Annual Review of Linguistics最新文献

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The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal 南岛人的家园和散布

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-16 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-011718-012440

R. Blust

The Austronesian language family is the second largest on Earth in number of languages, and was the largest in geographical extent before the European colonial expansions of the past five centuries. This alone makes the determination of its homeland a research question of the first order. There is now near-universal agreement among both linguists and archaeologists that the Austronesian expansion began from Taiwan, somewhat more than a millennium after it was settled by Neolithic rice and millet farmers from Southeast China. The first “long pause,” between the settlement of Taiwan and of the northern Philippines, may have been due to inadequate sailing technology, an obstacle that was overcome by the invention of the outrigger canoe complex. The second “long pause,” between the settlement of Fiji–Western Polynesia and of the rest of Triangle Polynesia, may also have been due to inadequate sailing technology, an obstacle that was overcome by the invention of the double-hulled canoe.

南岛语系是地球上语言数量第二大的语系，在过去五个世纪欧洲殖民扩张之前，它在地理范围上是最大的。仅这一点就使确定它的家园成为首要的研究问题。现在，语言学家和考古学家几乎都一致认为，南岛人的扩张始于台湾，比新石器时代中国东南部种植水稻和小米的农民在台湾定居的时间晚了一千多年。第一次“漫长的停顿”，发生在台湾和菲律宾北部之间，可能是由于航海技术的不足，这一障碍被支腿式独木舟的发明所克服。第二次“长停顿”发生在斐济-西波利尼西亚和三角波利尼西亚其他地区之间，这也可能是由于航海技术的不足，而双壳独木舟的发明克服了这一障碍。

引用次数: 19

Language Variation and Change in Rural Communities 农村社区的语言变异与变化

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-16 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-011817-045545

M. Gordon

Despite the difficulty of delineating the rural from the urban according to economic or demographic criteria, this distinction has powerful cultural resonances, and language plays a key role in constructing the cultural divide between rural and urban. Sociolinguists have generally devoted more attention to urban communities, but substantial research has explored language variation and change in rural areas, and this scholarship complements the perspective gained from studies of metropolitan speech. This article reviews research on rural speech communities that examines the linguistic dimensions of the urban/rural divide as well as social dynamics driving language variation and change in rural areas. One theme emerging from this literature is the role of dialect contact and how its effects are shaped by material as well as attitudinal factors.

尽管很难根据经济或人口标准来划分城乡，但这种区分具有强大的文化共鸣，语言在构建城乡文化鸿沟方面起着关键作用。社会语言学家通常把更多的注意力放在城市社区，但大量的研究已经探索了农村地区的语言变异和变化，这些学术研究补充了从大都市语言研究中获得的观点。本文回顾了农村语言社区的研究，探讨了城乡鸿沟的语言维度以及推动农村地区语言变异和变化的社会动态。从这些文献中出现的一个主题是方言接触的作用以及它的影响是如何被物质和态度因素塑造的。

引用次数: 12

Individual Differences in Language Processing: Phonology 语言加工中的个体差异:音韵学

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-011516-033815

A. Yu, Georgia Zellou

Individual variation is ubiquitous and empirically observable in most phonological behaviors, yet relatively few studies aim to capture the heterogeneity of language processing among individuals, as opposed to those focusing primarily on group-level patterns. The study of individual differences can shed light on the nature of the cognitive representations and mechanisms involved in phonological processing. To guide our review of individual variation in the processing of phonological information, we consider studies that can illuminate broader issues in the field, such as the nature of linguistic representations and processes. We also consider how the study of individual differences can provide insight into long-standing issues in linguistic variation and change. Since linguistic communities are made up of individuals, the questions raised by examining individual differences in linguistic processing are relevant to those who study all aspects of language.

在大多数语音行为中，个体差异是普遍存在的，并且可以通过经验观察到，然而相对较少的研究旨在捕捉个体之间语言处理的异质性，而不是主要关注群体水平模式。个体差异的研究可以揭示语音加工中认知表征的本质和机制。为了指导我们对语音信息处理中的个体差异的回顾，我们考虑了可以阐明该领域更广泛问题的研究，例如语言表征和过程的本质。我们还考虑了个体差异的研究如何为语言变异和变化中的长期问题提供见解。由于语言社区是由个体组成的，所以通过研究语言处理中的个体差异所提出的问题与研究语言各个方面的人有关。

引用次数: 36

Language, Gender, and Sexuality 语言、性别和性

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-052418-094326

M. Meyerhoff, Susan L. Ehrlich

Research on language and gender encompasses a variety of methods and focuses on many aspects of linguistic structure. This review traces the historical development of the field, explicating some of the major debates, including the need to move from a reductive focus on difference and dichotomous views of gender to more performative notions of identity. It explains how the field has come to include language, gender, and sexuality and how queer theory and speaker agency have influenced research in the field.

语言与性别的研究方法多种多样，关注语言结构的许多方面。这篇综述追溯了该领域的历史发展，解释了一些主要的辩论，包括需要从对性别差异和二分观点的简化关注转向对身份的更具表演性的概念。它解释了这个领域是如何包括语言、性别和性行为的，以及酷儿理论和说话者代理是如何影响这个领域的研究的。

引用次数: 12

What Defines Language Dominance in Bilinguals? 双语者的语言优势是什么?

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-011817-045554

J. Treffers-Daller

This article focuses on the construct of language dominance in bilinguals and the ways in which this construct has been operationalized. Language dominance is often seen as relative proficiency in two languages, but it can also be analyzed in terms of language use—that is, how frequently bilinguals use their languages and how these are divided across domains. Assessing language dominance is important because it has become clear that the level of bilinguals’ proficiency in each language and the relative strength of each language affect performance on tasks. A key distinction is made between direct measures of language dominance, which assess an aspect of language proficiency (e.g., vocabulary or grammar), and indirect ones, which measure variability in exposure to different languages and bilinguals’ use of them. The article includes an evaluation of the extent to which the latter can be interpreted as a proxy for the former.

本文主要探讨双语者的语言优势结构及其运作方式。语言优势通常被视为对两种语言的相对熟练程度，但它也可以从语言使用的角度来分析——也就是说，双语者使用语言的频率以及这些语言在不同领域的划分。评估语言优势很重要，因为很明显，双语者对每种语言的熟练程度和每种语言的相对优势都会影响他们在任务中的表现。语言优势的直接测量方法(评估语言能力的一个方面(如词汇或语法))和间接测量方法(衡量接触不同语言和双语者使用这些语言的差异)之间有一个关键的区别。这篇文章包括对后者在多大程度上可以被解释为前者的代理的评价。

引用次数: 52

How Consonants and Vowels Shape Spoken-Language Recognition 辅音和元音如何影响口语识别

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-011718-011919

T. Nazzi, A. Cutler

All languages instantiate a consonant/vowel contrast. This contrast has processing consequences at different levels of spoken-language recognition throughout the lifespan. In adulthood, lexical processing is more strongly associated with consonant than with vowel processing; this has been demonstrated across 13 languages from seven language families and in a variety of auditory lexical-level tasks (deciding whether a spoken input is a word, spotting a real word embedded in a minimal context, reconstructing a word minimally altered into a pseudoword, learning new words or the “words” of a made-up language), as well as in written-word tasks involving phonological processing. In infancy, a consonant advantage in word learning and recognition is found to emerge during development in some languages, though possibly not in others, revealing that the stronger lexicon–consonant association found in adulthood is learned. Current research is evaluating the relative contribution of the early acquisition of the acoustic/phonetic and lexical properties of the native language in the emergence of this association.

所有语言都有辅音/元音对比。这种对比对人一生中不同程度的口语识别产生了影响。在成年期，词汇加工与辅音的关系比与元音的关系更强;这已经在7个语系的13种语言和各种听觉词汇级任务中得到了证明(决定一个口头输入是否是一个单词，发现一个嵌入在最小语境中的真实单词，将一个最小变化的单词重建为假单词，学习新词或虚构语言的“单词”)，以及涉及语音处理的书面单词任务。在婴儿期，一些语言的发展过程中出现了辅音在单词学习和识别方面的优势，尽管在其他语言中可能没有，这表明在成年期发现的更强的词汇-辅音联系是后天习得的。目前的研究正在评估母语的声学/语音和词汇特性的早期习得在这种联想出现中的相对贡献。

引用次数: 35

Semantic Anomaly, Pragmatic Infelicity, and Ungrammaticality 语义异常、语用错误和语法错误

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-011718-011938

Márta Abrusán

A major goal of modern syntax has been to find principles that rule out sentences that seem ungrammatical. To achieve this goal, it has been proposed that syntactically odd (or ungrammatical) sentences can be distinguished empirically and theoretically from semantically odd (or semantically anomalous) sentences. However, sometimes it is not clear why a sentence is “weird,” which has repercussions for our syntactic and semantic theories. According to a number of proposals, semantic and pragmatic processes can lead to weirdness that empirically feels more like ungrammaticality than semantic oddness. But if this is so, then a question arises: What explains the intuitive difference between sentences that feel ungrammatical and those that merely feel semantically (or pragmatically) anomalous? This article addresses this question by describing and comparing various semantic and pragmatic proposals for explaining different types of weirdness: ungrammaticality, semantic anomaly, and pragmatic infelicity.

现代语法的一个主要目标是找到排除看似不合语法的句子的原则。为了实现这一目标，有人提出可以从经验和理论上区分语法奇数(或不合语法)的句子和语义奇数(或语义异常)的句子。然而，有时我们并不清楚为什么一个句子是“奇怪的”，这对我们的句法和语义理论产生了影响。根据许多建议，语义和语用过程可能导致奇怪，经验上感觉更像是不符合语法，而不是语义上的奇怪。但如果是这样的话，那么一个问题就出现了:如何解释那些感觉不合语法的句子和那些仅仅感觉语义(或语用)异常的句子之间的直观差异?本文通过描述和比较不同的语义和语用建议来解决这个问题，这些建议解释了不同类型的怪异:不符合语法、语义异常和语用错误。

引用次数: 11

The Syntax–Prosody Interface 语法-韵律接口

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-14 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LINGUISTICS-011718-012503

Ryan Bennett, E. Elfner

This article provides an overview of current and historically important issues in the study of the syntax–prosody interface, the point of interaction between syntactic structure and phrase-level phonology. We take a broad view of the syntax–prosody interface, surveying both direct and indirect reference theories, with a focus on evaluating the continuing prominent role of prosodic hierarchy theory in shaping our understanding of this area of linguistics. Specific topics discussed in detail include the identification of prosodic domains, the universality of prosodic categories, the recent resurgence of interest in the role of recursion in prosodic structure, crosslinguistic variation in syntax–prosody mapping, prosodic influences on syntax and word order, and the influence of sentence processing in the planning and shaping of prosodic domains. We consider criticisms of prosodic hierarchy theory in particular, and provide an assessment of the future of prosodic hierarchy theory in research on the syntax–prosody interface.

本文概述了语法-韵律界面(句法结构和短语级音韵学之间的相互作用点)研究中当前和历史上的重要问题。我们对语法-韵律界面进行了广泛的观察，调查了直接和间接指称理论，重点是评估韵律层次理论在塑造我们对这一语言学领域的理解方面的持续突出作用。详细讨论的具体主题包括韵律域的识别，韵律类别的普遍性，最近对递归在韵律结构中的作用的兴趣的复苏，语法-韵律映射的跨语言变化，韵律对句法和词序的影响，以及句子加工对韵律域规划和塑造的影响。我们特别考虑了对韵律层次理论的批评，并对韵律层次理论在语法-韵律界面研究中的未来进行了评估。

引用次数: 40

Cross-modal effects in speech perception. 语音感知中的跨模态效应。

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012353

Megan Keough, Donald Derrick, Bryan Gick

Speech research during recent years has moved progressively away from its traditional focus on audition toward a more multisensory approach. In addition to audition and vision, many somatosenses including proprioception, pressure, vibration and aerotactile sensation are all highly relevant modalities for experiencing and/or conveying speech. In this article, we review both long-standing cross-modal effects stemming from decades of audiovisual speech research as well as new findings related to somatosensory effects. Cross-modal effects in speech perception to date are found to be constrained by temporal congruence and signal relevance, but appear to be unconstrained by spatial congruence. Far from taking place in a one-, two- or even three-dimensional space, the literature reveals that speech occupies a highly multidimensional sensory space. We argue that future research in cross-modal effects should expand to consider each of these modalities both separately and in combination with other modalities in speech.

近年来，语音研究逐渐从传统的听辨转向多感官研究。除了听觉和视觉，许多躯体感觉，包括本体感觉、压力、振动和空气触觉，都是体验和/或传达语言的高度相关的方式。在本文中，我们回顾了几十年来视听语音研究中长期存在的跨模态效应以及与躯体感觉效应相关的新发现。迄今为止，语音感知中的跨模态效应受到时间一致性和信号相关性的限制，但似乎不受空间一致性的限制。这些文献表明，语言远非发生在一维、二维甚至三维空间，而是占据了一个高度多维的感官空间。我们认为，未来对跨模态效应的研究应该扩展到单独考虑每一种模态，并与言语中的其他模态结合起来考虑。

引用次数: 5

Linguistic Aspects of Primary Progressive Aphasia. 原发性进行性失语症的语言学方面。

IF 3.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Annual Review of Linguistics

Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-10-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034253

Murray Grossman

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) refers to a disorder of declining language associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal degeneration and Alzheimer disease. Variants of PPA are important to recognize from a medical perspective because these syndromes are clinical markers suggesting specific underlying pathology. In this review, I discuss linguistic aspects of PPA syndromes that may prove informative for parsing our language mechanism and identifying the neural representation of fundamental elements of language. I focus on the representation of word meaning in a discussion of semantic variant PPA, grammatical comprehension and expression in a discussion of nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA, the supporting role of short-term memory in a discussion of logopenic variant PPA, and components of language associated with discourse in a discussion of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. PPA provides a novel perspective that uniquely addresses facets of language and its disorders while complementing traditional aphasia syndromes that follow stroke.

原发性进行性失语症（PPA）是指一种与神经退行性疾病（如额颞叶变性和阿尔茨海默病）相关的语言衰退性疾病。从医学角度来看，认识 PPA 的变异非常重要，因为这些综合征是提示特定潜在病理的临床标记。在这篇综述中，我将讨论 PPA 综合征的语言学方面，这些方面可能会为解析我们的语言机制和识别语言基本要素的神经表征提供信息。我重点讨论了语义变异型 PPA 中的词义表征、非流利/语法变异型 PPA 中的语法理解和表达、对数变异型 PPA 中的短时记忆的支持作用，以及行为变异型额颞叶痴呆症中与话语相关的语言成分。PPA 提供了一个新的视角，独特地探讨了语言及其障碍的各个方面，同时补充了中风后的传统失语综合症。

引用次数: 0

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