Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100201
A. Basu
Psychiatry as a western medical science arrived in India with colonialism. By mid-nineteenth century, lunatic asylums grew around the major metropolitan centres. By the early twentieth century, this new mental science had percolated to the vernacular periodicals of popular science: the focus of this article. It has been argued that the process of vernacularisation opened up new possibilities of an alien science. The cultural negotiation of colonial psych iatry was neither smooth nor seamless enough to establish a new code of norm/abnorm guided by the Enlightenment. Based on the analyses of Bengali texts, it is argued that by transforming itself culturally, psychiatry could challenge a universalistic science by constructing an indigenous theory.
{"title":"Emergence of a marginal science in a colonial city: Reading psychiatry in Bengali periodicals","authors":"A. Basu","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100201","url":null,"abstract":"Psychiatry as a western medical science arrived in India with colonialism. By mid-nineteenth century, lunatic asylums grew around the major metropolitan centres. By the early twentieth century, this new mental science had percolated to the vernacular periodicals of popular science: the focus of this article. It has been argued that the process of vernacularisation opened up new possibilities of an alien science. The cultural negotiation of colonial psych iatry was neither smooth nor seamless enough to establish a new code of norm/abnorm guided by the Enlightenment. Based on the analyses of Bengali texts, it is argued that by transforming itself culturally, psychiatry could challenge a universalistic science by constructing an indigenous theory.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"103 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100204
I. Ray
This article seeks to document and analyse various facets of the indigo dye industry in Bengal during 1772-1860. Britain's trade in Indian indigo during 1600-1757 is first dis cussed here briefly to identify why the imperial government in Bengal nurtured the industry's growth against the odds of international competition and domestic constraints of organisational and technical shortfalls. We then sketch out the course of its development in response to various fiscal and monetary incentives from the government as well as supports of market. information. The spread of its development is assessed in terms of number of firms, capital employed and the creation of job opportunities. Finally, the industry's welfare implications are studied in depth to verify whether the industry was a boon or a bane to the society of Bengal during the nineteenth century.
{"title":"The indigo dye industry in colonial Bengal: A re-examination","authors":"I. Ray","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100204","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to document and analyse various facets of the indigo dye industry in Bengal during 1772-1860. Britain's trade in Indian indigo during 1600-1757 is first dis cussed here briefly to identify why the imperial government in Bengal nurtured the industry's growth against the odds of international competition and domestic constraints of organisational and technical shortfalls. We then sketch out the course of its development in response to various fiscal and monetary incentives from the government as well as supports of market. information. The spread of its development is assessed in terms of number of firms, capital employed and the creation of job opportunities. Finally, the industry's welfare implications are studied in depth to verify whether the industry was a boon or a bane to the society of Bengal during the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"199 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100206
G. Balachandran
relations and institutions originating in Europe: direct and portfolio investment, European enterprise, associated laws of property and contract and forms of business organisation, and the normative practices associated with them. Non-western businesses and practices, their adaptations to new challenges and opportunities, their transmission of skills, capital and trade to other regions of the world, and their promotion of new networks of trade and enterprise have seldom attracted comparable levels of attention. In part, this is because debates about global historical processes focus on outcomes rather than on underlying processes and the institutional settings in which they are played out. Of singular significance here is the creation of a two-tiered international economic system comprising a hccute sphere whose institutions and agents mobilise and allocate capital efficiently, and a base sphere where both are absent and which is transformed and harnessed by the capital and enterprise of European agencies. Even if the two-tiered structure cap-
{"title":"Book Reviews : CLAUDE MARKOVITS, The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 327","authors":"G. Balachandran","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100206","url":null,"abstract":"relations and institutions originating in Europe: direct and portfolio investment, European enterprise, associated laws of property and contract and forms of business organisation, and the normative practices associated with them. Non-western businesses and practices, their adaptations to new challenges and opportunities, their transmission of skills, capital and trade to other regions of the world, and their promotion of new networks of trade and enterprise have seldom attracted comparable levels of attention. In part, this is because debates about global historical processes focus on outcomes rather than on underlying processes and the institutional settings in which they are played out. Of singular significance here is the creation of a two-tiered international economic system comprising a hccute sphere whose institutions and agents mobilise and allocate capital efficiently, and a base sphere where both are absent and which is transformed and harnessed by the capital and enterprise of European agencies. Even if the two-tiered structure cap-","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"227 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100207
D. Lorenzen
Ishita Banerjee Dube has written an important book about the cult of Jagannath in Puri and the long historical struggle for control of the rituals, the festivals and, above all, the pilgrimage income among the raja of Puri, the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial governments, and the various ritual functionaries associated with the temple. The book has four chapters arranged thematically rather than chronologically. The major themes include the following: (i) the myths and legends associated with Puri and Jagannath; (ii) the legal, political and religious relations between the temple and the raja of Khurda/Puri, on the one hand, and between the raja and the colonial and post-colonial states on the other; (iii) the everyday and festival activities of the temple managed by often competing groups of ritual functionaries, especially cooks, guards and pilgrimage guides (pandas), and their relentless efforts to extract income from the pilgrims and avoid administrative control by the raja or state; (iv) the famous car festival of Jagannath, its liturgical cycle, and the multiple meanings assigned to the festival and the pilgrimage to Puri to attend it. In addition, the introduction addresses some of the more theoretical
{"title":"Book Reviews : ISHITA BANERJEE DUBE, Divine Affairs: Religion, Pilgrimage, and the State in Colo nial and Postcolonial India. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2001, pp. 195","authors":"D. Lorenzen","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100207","url":null,"abstract":"Ishita Banerjee Dube has written an important book about the cult of Jagannath in Puri and the long historical struggle for control of the rituals, the festivals and, above all, the pilgrimage income among the raja of Puri, the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial governments, and the various ritual functionaries associated with the temple. The book has four chapters arranged thematically rather than chronologically. The major themes include the following: (i) the myths and legends associated with Puri and Jagannath; (ii) the legal, political and religious relations between the temple and the raja of Khurda/Puri, on the one hand, and between the raja and the colonial and post-colonial states on the other; (iii) the everyday and festival activities of the temple managed by often competing groups of ritual functionaries, especially cooks, guards and pilgrimage guides (pandas), and their relentless efforts to extract income from the pilgrims and avoid administrative control by the raja or state; (iv) the famous car festival of Jagannath, its liturgical cycle, and the multiple meanings assigned to the festival and the pilgrimage to Puri to attend it. In addition, the introduction addresses some of the more theoretical","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"230 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/001946460404100207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64786253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100105
S. Guha
This article focuses on the history of the set of practices labelled jajmani. These practices have been cited as evidence that a fundamentally inegalitarian spiritual principle could transcend and limit the economic domain. That idea underpins the belief that human beings must be grouped in mutually exclusive 'civilisations'. Projected geo-politically. the 'civilisation' is then endowed by Samuel Huntington with the Hobbesian, self-aggrandising traits of the nation- state. I suggest that we eschew grand unifying principles and try understand the meanings and motives that generate the repetitive patterns of meaningful interaction which we refer to as a 'society', a 'social practice or an 'institution'.
{"title":"Civilisations, markets and services: Village servants in India from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries","authors":"S. Guha","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100105","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the history of the set of practices labelled jajmani. These practices have been cited as evidence that a fundamentally inegalitarian spiritual principle could transcend and limit the economic domain. That idea underpins the belief that human beings must be grouped in mutually exclusive 'civilisations'. Projected geo-politically. the 'civilisation' is then endowed by Samuel Huntington with the Hobbesian, self-aggrandising traits of the nation- state. I suggest that we eschew grand unifying principles and try understand the meanings and motives that generate the repetitive patterns of meaningful interaction which we refer to as a 'society', a 'social practice or an 'institution'.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"101 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77098593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100104
J. Rogers
This article argues that before the 1830s, 'caste' in Lanka fell within the standard range of regional variation found across South Asia. It was only after the 1830s, when the colonial state decided that caste was not a legitimate form of social identification, that the divergence between the island and mainland became marked. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries caste played little role in colonial discourse, but it remained important in social life and elite politics. Given the importance that scholars of India place on official discourse and policy for under standing identity formation, the Lankan case has theoretical and comparative importance.
{"title":"Caste as a social category and identity in colonial Lanka","authors":"J. Rogers","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100104","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that before the 1830s, 'caste' in Lanka fell within the standard range of regional variation found across South Asia. It was only after the 1830s, when the colonial state decided that caste was not a legitimate form of social identification, that the divergence between the island and mainland became marked. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries caste played little role in colonial discourse, but it remained important in social life and elite politics. Given the importance that scholars of India place on official discourse and policy for under standing identity formation, the Lankan case has theoretical and comparative importance.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"51 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87150495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100101
J. Rogers
general accounts of caste that were organised around largely ahistorical anthropological or sociological schemes. For historians, the publication of these two ambitious and useful books will likely serve as a long-standing landmark. There is a remarkable convergence in the periodisation and coverage of the two accounts. Both Bayly and Dirks begin with the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and see considerable diversity in patterns of social organisation across the subcontinent. They agree that early colonial accounts of caste were uncertain and confused, and did not dominate early British perceptions of ‘lndia’. Both authors date the more intense British objectification of Indian identities in general, and caste in particular, to the 1860s, and give similar accounts of the colonial policies and discourses that reified caste over the following half century. When they arrive at the twentieth century, both writers examine the attitudes of anti-colonial nationalists and other politicians before turning to the political history of caste in the postcolonial Indian state. On the whole the two books tell very much the same story. Despite this similarity, both Bayly and Dirks are quite determined to portray their interpretations as radically different from each other. Bayly, for instance,
{"title":"Introduction: Caste, power and region in colonial South Asia","authors":"J. Rogers","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100101","url":null,"abstract":"general accounts of caste that were organised around largely ahistorical anthropological or sociological schemes. For historians, the publication of these two ambitious and useful books will likely serve as a long-standing landmark. There is a remarkable convergence in the periodisation and coverage of the two accounts. Both Bayly and Dirks begin with the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and see considerable diversity in patterns of social organisation across the subcontinent. They agree that early colonial accounts of caste were uncertain and confused, and did not dominate early British perceptions of ‘lndia’. Both authors date the more intense British objectification of Indian identities in general, and caste in particular, to the 1860s, and give similar accounts of the colonial policies and discourses that reified caste over the following half century. When they arrive at the twentieth century, both writers examine the attitudes of anti-colonial nationalists and other politicians before turning to the political history of caste in the postcolonial Indian state. On the whole the two books tell very much the same story. Despite this similarity, both Bayly and Dirks are quite determined to portray their interpretations as radically different from each other. Bayly, for instance,","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80239246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100103
B. Caton
Highly fragmented British and Panjabi populations negotiated both the content and form of social categories such as caste and tribe, suggesting an historical process of creation of colo nial knowledge that resembled less a 'dialogic process and more a multivalent set of locally focused transactions. While British administrators developed categories in order to exercise greater control over Panjab, the participation of Panjabis in the development and naming of such categories meant that Panjabis were quite aware of the stakes involved and could act, within certain limits, to maximise their own or their lineage 's material returns.
{"title":"Social categories and colonisation in Panjab, 1849-1920","authors":"B. Caton","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100103","url":null,"abstract":"Highly fragmented British and Panjabi populations negotiated both the content and form of social categories such as caste and tribe, suggesting an historical process of creation of colo nial knowledge that resembled less a 'dialogic process and more a multivalent set of locally focused transactions. While British administrators developed categories in order to exercise greater control over Panjab, the participation of Panjabis in the development and naming of such categories meant that Panjabis were quite aware of the stakes involved and could act, within certain limits, to maximise their own or their lineage 's material returns.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"144 1","pages":"33 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74491221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460404100102
Prachi Deshpande
In the light of recent scholarship emphasising the historicity of caste, this article tracks the transformation of the category 'Maratha' from its precolonial register as a military ethos to that ofa caste in the early twentieth century. Surveying the category's genealogy in non-Brahman literature and colonial ethnographic writings and policy, it argues that this caste-based register of 'Maratha' was shaped through a complex, interactive process by both colonial and Indian discourses. In doing so, the article attempts to historicise 'Maratha' and emphasises the impor tance of locating the modern history of caste and its encounter with colonialism in regional/ local contexts.
{"title":"Caste as Maratha: Social categories, colonial policy and identity in early twentieth-century Maharashtra","authors":"Prachi Deshpande","doi":"10.1177/001946460404100102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460404100102","url":null,"abstract":"In the light of recent scholarship emphasising the historicity of caste, this article tracks the transformation of the category 'Maratha' from its precolonial register as a military ethos to that ofa caste in the early twentieth century. Surveying the category's genealogy in non-Brahman literature and colonial ethnographic writings and policy, it argues that this caste-based register of 'Maratha' was shaped through a complex, interactive process by both colonial and Indian discourses. In doing so, the article attempts to historicise 'Maratha' and emphasises the impor tance of locating the modern history of caste and its encounter with colonialism in regional/ local contexts.","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"32 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82397818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-12-01DOI: 10.1177/001946460304000407
M. Fisher
more for us to learn about the fundamentals of the Indian army-in peace as well as in war), much could be gleaned were military historians to consider the extent to which the military informed and was in turn informed by wider questions of culture and identity. In this volume, identity was singled out as a major theme, and while a number of these essays helped to illuminate the army’s role in fashioning the collective identity of the groups from which it sought recruits (Sikhs, Punjabi Muslims, Rajputs, etc.), other opportunities were missed. For example, martial qualities were often measured in gendered terms, and gender and sexuality come to be integral elements within efforts at differentiating between racial, ethnic and status groups. Consequently, the army was a crucial arena for the production and reproduction of sexual and gender identities and boundaries, as well as racial and caste categorisations. Closer analysis of the ways in which the army enabled
{"title":"Book Reviews : CHANNA WICKREMESEKERA, 'Best Black Troops in the World': British Perceptions and the Making of the Sepoy, 1746-1805, New Delhi, Manohar, 2002, pp. 212","authors":"M. Fisher","doi":"10.1177/001946460304000407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460304000407","url":null,"abstract":"more for us to learn about the fundamentals of the Indian army-in peace as well as in war), much could be gleaned were military historians to consider the extent to which the military informed and was in turn informed by wider questions of culture and identity. In this volume, identity was singled out as a major theme, and while a number of these essays helped to illuminate the army’s role in fashioning the collective identity of the groups from which it sought recruits (Sikhs, Punjabi Muslims, Rajputs, etc.), other opportunities were missed. For example, martial qualities were often measured in gendered terms, and gender and sexuality come to be integral elements within efforts at differentiating between racial, ethnic and status groups. Consequently, the army was a crucial arena for the production and reproduction of sexual and gender identities and boundaries, as well as racial and caste categorisations. Closer analysis of the ways in which the army enabled","PeriodicalId":45806,"journal":{"name":"Indian Economic and Social History Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"467 - 469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90987910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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