Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100103
B. Caton
Highly fragmented British and Panjabi populations negotiated both the content and form of social categories such as caste and tribe, suggesting an historical process of creation of colo nial knowledge that resembled less a 'dialogic process and more a multivalent set of locally focused transactions. While British administrators developed categories in order to exercise greater control over Panjab, the participation of Panjabis in the development and naming of such categories meant that Panjabis were quite aware of the stakes involved and could act, within certain limits, to maximise their own or their lineage 's material returns.
{"title":"Social categories and colonisation in Panjab, 1849-1920","authors":"B. Caton","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100103","url":null,"abstract":"Highly fragmented British and Panjabi populations negotiated both the content and form of social categories such as caste and tribe, suggesting an historical process of creation of colo nial knowledge that resembled less a 'dialogic process and more a multivalent set of locally focused transactions. While British administrators developed categories in order to exercise greater control over Panjab, the participation of Panjabis in the development and naming of such categories meant that Panjabis were quite aware of the stakes involved and could act, within certain limits, to maximise their own or their lineage 's material returns.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74491221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100102
Prachi Deshpande
In the light of recent scholarship emphasising the historicity of caste, this article tracks the transformation of the category 'Maratha' from its precolonial register as a military ethos to that ofa caste in the early twentieth century. Surveying the category's genealogy in non-Brahman literature and colonial ethnographic writings and policy, it argues that this caste-based register of 'Maratha' was shaped through a complex, interactive process by both colonial and Indian discourses. In doing so, the article attempts to historicise 'Maratha' and emphasises the impor tance of locating the modern history of caste and its encounter with colonialism in regional/ local contexts.
{"title":"Caste as Maratha: Social categories, colonial policy and identity in early twentieth-century Maharashtra","authors":"Prachi Deshpande","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100102","url":null,"abstract":"In the light of recent scholarship emphasising the historicity of caste, this article tracks the transformation of the category 'Maratha' from its precolonial register as a military ethos to that ofa caste in the early twentieth century. Surveying the category's genealogy in non-Brahman literature and colonial ethnographic writings and policy, it argues that this caste-based register of 'Maratha' was shaped through a complex, interactive process by both colonial and Indian discourses. In doing so, the article attempts to historicise 'Maratha' and emphasises the impor tance of locating the modern history of caste and its encounter with colonialism in regional/ local contexts.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82397818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000404
S. Guha
a history of the idea-which is to say, practically a history of Indian anthropology, and second, a more tentative account of a history of the growth of caste ’as we know it today’, from the kingdoms of medieval India up to the conflicts around reservations for ’Other Backward Classes’ in contemporary India. The book is divided into four parts, successively titled ’The &dquo;Invention&dquo; of Caste’, ’Colonization of the Archive’, ’The Ethnographic State’ and ’Recasting India: Caste, Community and Politics’, and a short historiographic tailpiece or ‘Coda’ . The arrangement is, broadly speaking, chronological. The early chapters discuss early Western writings-with an amusing foray into the 1786 translation of the Ain, whose compiler Dirks finds ’spent far more time delineating the kinbased local social categories that actually made up the local social order than it did commenting on caste .... And under direct Mughal rule, the most salient titles conferring status were those that signified a relationship to or an honour derived from the Mughal court, such as Mansabdar, Zamindar, or Bahadur’ (p. 20). This piece of schoolboy bahaduri is (the charitable would say) unsupported by the reference given and does not increase one’s confidence in the author’s other
{"title":"Book Reviews : NICHOLAS B. DIRKS, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Delhi: Permanent Black, 2002, pp. 372","authors":"S. Guha","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000404","url":null,"abstract":"a history of the idea-which is to say, practically a history of Indian anthropology, and second, a more tentative account of a history of the growth of caste ’as we know it today’, from the kingdoms of medieval India up to the conflicts around reservations for ’Other Backward Classes’ in contemporary India. The book is divided into four parts, successively titled ’The &dquo;Invention&dquo; of Caste’, ’Colonization of the Archive’, ’The Ethnographic State’ and ’Recasting India: Caste, Community and Politics’, and a short historiographic tailpiece or ‘Coda’ . The arrangement is, broadly speaking, chronological. The early chapters discuss early Western writings-with an amusing foray into the 1786 translation of the Ain, whose compiler Dirks finds ’spent far more time delineating the kinbased local social categories that actually made up the local social order than it did commenting on caste .... And under direct Mughal rule, the most salient titles conferring status were those that signified a relationship to or an honour derived from the Mughal court, such as Mansabdar, Zamindar, or Bahadur’ (p. 20). This piece of schoolboy bahaduri is (the charitable would say) unsupported by the reference given and does not increase one’s confidence in the author’s other","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81617384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000411
V. Geetha
This is a book about history teaching. It examines several school textbooks from India and Pakistan that deal with the freedom struggles in these countries for a purpose: to understand how they remember their not-so-distant and shared past, and the manner in which they bequeath that memory to their young. Krishna Kumar’s careful and incisive analysis of these school books demonstrates how their discursive coordinates are, in fact, determined by the imperatives of nationbuilding and good citizenship. Stories are told or not told, elaborated or paraphrased, made mute or eloquent to produce narratives that instil in the young a measure of patriotic pride and loyalty. In the textbook world, the agents of history are not men and women, who act at the behest of circumstances which are given to them and which they actively try to transform. Rather, they constitute a veritable pantheon that the child is expected to automatically venerate and emulate. The past, in this reckoning of time, exists chiefly as exemplum-it is a morality tale that can only be understood in stark oppositional terms: nationalist/(imperial) loyalist, Hindu/Muslim, secular/ communal. History itself is an adventure story, episodic in the main, and dramatic, in what are clearly its climactic moments-August 1942, Direct Action day .... Why has history teaching in both countries assumed this allegorical form? For one, this has to do with how education is conceived in either-a learning and committing to memory, sets of facts that encapsulate, rather than explicate and interpret meaning. Textbooks are central to this enterprise and the history textbook, like its counterparts, exists only for this purpose-to demand a knowing that is enumerative and formal.
{"title":"Book Reviews : KRISHNA KUMAR, Prejudice and Pride: School Histories of the Freedom Struggle in India and Pakistan, New Delhi: Viking, Penguin India, Rs 395","authors":"V. Geetha","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000411","url":null,"abstract":"This is a book about history teaching. It examines several school textbooks from India and Pakistan that deal with the freedom struggles in these countries for a purpose: to understand how they remember their not-so-distant and shared past, and the manner in which they bequeath that memory to their young. Krishna Kumar’s careful and incisive analysis of these school books demonstrates how their discursive coordinates are, in fact, determined by the imperatives of nationbuilding and good citizenship. Stories are told or not told, elaborated or paraphrased, made mute or eloquent to produce narratives that instil in the young a measure of patriotic pride and loyalty. In the textbook world, the agents of history are not men and women, who act at the behest of circumstances which are given to them and which they actively try to transform. Rather, they constitute a veritable pantheon that the child is expected to automatically venerate and emulate. The past, in this reckoning of time, exists chiefly as exemplum-it is a morality tale that can only be understood in stark oppositional terms: nationalist/(imperial) loyalist, Hindu/Muslim, secular/ communal. History itself is an adventure story, episodic in the main, and dramatic, in what are clearly its climactic moments-August 1942, Direct Action day .... Why has history teaching in both countries assumed this allegorical form? For one, this has to do with how education is conceived in either-a learning and committing to memory, sets of facts that encapsulate, rather than explicate and interpret meaning. Textbooks are central to this enterprise and the history textbook, like its counterparts, exists only for this purpose-to demand a knowing that is enumerative and formal.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86476068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000407
M. Fisher
more for us to learn about the fundamentals of the Indian army-in peace as well as in war), much could be gleaned were military historians to consider the extent to which the military informed and was in turn informed by wider questions of culture and identity. In this volume, identity was singled out as a major theme, and while a number of these essays helped to illuminate the army’s role in fashioning the collective identity of the groups from which it sought recruits (Sikhs, Punjabi Muslims, Rajputs, etc.), other opportunities were missed. For example, martial qualities were often measured in gendered terms, and gender and sexuality come to be integral elements within efforts at differentiating between racial, ethnic and status groups. Consequently, the army was a crucial arena for the production and reproduction of sexual and gender identities and boundaries, as well as racial and caste categorisations. Closer analysis of the ways in which the army enabled
{"title":"Book Reviews : CHANNA WICKREMESEKERA, 'Best Black Troops in the World': British Perceptions and the Making of the Sepoy, 1746-1805, New Delhi, Manohar, 2002, pp. 212","authors":"M. Fisher","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000407","url":null,"abstract":"more for us to learn about the fundamentals of the Indian army-in peace as well as in war), much could be gleaned were military historians to consider the extent to which the military informed and was in turn informed by wider questions of culture and identity. In this volume, identity was singled out as a major theme, and while a number of these essays helped to illuminate the army’s role in fashioning the collective identity of the groups from which it sought recruits (Sikhs, Punjabi Muslims, Rajputs, etc.), other opportunities were missed. For example, martial qualities were often measured in gendered terms, and gender and sexuality come to be integral elements within efforts at differentiating between racial, ethnic and status groups. Consequently, the army was a crucial arena for the production and reproduction of sexual and gender identities and boundaries, as well as racial and caste categorisations. Closer analysis of the ways in which the army enabled","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90987910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000412
Banu Subramaniam
as a result, several other tales, of anti-caste radicalism, the rise of the left, the transformations in tribal worlds, exist only as addenda, never as tales that share a coeval status with the story of freedom. One hopes that debates on history in this country move beyond stating politically correct truisms or politically provocative half-truths and move on to discussing the historian’s craft and the teaching of history.
{"title":"Book Reviews : GYAN PRAKASH, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 304","authors":"Banu Subramaniam","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000412","url":null,"abstract":"as a result, several other tales, of anti-caste radicalism, the rise of the left, the transformations in tribal worlds, exist only as addenda, never as tales that share a coeval status with the story of freedom. One hopes that debates on history in this country move beyond stating politically correct truisms or politically provocative half-truths and move on to discussing the historian’s craft and the teaching of history.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73667274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000406
Douglas M. Peers
By any set of measurements, the armed forces of colonial India had a profound impact on the form and content of colonial rule. The army was the single largest employer of Indian manpower with over 1,200,000 Indian recruits during World War I and almost twice that in World War II, making it the largest volunteer army yet seen in the world. On an average about 30 per cent of the Government of India’s budget was turned over to the military, and as a number of recent authors
{"title":"Book Reviews : PARTHA SARATHI GUPTA and ANIRUDH DESHPANDE, eds, The British Raj and its Indian Armed Forces, 1857-1939, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2002","authors":"Douglas M. Peers","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000406","url":null,"abstract":"By any set of measurements, the armed forces of colonial India had a profound impact on the form and content of colonial rule. The army was the single largest employer of Indian manpower with over 1,200,000 Indian recruits during World War I and almost twice that in World War II, making it the largest volunteer army yet seen in the world. On an average about 30 per cent of the Government of India’s budget was turned over to the military, and as a number of recent authors","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87729014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000401
Vakulabharanam Rajagopal
This article describes and analyses the autobiography of an ordinary woman, perhaps the first autobiography by a woman in Telugu. Despite its unique features, the text, strangely enough, fell into oblivion. Published in 1934, Satyavati's Atmacaritamu contains a radical critique of religion and society. Though a widow, Satyavati claimed the status of pativrata and through this ingenious rhetorical strategy legitimated her critique as internal to tradition. The article also situates the text in the corpus of writings by women all over India in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, and traces the evolution of the 'women's question'in colonial Andhra in relation to this literature.
{"title":"The rhetorical strategy of an autobiography: Reading Satyavati's A tmacaritamu","authors":"Vakulabharanam Rajagopal","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000401","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes and analyses the autobiography of an ordinary woman, perhaps the first autobiography by a woman in Telugu. Despite its unique features, the text, strangely enough, fell into oblivion. Published in 1934, Satyavati's Atmacaritamu contains a radical critique of religion and society. Though a widow, Satyavati claimed the status of pativrata and through this ingenious rhetorical strategy legitimated her critique as internal to tradition. The article also situates the text in the corpus of writings by women all over India in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, and traces the evolution of the 'women's question'in colonial Andhra in relation to this literature.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90550721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000403
Harish Naraindas
This article is a history of the last stage of the global smallpox eradication programme, christened in India as the National Smallpox Eradication Programme (NSEP). Here I have attempted to show how the Intensive Campaign of the NSEP was forced to abandon its erstwhile language of targets and returns, whose acme was the mass vaccination strategy of the 1960s, and switch instead to a language of crisis and cases. It instituted a new practice where vaccination once again became a moment in a larger armamentarium, though not in quite the same way that variolation was a moment in a larger therapeutic structure in the eighteenth century. Unlike variolation, where it was self-imposed, the eradication campaign's rediscovery of individual segregation as a necessary tool, and village and community as hallowed space, were coupled with an imagery of the kill. In this imagery, smallpox had been radically transformed from a goddess to a demon that was no longer to be solicited and purged but fought against and vanquished. This leads us to two models of consecration and healing in the movement from the eighteenth to the twentieth century: from Sitala and the self to body populations and the state.
{"title":"Crisis, charisma and triage: Extirpating the pox","authors":"Harish Naraindas","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000403","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a history of the last stage of the global smallpox eradication programme, christened in India as the National Smallpox Eradication Programme (NSEP). Here I have attempted to show how the Intensive Campaign of the NSEP was forced to abandon its erstwhile language of targets and returns, whose acme was the mass vaccination strategy of the 1960s, and switch instead to a language of crisis and cases. It instituted a new practice where vaccination once again became a moment in a larger armamentarium, though not in quite the same way that variolation was a moment in a larger therapeutic structure in the eighteenth century. Unlike variolation, where it was self-imposed, the eradication campaign's rediscovery of individual segregation as a necessary tool, and village and community as hallowed space, were coupled with an imagery of the kill. In this imagery, smallpox had been radically transformed from a goddess to a demon that was no longer to be solicited and purged but fought against and vanquished. This leads us to two models of consecration and healing in the movement from the eighteenth to the twentieth century: from Sitala and the self to body populations and the state.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74935247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000405
Satadru Sen
Both of these volumes are significant contributions to the rapidly growing body of scholarship on the history of medicine in modern South Asia. They go well beyond the ’enclavist’ approach pioneered by David Arnold, and in the process, broaden and complicate the concept of ’colonial medicine’. The contributors to the Pati-Harrison volume, and Arabinda Samanta in particular, explore those medical engagements that took place outside the now familiar pockets of cantonments, civil lines and penal colonies. More occasionally, they investigate encounters in which colonial agencies other than the state played a central role. In their introductory essay to what is a coherent and well-produced edited vol-
{"title":"Book Reviews : BISWAMOY PATI and MARK HARRISON, eds, Health, Medicine and Empire: Perspec tives on Colonial India, Hyderabad, Orient Longman, 2001, pp. 408. ARABINDA SAMANTA, Malarial Fever in Colonial Bengal, 1820-1939, Kolkata, Firma KLM, 2002, pp. 271","authors":"Satadru Sen","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000405","url":null,"abstract":"Both of these volumes are significant contributions to the rapidly growing body of scholarship on the history of medicine in modern South Asia. They go well beyond the ’enclavist’ approach pioneered by David Arnold, and in the process, broaden and complicate the concept of ’colonial medicine’. The contributors to the Pati-Harrison volume, and Arabinda Samanta in particular, explore those medical engagements that took place outside the now familiar pockets of cantonments, civil lines and penal colonies. More occasionally, they investigate encounters in which colonial agencies other than the state played a central role. In their introductory essay to what is a coherent and well-produced edited vol-","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77661886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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