Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.21697/sp.2021.21.1.03
J. Rytel
W artykule zrelacjonowano zmieniające się na przestrzeni ponad 100 lat koncepcje pojęcia trafności pomiaru testowego. Aktualnie pojęcie trafności odnosi się do stopnia, w jakim dane empiryczne oraz teoria uzasadniają interpretację wyników testowych w zakładanym kierunku (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education [AERA, APA, NCME], 2007, s. 31). Przedstawiono 5 podstawowych źródeł danych dotyczących trafności oraz problemy związane z integracją dowodów na rzecz trafności w spójną argumentację. Podkreślono użyteczność zaproponowanego przez Kane’a podejścia do walidacji opartego na argumentacji, odwołującego się do logiki nieformalnej i struktury argumentu wprowadzonej przez Toulmina. Omówiono także różnice stanowisk zajmowanych przez badaczy w odniesieniu do 2 podstawowych kwestii: czemu przysługuje trafność i jaki jest właściwy sposób jej ustalania?
{"title":"Kontrowersje wokół pojęcia trafności","authors":"J. Rytel","doi":"10.21697/sp.2021.21.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21697/sp.2021.21.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"W artykule zrelacjonowano zmieniające się na przestrzeni ponad 100 lat koncepcje pojęcia trafności pomiaru testowego. Aktualnie pojęcie trafności odnosi się do stopnia, w jakim dane empiryczne oraz teoria uzasadniają interpretację wyników testowych w zakładanym kierunku (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education [AERA, APA, NCME], 2007, s. 31). Przedstawiono 5 podstawowych źródeł danych dotyczących trafności oraz problemy związane z integracją dowodów na rzecz trafności w spójną argumentację. Podkreślono użyteczność zaproponowanego przez Kane’a podejścia do walidacji opartego na argumentacji, odwołującego się do logiki nieformalnej i struktury argumentu wprowadzonej przez Toulmina. Omówiono także różnice stanowisk zajmowanych przez badaczy w odniesieniu do 2 podstawowych kwestii: czemu przysługuje trafność i jaki jest właściwy sposób jej ustalania? ","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80959206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated irrational beliefs defined in rational-emotive cognitive-behavior therapy (REBT), attachment anxiety and avoidance, and conspiracy mentality as mediators of the relationship between HEXACO and Disintegration traits and COVID-19 health behaviors. Structural equation modeling on a sample of 287 participants, showed that Disintegration (D) was related to all mediating variables, highlighting the importance of D in the emergence of irrational beliefs. Conspiracy mentality mediated the effect of D in low adherence to recommended health behaviors - RHB , negative vaccination behavior, and greater use of pseudoscientific practices - PSP . Attachment anxiety mediated the relationship between high D, high Emotionality (E), and low Honesty (H) and lower adherence to RHB. Higher adherence to RHB predicted positive vaccination behavior, whilst there was no relationship between PSP use and vaccination behavior. REBT irrational beliefs and attachment avoidance were not found to be significant mediators of the relationship between personality traits and COVID-19 health behaviors.
{"title":"The role of personality, conspiracy mentality, REBT irrational beliefs, and adult attachment in COVID-19 related health behaviors","authors":"S. Stanković, L. Lazarević, G. Knežević","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/q2nye","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q2nye","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated irrational beliefs defined in rational-emotive cognitive-behavior therapy (REBT), attachment anxiety and avoidance, and conspiracy mentality as mediators of the relationship between HEXACO and Disintegration traits and COVID-19 health behaviors. Structural equation modeling on a sample of 287 participants, showed that Disintegration (D) was related to all mediating variables, highlighting the importance of D in the emergence of irrational beliefs. Conspiracy mentality mediated the effect of D in low adherence to recommended health behaviors - RHB , negative vaccination behavior, and greater use of pseudoscientific practices - PSP . Attachment anxiety mediated the relationship between high D, high Emotionality (E), and low Honesty (H) and lower adherence to RHB. Higher adherence to RHB predicted positive vaccination behavior, whilst there was no relationship between PSP use and vaccination behavior. REBT irrational beliefs and attachment avoidance were not found to be significant mediators of the relationship between personality traits and COVID-19 health behaviors.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86879166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The theory of action versus state orientation suggests that state-oriented people are more susceptible to sunk cost fallacy than action-oriented people because they ruminate about past costs and are reluctant to change their course of actions. However, research on the role of action versus state orientation in sunk cost fallacy is fairly limited. Therefore, the present paper aims to conceptually replicate the seminal study by van Putten et al. (2010) and verify whether action versus state orientation really matters in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. We also examined the role of gender and goal internalization in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Participants (N = 205) filled an Action Control Scale and solved two sunk cost fallacy tasks in two experimental conditions. In the intrapersonal condition, the sunk costs belonged to a decision-maker. In the intrapersonal condition, an investor was not identical with the decision-maker. Eventually, our study failed to replicate the results of van Putten et al. (2010). Action versus state orientation did not predict the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Moreover, neither gender nor internalization moderated the relationship between action versus state orientation and susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. We suggest further replications to examine the roles of reluctance to change and rumination in the relationship between action versus state orientation and susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Our findings also highlight the importance of high-powered replications that are an essential part of good research practice.
行动与状态导向的理论表明，状态导向的人比行动导向的人更容易受到沉没成本谬论的影响，因为他们反复思考过去的成本，不愿意改变他们的行动方针。然而，关于行动与状态取向在沉没成本谬误中的作用的研究相当有限。因此，本文旨在从概念上复制van Putten等人(2010)的开创性研究，并验证行动与状态取向在沉没成本谬误的易感性中是否真的重要。我们还研究了性别和目标内化在沉没成本谬误易感性中的作用。205名被试在两种实验条件下填写了一份行动控制量表，并解决了两项沉没成本谬误任务。在个人条件下，沉没成本属于决策者。在内省条件下，投资者与决策者并不相同。最终，我们的研究未能复制van Putten et al.(2010)的结果。行动取向与状态取向并不能预测沉没成本谬误的易感性。此外，性别和内化都没有调节行动与状态取向和沉没成本谬误易感性之间的关系。我们建议进一步的重复研究，以检验不愿改变和反思在行动与状态取向和沉没成本谬误易感性之间的关系中的作用。我们的发现还强调了高强度复制的重要性，这是良好研究实践的重要组成部分。
{"title":"Does Action vs. State Orientation Really Matter in the Susceptibility to Sunk Cost Fallacy? A Conceptual Replication Study","authors":"Miroslava Galasová, Matúš Grežo","doi":"10.31577/SP.2021.02.823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/SP.2021.02.823","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of action versus state orientation suggests that state-oriented people are more susceptible to sunk cost fallacy than action-oriented people because they ruminate about past costs and are reluctant to change their course of actions. However, research on the role of action versus state orientation in sunk cost fallacy is fairly limited. Therefore, the present paper aims to conceptually replicate the seminal study by van Putten et al. (2010) and verify whether action versus state orientation really matters in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. We also examined the role of gender and goal internalization in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Participants (N = 205) filled an Action Control Scale and solved two sunk cost fallacy tasks in two experimental conditions. In the intrapersonal condition, the sunk costs belonged to a decision-maker. In the intrapersonal condition, an investor was not identical with the decision-maker. Eventually, our study failed to replicate the results of van Putten et al. (2010). Action versus state orientation did not predict the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Moreover, neither gender nor internalization moderated the relationship between action versus state orientation and susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. We suggest further replications to examine the roles of reluctance to change and rumination in the relationship between action versus state orientation and susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Our findings also highlight the importance of high-powered replications that are an essential part of good research practice.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78945040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delay discounting, the tendency to choose a smaller-sooner reward over a larger-later reward, has been conceptualized either as a personal preference or as a rational thinking component. In this study (N = 397), the associations between monetary delay discounting – constructed as a rational thinking task – and cognitive individual difference measures were examined. Participants with higher general cognitive ability, cognitive reflection, scientific reasoning, and objective numeracy had a weaker tendency to discount delayed rewards, the opposite was true for those with higher intuitive thinking disposition and bias susceptibility. Bias susceptibility predicted delay discounting over and above all other cognitive predictors. The results partially support the assumption about a common basis of delay discounting and susceptibility to cognitive biases (as a rational thinking indicator). Because of the relatively low explained variance in delay discounting by cognitive variables, however, ample room is left for other potential predictors in the monetary delay discounting tasks.
{"title":"Cognitive Predictors of Delay Discounting in Monetary Choices","authors":"V. Bačová, Jakub Šrol","doi":"10.31577/SP.2021.02.817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/SP.2021.02.817","url":null,"abstract":"Delay discounting, the tendency to choose a smaller-sooner reward over a larger-later reward, has been conceptualized either as a personal preference or as a rational thinking component. In this study (N = 397), the associations between monetary delay discounting – constructed as a rational thinking task – and cognitive individual difference measures were examined. Participants with higher general cognitive ability, cognitive reflection, scientific reasoning, and objective numeracy had a weaker tendency to discount delayed rewards, the opposite was true for those with higher intuitive thinking disposition and bias susceptibility. Bias susceptibility predicted delay discounting over and above all other cognitive predictors. The results partially support the assumption about a common basis of delay discounting and susceptibility to cognitive biases (as a rational thinking indicator). Because of the relatively low explained variance in delay discounting by cognitive variables, however, ample room is left for other potential predictors in the monetary delay discounting tasks.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84894990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present research focuses on the question whether spirituality, religiosity and maladaptive personality traits, as measured by the PID-5 (antagonism, psychoticism, disinhibition, negative affectivity, detachment), predict epistemologically unfounded beliefs (EUB). The sample included 829 participants recruited through social networks (58% women, mean age 29,98 years). EUB was measured by the Scale of Epistemologically Unfounded Beliefs (Halama, 2019b), which measures three types of EUB: conspiracy, pseudoscientific, and paranormal beliefs. Pathological personality traits were measured by the Short Personality Questionnaire for DSM-5 (PID5-BF, Kruger et al, 2013), spirituality by the Questionnaire of Daily Spirituality (Underwood, 2011) and religiosity by The Religiosity Questionnaire (Storch et al., 2004). The results showed that especially psychoticism is a positive predictor of all EUBs. Spirituality and religiosity predicted only paranormal beliefs. Results confirmed maladaptive personality traits, religiosity, and spirituality can play a significant role in EUB and should be taken into account when considering sources of EUB at the individual level.
本研究主要探讨了由PID-5(对抗性、精神病性、去抑制性、负性情感、超然性)测量的灵性、宗教信仰和适应不良人格特征是否能预测认识论上无根据的信念(EUB)。样本包括通过社交网络招募的829名参与者(58%为女性，平均年龄29岁，98岁)。EUB是通过认识论上没有根据的信仰量表(Halama, 2019b)来衡量的，该量表测量了三种类型的EUB:阴谋、伪科学和超自然信仰。病态人格特征采用DSM-5短人格问卷(PID5-BF, Kruger et al.， 2013)，精神性采用日常精神性问卷(Underwood, 2011)，宗教虔诚度采用宗教虔诚度问卷(Storch et al.， 2004)。结果表明，特别是精神病是所有eub的积极预测因子。灵性和宗教信仰只能预言超自然的信仰。结果证实，适应不良的人格特征、宗教信仰和灵性在EUB中起着重要作用，在考虑个体层面的EUB来源时应予以考虑。
{"title":"Maladaptive Personality Traits, Religiosity and Spirituality as Predictors of Epistemically Unfounded Beliefs","authors":"Peter Teličák, P. Halama","doi":"10.31577/SP.2021.02.820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/SP.2021.02.820","url":null,"abstract":"The present research focuses on the question whether spirituality, religiosity and maladaptive personality traits, as measured by the PID-5 (antagonism, psychoticism, disinhibition, negative affectivity, detachment), predict epistemologically unfounded beliefs (EUB). The sample included 829 participants recruited through social networks (58% women, mean age 29,98 years). EUB was measured by the Scale of Epistemologically Unfounded Beliefs (Halama, 2019b), which measures three types of EUB: conspiracy, pseudoscientific, and paranormal beliefs. Pathological personality traits were measured by the Short Personality Questionnaire for DSM-5 (PID5-BF, Kruger et al, 2013), spirituality by the Questionnaire of Daily Spirituality (Underwood, 2011) and religiosity by The Religiosity Questionnaire (Storch et al., 2004). The results showed that especially psychoticism is a positive predictor of all EUBs. Spirituality and religiosity predicted only paranormal beliefs. Results confirmed maladaptive personality traits, religiosity, and spirituality can play a significant role in EUB and should be taken into account when considering sources of EUB at the individual level.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88305864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following the growing body of evidence suggesting that substantial individual differences in reasoning exist already at early stages of the reasoning process and that reasoners might be able to produce logical intuitions, the model of mindware automatization posits that the mindware acquired to the extent that it is fully automatized can cue the logically correct type 1 response. In this study, we asked participants to solve the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) presented under the two-response paradigm. Among individual difference factors, we measured mindware instantiation and conflict detection efficiency. These variables explained approximately 10% of the variance in the accuracy of intuitive answers. We also observed that in more than half of cases, the correct response was already correct at the initial response stage. These results are in line with the theoretical model of mindware automatization to a large extent and raise a question about the main attribute of the CRT.
{"title":"Mindware Instantiation as a Predictor of Logical Intuitions in Cognitive Reflection Test","authors":"Roman Burič, Ľubica Konrádová","doi":"10.31577/SP.2021.02.822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/SP.2021.02.822","url":null,"abstract":"Following the growing body of evidence suggesting that substantial individual differences in reasoning exist already at early stages of the reasoning process and that reasoners might be able to produce logical intuitions, the model of mindware automatization posits that the mindware acquired to the extent that it is fully automatized can cue the logically correct type 1 response. In this study, we asked participants to solve the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) presented under the two-response paradigm. Among individual difference factors, we measured mindware instantiation and conflict detection efficiency. These variables explained approximately 10% of the variance in the accuracy of intuitive answers. We also observed that in more than half of cases, the correct response was already correct at the initial response stage. These results are in line with the theoretical model of mindware automatization to a large extent and raise a question about the main attribute of the CRT.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88494780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current research on bullshit has shifted its focus from the recipient of bullshit to the producer of bullshit; this trend being reflected in the new Bullshitting frequency scale (Littrell et al., 2020) measuring persuasive and evasive bullshitting. The aim of our study was to validate the scale on the Slovak population and to examine the relationship between persuasive and evasive bullshitting behavior, overconfidence and myside bias in the context of the topic of migration. Six hundred and sixty-six Slovak adults (52.7% men, Mage = 41.84) participated in an online study. The two-factor structure of BFS was confirmed. The results showed that people high in persuasive bullshitting (“persuasive bullshitters”), after controlling for evasive bullshitting, felt they had more knowledge about migration, but they also showed more myside bias. Similarly, people high in evasive bullshitting (“evasive bullshitters”), after controlling for persuasive bullshitting, felt they had less knowledge about migration and tended to underestimate their knowledge. Contrary to our expectations, correlation between overconfidence and persuasive bullshitting disappeared when evasive bullshitting was controlled for, and it seems that negative the correlation was caused by evasive bullshitters being underconfident. Our results further expand the knowledge about cognitive characteristics of bullshitters and support the distinction between the two kinds of bullshitting behavior, which has implications for political debates as well.
目前对屁话的研究已经从屁话的接受者转向了屁话的制造者;这一趋势反映在新的胡扯频率量表(Littrell et al.， 2020)中，该量表测量了说服性和回避性的胡扯。我们研究的目的是验证斯洛伐克人口的规模，并检查在移民主题背景下说服和回避扯淡行为，过度自信和我的偏见之间的关系。666名斯洛伐克成年人(52.7%为男性，法师= 41.84)参与了一项在线研究。确定了BFS的双因子结构。结果显示，在控制了闪烁其词的胡扯之后，那些高说服力的人(“有说服力的胡扯者”)觉得他们对移民有更多的了解，但他们也表现出更多的自我偏见。同样，在控制了有说服力的胡扯之后，那些回避性胡扯的人(“逃避性胡扯者”)觉得他们对移民的了解更少，并且倾向于低估他们的知识。与我们的预期相反，当规避性的扯淡被控制后，过度自信与劝导性的扯淡之间的相关性消失了，似乎是由于规避性的扯淡不自信导致了负相关。我们的研究结果进一步扩展了关于扯淡者认知特征的知识，并支持两种扯淡行为之间的区别，这对政治辩论也有影响。
{"title":"Everybody Bullshits Sometimes: Relationships of Bullshitting Frequency, Overconfidence and Myside Bias in the Topic of Migration","authors":"V. Čavojová, I. Brezina","doi":"10.31577/SP.2021.02.818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/SP.2021.02.818","url":null,"abstract":"Current research on bullshit has shifted its focus from the recipient of bullshit to the producer of bullshit; this trend being reflected in the new Bullshitting frequency scale (Littrell et al., 2020) measuring persuasive and evasive bullshitting. The aim of our study was to validate the scale on the Slovak population and to examine the relationship between persuasive and evasive bullshitting behavior, overconfidence and myside bias in the context of the topic of migration. Six hundred and sixty-six Slovak adults (52.7% men, Mage = 41.84) participated in an online study. The two-factor structure of BFS was confirmed. The results showed that people high in persuasive bullshitting (“persuasive bullshitters”), after controlling for evasive bullshitting, felt they had more knowledge about migration, but they also showed more myside bias. Similarly, people high in evasive bullshitting (“evasive bullshitters”), after controlling for persuasive bullshitting, felt they had less knowledge about migration and tended to underestimate their knowledge. Contrary to our expectations, correlation between overconfidence and persuasive bullshitting disappeared when evasive bullshitting was controlled for, and it seems that negative the correlation was caused by evasive bullshitters being underconfident. Our results further expand the knowledge about cognitive characteristics of bullshitters and support the distinction between the two kinds of bullshitting behavior, which has implications for political debates as well.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76468470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to examine the relationship between paranoid and conspiracy beliefs and how these beliefs further relate to anxiety-trait, anxiety disorders, and satisfaction with life. The research was attended by 814 participants who were administered the Paranoia Scale, the Slovak Conspiracy Belief Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. The results suggest that paranoid beliefs were associated with conspiracy beliefs, anxiety-trait, and life satisfaction. All of the variables together accounted for almost 40% of the variance of paranoid beliefs. In addition, the presence of anxiety disorders had a relatively strong effect on the level of paranoid beliefs. However, life satisfaction and anxiety-trait were not related to conspiracy beliefs. These results suggest the more attention should be drawn to mental health as both anxiety level and life satisfaction, along with conspiracy beliefs significantly predicted paranoid beliefs.
{"title":"Paranoid and conspiracy beliefs: The role of anxiety and life satisfaction","authors":"Veronika Pekárová","doi":"10.31234/OSF.IO/ZW65S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/ZW65S","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the relationship between paranoid and conspiracy beliefs and how these beliefs further relate to anxiety-trait, anxiety disorders, and satisfaction with life. The research was attended by 814 participants who were administered the Paranoia Scale, the Slovak Conspiracy Belief Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. The results suggest that paranoid beliefs were associated with conspiracy beliefs, anxiety-trait, and life satisfaction. All of the variables together accounted for almost 40% of the variance of paranoid beliefs. In addition, the presence of anxiety disorders had a relatively strong effect on the level of paranoid beliefs. However, life satisfaction and anxiety-trait were not related to conspiracy beliefs. These results suggest the more attention should be drawn to mental health as both anxiety level and life satisfaction, along with conspiracy beliefs significantly predicted paranoid beliefs.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87623133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research amply showed the importance of a good fraction understanding but also people’s lack of fraction understanding. It is therefore important to investigate the cognitive processes that underlie reasoning with fractions. The present study investigated the role of inhibition and switch costs in fraction comparison tasks. Participants solved a fraction comparison task that alternated between 4 items congruent and 4 items incongruent with natural number reasoning. This allowed to not only investigate congruency switch effects, but also inhibition, given that inhibition was experimentally increased by the prolonged exposure to incongruent trials. Based on data of seventh graders, the present study showed that inhibition does not only play a role in learners’ general mathematics achievement, but also in specific areas of mathematics, such as fractions. Moreover, a switch cost was found in the lower accuracy rates and higher reaction times needed to correctly solve switch items compared to non-switch items.
{"title":"The Role of the Inhibition of Natural Number Based Reasoning and Strategy Switch Cost in a Fraction Comparison Task","authors":"J. Hoof, E. Ceulemans, W. Dooren","doi":"10.31577/SP.2021.01.814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/SP.2021.01.814","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research amply showed the importance of a good fraction understanding but also people’s lack of fraction understanding. It is therefore important to investigate the cognitive processes that underlie reasoning with fractions. The present study investigated the role of inhibition and switch costs in fraction comparison tasks. Participants solved a fraction comparison task that alternated between 4 items congruent and 4 items incongruent with natural number reasoning. This allowed to not only investigate congruency switch effects, but also inhibition, given that inhibition was experimentally increased by the prolonged exposure to incongruent trials. Based on data of seventh graders, the present study showed that inhibition does not only play a role in learners’ general mathematics achievement, but also in specific areas of mathematics, such as fractions. Moreover, a switch cost was found in the lower accuracy rates and higher reaction times needed to correctly solve switch items compared to non-switch items.","PeriodicalId":45798,"journal":{"name":"Studia Psychologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90673246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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