Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2019.1692009
A. Cihan, T. Reidy, Jon R. Sorensen, Kimberly A. Chism
ABSTRACT Using a sample of 1,502 male inmates incarcerated in a correctional facility in a Northwestern state between March 2010 and June 2017 for a minimum of 3 years, the current study examines: 1) The heterogeneous nature of visitation experiences and prison misconduct over time; 2) The long-term effects of distinct visitation patterns on prison misconduct; and 3) The predictive utility of identified visitation patterns along with certain inmate characteristics in predicting distinct prison misconduct patterns. Results from trajectory and multivariate analyses identified five visitation and four misconduct groups. The findings suggest that high and early levels of visitation groups yielded a lower likelihood of persistent disciplinary offending. Additionally, age, criminal history, gang affiliation, mental health, and custody status were related to persistent misconduct. Visitation is an important determinant of inmate misconduct, which emphasizes the need for social support as early as possible during an inmate’s prison term. Additional implications are discussed.
{"title":"Assessing the developmental patterns of visitation on prison misconduct: do visitation patterns matter?","authors":"A. Cihan, T. Reidy, Jon R. Sorensen, Kimberly A. Chism","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2019.1692009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1692009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using a sample of 1,502 male inmates incarcerated in a correctional facility in a Northwestern state between March 2010 and June 2017 for a minimum of 3 years, the current study examines: 1) The heterogeneous nature of visitation experiences and prison misconduct over time; 2) The long-term effects of distinct visitation patterns on prison misconduct; and 3) The predictive utility of identified visitation patterns along with certain inmate characteristics in predicting distinct prison misconduct patterns. Results from trajectory and multivariate analyses identified five visitation and four misconduct groups. The findings suggest that high and early levels of visitation groups yielded a lower likelihood of persistent disciplinary offending. Additionally, age, criminal history, gang affiliation, mental health, and custody status were related to persistent misconduct. Visitation is an important determinant of inmate misconduct, which emphasizes the need for social support as early as possible during an inmate’s prison term. Additional implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"153 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1692009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41524107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2019.1684275
Jennifer L. Lanterman
ABSTRACT The use of day reporting centers (DRCs) to provide additional supervision and collocated services for criminal justice populations has expanded considerably since they first appeared in the United States 30 years ago. However, little is known about models of practice. This study uses a multi-state sample and two-step cluster analysis to identify six distinct DRC models. A number of trends related to evidence-based practice are also identified. The paper concludes with recommendations for community corrections administrators.
{"title":"A multi-state survey of day reporting center models","authors":"Jennifer L. Lanterman","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2019.1684275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1684275","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of day reporting centers (DRCs) to provide additional supervision and collocated services for criminal justice populations has expanded considerably since they first appeared in the United States 30 years ago. However, little is known about models of practice. This study uses a multi-state sample and two-step cluster analysis to identify six distinct DRC models. A number of trends related to evidence-based practice are also identified. The paper concludes with recommendations for community corrections administrators.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"112 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1684275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44004092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2019.1689358
N. Powell, Mathew D Gayman
ABSTRACT Few studies have investigated factors that contribute to the mental health of probation and parole officers (PPOs). Addressing the needs of supervisees with serious mental illness (SMI) can create unique challenges for PPOs, which in turn may increase job-related stress and impact PPOs’ mental health. Using statewide survey data from 795 PPOs, we examine whether the number of supervisees with SMI on an officer’s caseload is associated with depressive symptoms reported by PPOs and whether this relationship is mediated by work stress. In addition, we examine the mediating effects of role conflict and overload in the relationship between the number of persons with SMI on an officer’s caseload and work stress. Findings reveal that PPOs supervising more people with SMI report significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and this relationship is mediated by work stress. Additionally, the association between the number of supervisees with SMI on an officer’s caseload and work stress is completely explained away by role conflict and role overload. These findings highlight the mental health significance for parole and probation practitioners working with persons with SMI.
{"title":"The mental health of community correctional officers: supervising persons with serious mental illness","authors":"N. Powell, Mathew D Gayman","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2019.1689358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1689358","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Few studies have investigated factors that contribute to the mental health of probation and parole officers (PPOs). Addressing the needs of supervisees with serious mental illness (SMI) can create unique challenges for PPOs, which in turn may increase job-related stress and impact PPOs’ mental health. Using statewide survey data from 795 PPOs, we examine whether the number of supervisees with SMI on an officer’s caseload is associated with depressive symptoms reported by PPOs and whether this relationship is mediated by work stress. In addition, we examine the mediating effects of role conflict and overload in the relationship between the number of persons with SMI on an officer’s caseload and work stress. Findings reveal that PPOs supervising more people with SMI report significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and this relationship is mediated by work stress. Additionally, the association between the number of supervisees with SMI on an officer’s caseload and work stress is completely explained away by role conflict and role overload. These findings highlight the mental health significance for parole and probation practitioners working with persons with SMI.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"135 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1689358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41562928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2019.1628437
C. Forsyth, R. Biggar, J. Chen
ABSTRACT This paper uses student data from the 2016 Caring Communities Youth Survey (CCYS) to examine four victim effects of being bullied. Victim factors examined are suicide pre-ideation ideation, planning, attempts. All four measures of suicidal thoughts and behaviors were positively related to being bullied and were significant.
{"title":"Bullied youth: suicide attempts, planning, ideation, and pre-ideation","authors":"C. Forsyth, R. Biggar, J. Chen","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2019.1628437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1628437","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper uses student data from the 2016 Caring Communities Youth Survey (CCYS) to examine four victim effects of being bullied. Victim factors examined are suicide pre-ideation ideation, planning, attempts. All four measures of suicidal thoughts and behaviors were positively related to being bullied and were significant.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"170 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1628437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43556991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-22DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2020.1741227
K. Friend, M. Gordon, Bill Scarbrough, D. Collins, Kyra Fritz, S. Smoot, J. Copple, Colleen K. Copple, N. Joyce
ABSTRACT Trust between law enforcement officers and the communities they serve is essential to the safety of our citizens. Relationships between police and communities have, however, become increasingly strained, with reports of deadly events and wrongful convictions filling the television, newspapers, and the Internet. While the model of conducting internal investigations to determine blame and penalize the individuals involved has been used for years, a new paradigm to bring systemic change is increasingly being embraced by the criminal justice field. Historically used in other disciplines, sentinel event reviews have been employed to understand organizational failures. Multiple key community stakeholders gather to conduct a root cause analysis, which is an empirical approach that involves data collection to understand the systems-level causes of organizational events. The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature on sentinel event reviews in the criminal justice system, borrowing heavily from other disciplines where they are already well-established. We then examine the literature on organizational adoption, since the ultimate goal of sentinel event reviews is to lead to stronger systems that can learn from systemic mistakes and allow the dissemination of best practices to benefit both law enforcement and the individuals they serve.
{"title":"Sentinel event reviews in the criminal justice system: a review of the literature","authors":"K. Friend, M. Gordon, Bill Scarbrough, D. Collins, Kyra Fritz, S. Smoot, J. Copple, Colleen K. Copple, N. Joyce","doi":"10.1080/1478601x.2020.1741227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1741227","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Trust between law enforcement officers and the communities they serve is essential to the safety of our citizens. Relationships between police and communities have, however, become increasingly strained, with reports of deadly events and wrongful convictions filling the television, newspapers, and the Internet. While the model of conducting internal investigations to determine blame and penalize the individuals involved has been used for years, a new paradigm to bring systemic change is increasingly being embraced by the criminal justice field. Historically used in other disciplines, sentinel event reviews have been employed to understand organizational failures. Multiple key community stakeholders gather to conduct a root cause analysis, which is an empirical approach that involves data collection to understand the systems-level causes of organizational events. The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature on sentinel event reviews in the criminal justice system, borrowing heavily from other disciplines where they are already well-established. We then examine the literature on organizational adoption, since the ultimate goal of sentinel event reviews is to lead to stronger systems that can learn from systemic mistakes and allow the dissemination of best practices to benefit both law enforcement and the individuals they serve.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"337 - 353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1741227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48922169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-04DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1736827
Jaeyong Choi, Daniel R. Lee
ABSTRACT Media researchers have long considered the extent to which the media influence perceptions of the police. More recently, scholars have encouraged more specific investigations to determine if media effects can vary depending on the audience’s characteristics. The present article contributes to and extends this line of research by employing unique measures of the media considering various modes of media and content and by examining whether individual experiences condition media effects on perceptions of the police. Using a sample of college students from Southwestern Pennsylvania, results show that there are significant interaction effects between some media measures and audience characteristics, highlighting that it is critical to consider individual characteristics and experiences in understanding media effects on perceptions of the police. Our findings provide mixed support for both of the mainstreaming hypothesis and the resonance hypothesis.
{"title":"Media use habits, negative encounters with the police, and perceptions of the police: the mainstreaming hypothesis versus the resonance hypothesis","authors":"Jaeyong Choi, Daniel R. Lee","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1736827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1736827","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Media researchers have long considered the extent to which the media influence perceptions of the police. More recently, scholars have encouraged more specific investigations to determine if media effects can vary depending on the audience’s characteristics. The present article contributes to and extends this line of research by employing unique measures of the media considering various modes of media and content and by examining whether individual experiences condition media effects on perceptions of the police. Using a sample of college students from Southwestern Pennsylvania, results show that there are significant interaction effects between some media measures and audience characteristics, highlighting that it is critical to consider individual characteristics and experiences in understanding media effects on perceptions of the police. Our findings provide mixed support for both of the mainstreaming hypothesis and the resonance hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"34 1","pages":"48 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1736827","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48183872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2020.1723084
Petter Gottschalk
ABSTRACT The theory of convenience is an emerging approach to explain the occurrence of white-collar crime. Convenience theory suggests that there is a financial motive enabling the offender to exploit possibilities and avoid threats, an organizational opportunity to commit and conceal crime, and a personal willingness for deviant behavior. This article tests the theory by a case study of a logistics manager who entered into corrupt relationships with friends who were suppliers. Among the many themes included in the structural model of convenience theory, the case study illustrates occupational rather than corporate crime that benefitted the offender personally. The motive was greed, while the opportunity was caused by status and lack of oversight and guardianship. His willingness was based on his choice of private relationships where he could justify his actions and neutralize feelings of guilt.
{"title":"Convenience in white-collar crime: a case study of corruption among friends in Norway","authors":"Petter Gottschalk","doi":"10.1080/1478601x.2020.1723084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1723084","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The theory of convenience is an emerging approach to explain the occurrence of white-collar crime. Convenience theory suggests that there is a financial motive enabling the offender to exploit possibilities and avoid threats, an organizational opportunity to commit and conceal crime, and a personal willingness for deviant behavior. This article tests the theory by a case study of a logistics manager who entered into corrupt relationships with friends who were suppliers. Among the many themes included in the structural model of convenience theory, the case study illustrates occupational rather than corporate crime that benefitted the offender personally. The motive was greed, while the opportunity was caused by status and lack of oversight and guardianship. His willingness was based on his choice of private relationships where he could justify his actions and neutralize feelings of guilt.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"413 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1723084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43455335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2020.1715392
Thomas W. Wojciechowski
ABSTRACT Research has demonstrated the importance of early-life behavioral issues for predicting risk for offending throughout the life-course. However, there has yet to be any study that has examined how early behavior problems may cluster together and how these clusters predict offending across the life-course. Latent class analysis was used to identify behavior classes comprising the onset of the childhood behavior problems: cheating, disrupting class, being drunk/stoned, stealing, and fighting. Analysis of variance was used to identify between-class differences in risk/protective factors. Age–crime curves were identified for groups to measure offending throughout the life-course. Results indicated that a three-class model best fits the data (Low EOBP, FDC, DCSF). Groups differed in risk/protective factor profiles. Age–crime curves indicated that participants assigned to the DCSF group demonstrated more serious offending in adolescence and that the FDC and DCSF groups demonstrated more serious offending in early adulthood. Identification of individuals reporting disturbing class, fighting, and stealing in childhood may be at elevated risk for more serious offending in adolescence. This may place them at risk for encountering snares in the life-course.
{"title":"Latent class analysis of early onset of behavior problems: relevance for predicting offending across the life-course","authors":"Thomas W. Wojciechowski","doi":"10.1080/1478601x.2020.1715392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1715392","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research has demonstrated the importance of early-life behavioral issues for predicting risk for offending throughout the life-course. However, there has yet to be any study that has examined how early behavior problems may cluster together and how these clusters predict offending across the life-course. Latent class analysis was used to identify behavior classes comprising the onset of the childhood behavior problems: cheating, disrupting class, being drunk/stoned, stealing, and fighting. Analysis of variance was used to identify between-class differences in risk/protective factors. Age–crime curves were identified for groups to measure offending throughout the life-course. Results indicated that a three-class model best fits the data (Low EOBP, FDC, DCSF). Groups differed in risk/protective factor profiles. Age–crime curves indicated that participants assigned to the DCSF group demonstrated more serious offending in adolescence and that the FDC and DCSF groups demonstrated more serious offending in early adulthood. Identification of individuals reporting disturbing class, fighting, and stealing in childhood may be at elevated risk for more serious offending in adolescence. This may place them at risk for encountering snares in the life-course.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"394 - 412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1715392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47233795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-08DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2020.1711752
G. Walters
ABSTRACT The principal goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms responsible for the victim-offender overlap. Participants were 1,354 (1,170 males, 184 females) youthful offenders (mean age = 16.04 years) from the Pathways to Desistance study. The path running from violent offending to violent victimization was tested for mediation using peer delinquency and unsupervised routine activities as mediators, whereas the path running from violent victimization to violent offending was tested for mediation using peer delinquency and depression as mediators. Congruent with the first research hypothesis, peer delinquency mediated the violent offending–violent victimization pathway and did so significantly better than unsupervised routine activities. Contrary to the second hypothesis, peer delinquency did not mediate the violent victimization–violent offending pathway. The role of person proximity and peer selection in linking violent offending to future violent victimization is discussed.
{"title":"Mediating the victim–offender overlap with delinquent peer associations: a preliminary test of the person proximity hypothesis","authors":"G. Walters","doi":"10.1080/1478601x.2020.1711752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1711752","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The principal goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms responsible for the victim-offender overlap. Participants were 1,354 (1,170 males, 184 females) youthful offenders (mean age = 16.04 years) from the Pathways to Desistance study. The path running from violent offending to violent victimization was tested for mediation using peer delinquency and unsupervised routine activities as mediators, whereas the path running from violent victimization to violent offending was tested for mediation using peer delinquency and depression as mediators. Congruent with the first research hypothesis, peer delinquency mediated the violent offending–violent victimization pathway and did so significantly better than unsupervised routine activities. Contrary to the second hypothesis, peer delinquency did not mediate the violent victimization–violent offending pathway. The role of person proximity and peer selection in linking violent offending to future violent victimization is discussed.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"297 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1711752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41816214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2019.1709781
M. Benson, E. Harbinson
In 2015 Erin Harbinson, then a PhD candidate in criminal justice at the University of Cincinnati approached the U. S. Probation and Pre-Trial Services Office (PPSO) and offered to conduct a study o...
{"title":"Introduction to the special issue gender and white-collar crime","authors":"M. Benson, E. Harbinson","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2019.1709781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1709781","url":null,"abstract":"In 2015 Erin Harbinson, then a PhD candidate in criminal justice at the University of Cincinnati approached the U. S. Probation and Pre-Trial Services Office (PPSO) and offered to conduct a study o...","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1709781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43994862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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