Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100202
Debdas Banerjee
An excessive export of capitalfrom Britain during 1870-1914 allegedly reduced the domestic rate of investment. Few studies have really tried to find out how much of the nominal sum in each case was taken up by British investors, and how much of that, in turn, actually found its way abroad. The profits that accrued from trade in colonial products are either ignored altogether or grossly underestimated in the usual accounts of 'benefits of imperialism'. Drawing on Indo-British official trade statistics as well as on private papers, this article re- examines Keynes'estimate of 'drain' from England into India based on the sales of Council Bills. The conclusions of this study are: (a) the profits on Indo-British commodity value chains were much higher than they were assumed to be; and (b) a very large part of the 'British'capital outflom to colonies was in fact recycled profits made on colonial trade.
{"title":"Is there overestimation of 'British capital' outflow? Keynes' Indo-British trade and transfer accounts re-examined with alternative evidence","authors":"Debdas Banerjee","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100202","url":null,"abstract":"An excessive export of capitalfrom Britain during 1870-1914 allegedly reduced the domestic rate of investment. Few studies have really tried to find out how much of the nominal sum in each case was taken up by British investors, and how much of that, in turn, actually found its way abroad. The profits that accrued from trade in colonial products are either ignored altogether or grossly underestimated in the usual accounts of 'benefits of imperialism'. Drawing on Indo-British official trade statistics as well as on private papers, this article re- examines Keynes'estimate of 'drain' from England into India based on the sales of Council Bills. The conclusions of this study are: (a) the profits on Indo-British commodity value chains were much higher than they were assumed to be; and (b) a very large part of the 'British'capital outflom to colonies was in fact recycled profits made on colonial trade.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100205
J. Deloche
This book is an attempt at compiling recent archaeological research on seafaring activity in the Indian Ocean. It comprises eight papers which fall into two broad categories: those which focus on archaeological discoveries based essentially on fieldwork (ethnoarchaeology, archaeobotany, nautical technology) and those which deal with specific problems in the interpretation of source material (literary accounts and archaeological discoveries). Most of the chapters dealing with archaeological material are concerned with the identification and interpretation of different items. First, we find the outcome of recent investigations conducted on fauna and flora in the subcontinent, a subject that has received little attention in archaeological studies and has been confined to limited sites. Substantial details are given on the utilisation of marine resources, specially the fishing industry in the settlements of the Indus Valley civilisation in W.R. Belcher’s paper, which shows that it accounted for a substantial share of food in the settlements of this region and, the non-mechanised procurement techniques of modern Pakistani fisherfolk being similar to those of the Harappan period, it is possible to reconstruct the ancient technology employed during that time by examining the patterns of fish remains visible in archaeological records. Then there is a research study by R.T.J. Cappers on articles of botanical origin
{"title":"Book Reviews : HIMANSHU PRABHA RAY, (ed.), Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period, Indian Council of Historical Research, Delhi, Pragati Publications, 1999, pp. 352","authors":"J. Deloche","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100205","url":null,"abstract":"This book is an attempt at compiling recent archaeological research on seafaring activity in the Indian Ocean. It comprises eight papers which fall into two broad categories: those which focus on archaeological discoveries based essentially on fieldwork (ethnoarchaeology, archaeobotany, nautical technology) and those which deal with specific problems in the interpretation of source material (literary accounts and archaeological discoveries). Most of the chapters dealing with archaeological material are concerned with the identification and interpretation of different items. First, we find the outcome of recent investigations conducted on fauna and flora in the subcontinent, a subject that has received little attention in archaeological studies and has been confined to limited sites. Substantial details are given on the utilisation of marine resources, specially the fishing industry in the settlements of the Indus Valley civilisation in W.R. Belcher’s paper, which shows that it accounted for a substantial share of food in the settlements of this region and, the non-mechanised procurement techniques of modern Pakistani fisherfolk being similar to those of the Harappan period, it is possible to reconstruct the ancient technology employed during that time by examining the patterns of fish remains visible in archaeological records. Then there is a research study by R.T.J. Cappers on articles of botanical origin","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100208
Sanjay Sharma
times the complexity overwhelms even her efforts to create a straightforward narrative. Her discussion of temple myths and legends brings to bear on the topic some of the methodology and style of scholars of religion and religious anthropology, particularly Victor Turner. The theoretical introduction, on the other hand, relies in large part on the work of anthropologist-historians of the subaltern and post-colonial schools. Although these discussions are quite up-to-date and always interesting, the changes of approach and even language are sometimes disconcerting. In any case, the book brings a new and greatly improved standard to the studies of temple towns and temple administration.
{"title":"Book Reviews : MUKULIKA BANERJEE, The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition and Memory in the North West Frontier, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 238, Rs 595","authors":"Sanjay Sharma","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100208","url":null,"abstract":"times the complexity overwhelms even her efforts to create a straightforward narrative. Her discussion of temple myths and legends brings to bear on the topic some of the methodology and style of scholars of religion and religious anthropology, particularly Victor Turner. The theoretical introduction, on the other hand, relies in large part on the work of anthropologist-historians of the subaltern and post-colonial schools. Although these discussions are quite up-to-date and always interesting, the changes of approach and even language are sometimes disconcerting. In any case, the book brings a new and greatly improved standard to the studies of temple towns and temple administration.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100201
A. Basu
Psychiatry as a western medical science arrived in India with colonialism. By mid-nineteenth century, lunatic asylums grew around the major metropolitan centres. By the early twentieth century, this new mental science had percolated to the vernacular periodicals of popular science: the focus of this article. It has been argued that the process of vernacularisation opened up new possibilities of an alien science. The cultural negotiation of colonial psych iatry was neither smooth nor seamless enough to establish a new code of norm/abnorm guided by the Enlightenment. Based on the analyses of Bengali texts, it is argued that by transforming itself culturally, psychiatry could challenge a universalistic science by constructing an indigenous theory.
{"title":"Emergence of a marginal science in a colonial city: Reading psychiatry in Bengali periodicals","authors":"A. Basu","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100201","url":null,"abstract":"Psychiatry as a western medical science arrived in India with colonialism. By mid-nineteenth century, lunatic asylums grew around the major metropolitan centres. By the early twentieth century, this new mental science had percolated to the vernacular periodicals of popular science: the focus of this article. It has been argued that the process of vernacularisation opened up new possibilities of an alien science. The cultural negotiation of colonial psych iatry was neither smooth nor seamless enough to establish a new code of norm/abnorm guided by the Enlightenment. Based on the analyses of Bengali texts, it is argued that by transforming itself culturally, psychiatry could challenge a universalistic science by constructing an indigenous theory.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100204
I. Ray
This article seeks to document and analyse various facets of the indigo dye industry in Bengal during 1772-1860. Britain's trade in Indian indigo during 1600-1757 is first dis cussed here briefly to identify why the imperial government in Bengal nurtured the industry's growth against the odds of international competition and domestic constraints of organisational and technical shortfalls. We then sketch out the course of its development in response to various fiscal and monetary incentives from the government as well as supports of market. information. The spread of its development is assessed in terms of number of firms, capital employed and the creation of job opportunities. Finally, the industry's welfare implications are studied in depth to verify whether the industry was a boon or a bane to the society of Bengal during the nineteenth century.
{"title":"The indigo dye industry in colonial Bengal: A re-examination","authors":"I. Ray","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100204","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to document and analyse various facets of the indigo dye industry in Bengal during 1772-1860. Britain's trade in Indian indigo during 1600-1757 is first dis cussed here briefly to identify why the imperial government in Bengal nurtured the industry's growth against the odds of international competition and domestic constraints of organisational and technical shortfalls. We then sketch out the course of its development in response to various fiscal and monetary incentives from the government as well as supports of market. information. The spread of its development is assessed in terms of number of firms, capital employed and the creation of job opportunities. Finally, the industry's welfare implications are studied in depth to verify whether the industry was a boon or a bane to the society of Bengal during the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100206
G. Balachandran
relations and institutions originating in Europe: direct and portfolio investment, European enterprise, associated laws of property and contract and forms of business organisation, and the normative practices associated with them. Non-western businesses and practices, their adaptations to new challenges and opportunities, their transmission of skills, capital and trade to other regions of the world, and their promotion of new networks of trade and enterprise have seldom attracted comparable levels of attention. In part, this is because debates about global historical processes focus on outcomes rather than on underlying processes and the institutional settings in which they are played out. Of singular significance here is the creation of a two-tiered international economic system comprising a hccute sphere whose institutions and agents mobilise and allocate capital efficiently, and a base sphere where both are absent and which is transformed and harnessed by the capital and enterprise of European agencies. Even if the two-tiered structure cap-
{"title":"Book Reviews : CLAUDE MARKOVITS, The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 327","authors":"G. Balachandran","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100206","url":null,"abstract":"relations and institutions originating in Europe: direct and portfolio investment, European enterprise, associated laws of property and contract and forms of business organisation, and the normative practices associated with them. Non-western businesses and practices, their adaptations to new challenges and opportunities, their transmission of skills, capital and trade to other regions of the world, and their promotion of new networks of trade and enterprise have seldom attracted comparable levels of attention. In part, this is because debates about global historical processes focus on outcomes rather than on underlying processes and the institutional settings in which they are played out. Of singular significance here is the creation of a two-tiered international economic system comprising a hccute sphere whose institutions and agents mobilise and allocate capital efficiently, and a base sphere where both are absent and which is transformed and harnessed by the capital and enterprise of European agencies. Even if the two-tiered structure cap-","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100207
D. Lorenzen
Ishita Banerjee Dube has written an important book about the cult of Jagannath in Puri and the long historical struggle for control of the rituals, the festivals and, above all, the pilgrimage income among the raja of Puri, the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial governments, and the various ritual functionaries associated with the temple. The book has four chapters arranged thematically rather than chronologically. The major themes include the following: (i) the myths and legends associated with Puri and Jagannath; (ii) the legal, political and religious relations between the temple and the raja of Khurda/Puri, on the one hand, and between the raja and the colonial and post-colonial states on the other; (iii) the everyday and festival activities of the temple managed by often competing groups of ritual functionaries, especially cooks, guards and pilgrimage guides (pandas), and their relentless efforts to extract income from the pilgrims and avoid administrative control by the raja or state; (iv) the famous car festival of Jagannath, its liturgical cycle, and the multiple meanings assigned to the festival and the pilgrimage to Puri to attend it. In addition, the introduction addresses some of the more theoretical
{"title":"Book Reviews : ISHITA BANERJEE DUBE, Divine Affairs: Religion, Pilgrimage, and the State in Colo nial and Postcolonial India. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2001, pp. 195","authors":"D. Lorenzen","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100207","url":null,"abstract":"Ishita Banerjee Dube has written an important book about the cult of Jagannath in Puri and the long historical struggle for control of the rituals, the festivals and, above all, the pilgrimage income among the raja of Puri, the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial governments, and the various ritual functionaries associated with the temple. The book has four chapters arranged thematically rather than chronologically. The major themes include the following: (i) the myths and legends associated with Puri and Jagannath; (ii) the legal, political and religious relations between the temple and the raja of Khurda/Puri, on the one hand, and between the raja and the colonial and post-colonial states on the other; (iii) the everyday and festival activities of the temple managed by often competing groups of ritual functionaries, especially cooks, guards and pilgrimage guides (pandas), and their relentless efforts to extract income from the pilgrims and avoid administrative control by the raja or state; (iv) the famous car festival of Jagannath, its liturgical cycle, and the multiple meanings assigned to the festival and the pilgrimage to Puri to attend it. In addition, the introduction addresses some of the more theoretical","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100104
J. Rogers
This article argues that before the 1830s, 'caste' in Lanka fell within the standard range of regional variation found across South Asia. It was only after the 1830s, when the colonial state decided that caste was not a legitimate form of social identification, that the divergence between the island and mainland became marked. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries caste played little role in colonial discourse, but it remained important in social life and elite politics. Given the importance that scholars of India place on official discourse and policy for under standing identity formation, the Lankan case has theoretical and comparative importance.
{"title":"Caste as a social category and identity in colonial Lanka","authors":"J. Rogers","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100104","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that before the 1830s, 'caste' in Lanka fell within the standard range of regional variation found across South Asia. It was only after the 1830s, when the colonial state decided that caste was not a legitimate form of social identification, that the divergence between the island and mainland became marked. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries caste played little role in colonial discourse, but it remained important in social life and elite politics. Given the importance that scholars of India place on official discourse and policy for under standing identity formation, the Lankan case has theoretical and comparative importance.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87150495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100105
S. Guha
This article focuses on the history of the set of practices labelled jajmani. These practices have been cited as evidence that a fundamentally inegalitarian spiritual principle could transcend and limit the economic domain. That idea underpins the belief that human beings must be grouped in mutually exclusive 'civilisations'. Projected geo-politically. the 'civilisation' is then endowed by Samuel Huntington with the Hobbesian, self-aggrandising traits of the nation- state. I suggest that we eschew grand unifying principles and try understand the meanings and motives that generate the repetitive patterns of meaningful interaction which we refer to as a 'society', a 'social practice or an 'institution'.
{"title":"Civilisations, markets and services: Village servants in India from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries","authors":"S. Guha","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100105","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the history of the set of practices labelled jajmani. These practices have been cited as evidence that a fundamentally inegalitarian spiritual principle could transcend and limit the economic domain. That idea underpins the belief that human beings must be grouped in mutually exclusive 'civilisations'. Projected geo-politically. the 'civilisation' is then endowed by Samuel Huntington with the Hobbesian, self-aggrandising traits of the nation- state. I suggest that we eschew grand unifying principles and try understand the meanings and motives that generate the repetitive patterns of meaningful interaction which we refer to as a 'society', a 'social practice or an 'institution'.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77098593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100101
J. Rogers
general accounts of caste that were organised around largely ahistorical anthropological or sociological schemes. For historians, the publication of these two ambitious and useful books will likely serve as a long-standing landmark. There is a remarkable convergence in the periodisation and coverage of the two accounts. Both Bayly and Dirks begin with the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and see considerable diversity in patterns of social organisation across the subcontinent. They agree that early colonial accounts of caste were uncertain and confused, and did not dominate early British perceptions of ‘lndia’. Both authors date the more intense British objectification of Indian identities in general, and caste in particular, to the 1860s, and give similar accounts of the colonial policies and discourses that reified caste over the following half century. When they arrive at the twentieth century, both writers examine the attitudes of anti-colonial nationalists and other politicians before turning to the political history of caste in the postcolonial Indian state. On the whole the two books tell very much the same story. Despite this similarity, both Bayly and Dirks are quite determined to portray their interpretations as radically different from each other. Bayly, for instance,
{"title":"Introduction: Caste, power and region in colonial South Asia","authors":"J. Rogers","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100101","url":null,"abstract":"general accounts of caste that were organised around largely ahistorical anthropological or sociological schemes. For historians, the publication of these two ambitious and useful books will likely serve as a long-standing landmark. There is a remarkable convergence in the periodisation and coverage of the two accounts. Both Bayly and Dirks begin with the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and see considerable diversity in patterns of social organisation across the subcontinent. They agree that early colonial accounts of caste were uncertain and confused, and did not dominate early British perceptions of ‘lndia’. Both authors date the more intense British objectification of Indian identities in general, and caste in particular, to the 1860s, and give similar accounts of the colonial policies and discourses that reified caste over the following half century. When they arrive at the twentieth century, both writers examine the attitudes of anti-colonial nationalists and other politicians before turning to the political history of caste in the postcolonial Indian state. On the whole the two books tell very much the same story. Despite this similarity, both Bayly and Dirks are quite determined to portray their interpretations as radically different from each other. Bayly, for instance,","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80239246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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