self-regulation (SRQ) have been found. Moreover, significant positive correlations were only found in the case of goal reengagement and pathway as a factor of dispositional hope. However, the study did not support the relationship between adjustment capacities and subjective well-being measured through the frequency of positive and negative emotions (SEHP). One of the limitations of the research was that the test-retest reliability was not tested. It is considered important to perform further validation of the GAS in the future as the current results are preliminary. Nevertheless, the GAS seems to be an efficient tool in detecting adjustment strategies in the case of obstacles in the goal achieving process.
本研究的目的是在学生样本中试点测试斯洛伐克版目标调整量表(GAS)的心理测量特性。研究样本包括636名学生(355名中学生和281名大学生)。验证性因素分析的结果支持斯洛伐克版量表中的2因素结构(作为相关因素)。两个因素(目标脱离和再投入)的内部一致性估计相对令人满意。在收敛效度方面,目标分离与性格乐观(LOT-R)、希望(Snyder’s hope Scale)和自我调节(SRQ)呈负相关。此外,只有目标再投入和路径作为性格希望的一个因素,才发现显著的正相关。然而,本研究并不支持通过积极和消极情绪(SEHP)频率测量的调节能力与主观幸福感之间的关系。本研究的局限性之一是没有测试重测信度。由于目前的结果是初步的,因此将来对GAS进行进一步验证被认为是重要的。然而,在实现目标过程中遇到障碍的情况下,气体似乎是发现调整战略的有效工具。
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引用次数: 2
The Relationship Between Work Integrity and Other Variables and Behaviors 工作诚信与其他变量和行为的关系
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.01.812
Tereza Prihodova, M. Preiss, R. Heissler, E. Strakova, Edel M. Sanders, P. Harsa
The purpose of this study was to examine the work integrity relationship between behaviors directly influenced by integrity of employers and employees, and variables that may enhance or hinder the integrity levels in the relationships between industrial and organizational psychology. The study included one sample of 121 participants tested in the Czech Republic, using an integrity test, personality tests, morality assessments, a social desirability scale, and tests focusing on undesirable and deviant work behaviors. The linear regression model proposed significant predictors of integrity with a positive effect: work years, Openness to new experiences, Conscientiousness, and Impression management, thus representing enhancing integrity factors. Non-clinical psychopathy was found to be the only significant predictor of a negative effect, hence demonstrating a hindering integrity factor. Although integrity predicts work-related undesirable behavior and moral disengagement, testing during the recruitment process is costly. Our findings illustrate a set of variables that enhance or hinder integrity levels. Therefore, this study may provide alternative means for measuring or re-evaluating integrity test results.
本研究旨在探讨受诚信直接影响的雇主与雇员行为之间的工作诚信关系,以及产业心理与组织心理关系中可能提升或阻碍诚信水平的变量。这项研究在捷克共和国对121名参与者进行了抽样测试,包括诚信测试、性格测试、道德评估、社会期望量表,以及关注不良和异常工作行为的测试。线性回归模型显示,工作年限、开放性、责任心和印象管理对诚信有显著正向影响,表明诚信因素增强。非临床精神病被发现是负面影响的唯一显著预测因子,因此证明了一个阻碍完整性的因素。尽管诚信预示着与工作相关的不良行为和道德脱离,但在招聘过程中进行测试是代价高昂的。我们的研究结果说明了一组提高或阻碍诚信水平的变量。因此,本研究可能为测量或重新评估完整性测试结果提供替代方法。
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引用次数: 1
Teachers’ Beliefs about Memory: A Vignette Study of Trainee and In-Service Teachers 教师记忆信念:对实习教师和在职教师的小调查
IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-01-11 DOI: 10.31577/SP.2021.02.821
Jonathan Firth
Previous research has indicated that laypeople, students and legal professionals often hold flawed beliefs about memory, and the present study sought to extend this area of research to the teaching profession. Are teachers' beliefs about learning in line with the scientific consensus? A set of vignettes with contrasting options for classroom practice were presented to trainee (n = 77) and in-service (n = 44) teachers, and in each case a 7-point Likert scale prompted them to predict which would be the best course of action in terms of student outcomes. As hypothesized, responses were often out of line with research on 'desirable difficulties' in memory and learning such as retrieval practice, spacing, and interleaving, with choices indicating a lack of awareness of these evidence-based approaches, although they were more accurate than previous studies of students. Surprisingly, accuracy of response did not correlate with the duration of a teachers' classroom experience; trainee teachers outscored in-service teachers in certain areas, suggesting that recent familiarity with technical literature on learning could be advantageous.
之前的研究表明,外行人、学生和法律专业人士往往对记忆持有错误的看法,而本研究试图将这一研究领域扩展到教学领域。教师关于学习的信念是否与科学共识一致?我们向实习教师(n = 77)和在职教师(n = 44)提供了一组课堂实践的对比选项,在每种情况下,7分李克特量表促使他们预测哪一种行动方案对学生的结果最好。正如假设的那样,这些回答往往与记忆和学习中的“理想困难”(如检索练习、间隔和交错)的研究不一致,选择表明缺乏对这些循证方法的认识,尽管它们比以前对学生的研究更准确。令人惊讶的是,反应的准确性与教师课堂经验的持续时间无关;实习教师在某些领域的得分高于在职教师,这表明最近熟悉有关学习的技术文献可能是有利的。
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引用次数: 0
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Studia Psychologica
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