Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2140149
M. Logan, Erika J. Brooke, M. A. Morgan, Andrea Hazelwood
ABSTRACT The sociodemographic backgrounds of inmates are essential for understanding their prison experiences and the extent to which they cope with incarceration and recidivate upon release. The notion that military veterans might fare differently from other groups in the correctional system has existed for decades; yet scholars have only recently begun to focus on the effects that prior service has on metrics of prison adjustment and beyond. Increased emphasis on the prison experiences of military veterans necessitates a review of the studies published to date. In the current study, we take stock of the empirical research conducted on incarcerated veterans by systematically reviewing all articles published online between 2000 and 2022. Overall, we find little evidence to support the view that veteran status confers any specific benefits or vulnerabilities during incarceration or following release. However, given the limitations of the studies reviewed, we address several methodological concerns regarding the study of former service members and provide directions for future research.
{"title":"Taking stock of incarcerated military veterans: a review of (and guide for) research","authors":"M. Logan, Erika J. Brooke, M. A. Morgan, Andrea Hazelwood","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2140149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2140149","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The sociodemographic backgrounds of inmates are essential for understanding their prison experiences and the extent to which they cope with incarceration and recidivate upon release. The notion that military veterans might fare differently from other groups in the correctional system has existed for decades; yet scholars have only recently begun to focus on the effects that prior service has on metrics of prison adjustment and beyond. Increased emphasis on the prison experiences of military veterans necessitates a review of the studies published to date. In the current study, we take stock of the empirical research conducted on incarcerated veterans by systematically reviewing all articles published online between 2000 and 2022. Overall, we find little evidence to support the view that veteran status confers any specific benefits or vulnerabilities during incarceration or following release. However, given the limitations of the studies reviewed, we address several methodological concerns regarding the study of former service members and provide directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"18 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48465038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2141890
Andrew S. Denney, Christopher E. Torres, Christina Oram, M. Sutton
ABSTRACT Many religions often require followers to attend services at physical places of worship (PWs). However, the combination of individuals interacting with one another and the mere presence of physical structures for worship create numerous crime opportunities. The current study examines 6,772 crimes reported to police that occurred at PWs over a two-calendar year period (2009–2010) in one large Southern U.S. metropolitan city. Specifically, this study examines the types/frequencies of crime reported to police at PWs and the geospatial characteristics of PWs that were hotspots. In total, 78 crime categories occurred in the 1,081 unique cases, with theft being the most common offense. Additionally, most hotspot PWs were located near major intersections or bypasses. Policy implications and directions for future research will also be discussed.
{"title":"Crime at places of worship: a geospatial analysis","authors":"Andrew S. Denney, Christopher E. Torres, Christina Oram, M. Sutton","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2141890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2141890","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many religions often require followers to attend services at physical places of worship (PWs). However, the combination of individuals interacting with one another and the mere presence of physical structures for worship create numerous crime opportunities. The current study examines 6,772 crimes reported to police that occurred at PWs over a two-calendar year period (2009–2010) in one large Southern U.S. metropolitan city. Specifically, this study examines the types/frequencies of crime reported to police at PWs and the geospatial characteristics of PWs that were hotspots. In total, 78 crime categories occurred in the 1,081 unique cases, with theft being the most common offense. Additionally, most hotspot PWs were located near major intersections or bypasses. Policy implications and directions for future research will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"347 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43968725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2145666
Jeffrey Ian Ross, Heith Copes
ABSTRACT The academic field of Convict Criminology (CC) started in the mid-1990s. In general, CC argues that the insights and experiences of currently and formerly incarcerated men and women are typically ignored in scholarly research and policy making circles. Since its founding a considerable amount of scholarly activity connected to this school, movement, and network occurred. Although CC scholars have reviewed the CC literature and activities, none have performed a rigorous content analysis of the scholarship in this field. This approach is important to understand who has written this work, their background, the venues where this academic writing has been published, the content of this work, and the impact of this literature. More importantly this type of analysis may provide a better sense of what kinds of future research on CC, or using the CC approach, should be conducted. Specifically, this study presents the results of a content analysis of 79 pieces of scholarship on CC published between 2001 and August 2022. The conclusion points out areas where continued scholarship using the Convict Criminology framework may be conducted.
{"title":"Convict criminology from here to there: a content analysis of scholarship in a growing subfield","authors":"Jeffrey Ian Ross, Heith Copes","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2145666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2145666","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The academic field of Convict Criminology (CC) started in the mid-1990s. In general, CC argues that the insights and experiences of currently and formerly incarcerated men and women are typically ignored in scholarly research and policy making circles. Since its founding a considerable amount of scholarly activity connected to this school, movement, and network occurred. Although CC scholars have reviewed the CC literature and activities, none have performed a rigorous content analysis of the scholarship in this field. This approach is important to understand who has written this work, their background, the venues where this academic writing has been published, the content of this work, and the impact of this literature. More importantly this type of analysis may provide a better sense of what kinds of future research on CC, or using the CC approach, should be conducted. Specifically, this study presents the results of a content analysis of 79 pieces of scholarship on CC published between 2001 and August 2022. The conclusion points out areas where continued scholarship using the Convict Criminology framework may be conducted.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"442 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49415754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2138985
Mark D. Reed
ABSTRACT The death notification is regarded as one of the most defining events for families of sudden and unexpected death. Little is known how the death notification process impacts families who have lost a loved one to homicide. Using the focus group methodology, this study depicts the death notification process through the eyes of homicide co-victims and examines the patterned aspects of the notifiers’ association with co-victims as their relationships and contacts unfold across three critical phases of death notification: initiating contact with co-victims, delivering the notice, and providing assistance and referral to co-victims. Of particular interest is retelling personal accounts of secondary victimization that homicide co-victims experience during the death notification process and how they responded to such experiences. The paper concludes by discussing ways to improve death notification protocols and training guidelines and providing direction for future policy and practice.
{"title":"The administration of death notifications in murder cases: retelling the secondary victimization experiences of homicide co-victims","authors":"Mark D. Reed","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2138985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2138985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The death notification is regarded as one of the most defining events for families of sudden and unexpected death. Little is known how the death notification process impacts families who have lost a loved one to homicide. Using the focus group methodology, this study depicts the death notification process through the eyes of homicide co-victims and examines the patterned aspects of the notifiers’ association with co-victims as their relationships and contacts unfold across three critical phases of death notification: initiating contact with co-victims, delivering the notice, and providing assistance and referral to co-victims. Of particular interest is retelling personal accounts of secondary victimization that homicide co-victims experience during the death notification process and how they responded to such experiences. The paper concludes by discussing ways to improve death notification protocols and training guidelines and providing direction for future policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"364 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45854564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2120872
K. Farr
ABSTRACT Since the death penalty was reinstated in the U. S. in 1976, 33 women have been sentenced to die for maternal filicide. In order to identify factors that elevate the risk that a given maternal filicide will result in a death sentence outcome, data were collected on the death-sentenced cases and compared to research findings on the general maternal filicide population overall. Because the focus of the study was on the salience of particular claims to juries’ and judges’ punishment decisions, the principal sources of data were court transcripts and reports referring to them. Findings indicated that the death-sentenced women had a lower rate of serious mental illness, higher rates of murder perpetrated by cumulative abuse and motivated by revenge or financial gain, and of victims over age one.
{"title":"Maternal filicide: risk factors for a death penalty outcome","authors":"K. Farr","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2120872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2120872","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the death penalty was reinstated in the U. S. in 1976, 33 women have been sentenced to die for maternal filicide. In order to identify factors that elevate the risk that a given maternal filicide will result in a death sentence outcome, data were collected on the death-sentenced cases and compared to research findings on the general maternal filicide population overall. Because the focus of the study was on the salience of particular claims to juries’ and judges’ punishment decisions, the principal sources of data were court transcripts and reports referring to them. Findings indicated that the death-sentenced women had a lower rate of serious mental illness, higher rates of murder perpetrated by cumulative abuse and motivated by revenge or financial gain, and of victims over age one.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"385 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47819340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2116791
Michael Heise
ABSTRACT Existing research on distributional concerns arising out of the police-initiated traffic stop context and its outcomes typically focuses on drivers’ race and gender. Broadening this research focus permits more granular analyses of how key police officer and driver pairings interact. Emerging research implies that if Black and non-white drivers are disadvantaged in traffic stop outcomes owing to racial animus, this disadvantage should be especially acute when the police officer is white. Likewise, if gender stereotypes contribute an advantage to female drivers, this advantage should be particularly evident when the officer is male. To assess these hypotheses, this study analyzes data from the 2015 Police-Public Contact Survey (‘PPCS’) and estimates logit models to examine the impact of key police officer and driver race and gender pairings on police-initiated traffic stop outcomes. Despite focusing on police/driver race and gender pairings where expectations for evidence of systematic bias are at their highest, results from this study indicate that none of the three pairings achieves statistical significance. The findings emphasize that prevailing conventional wisdoms regarding key police/driver race and gender pairings in the police-initiated traffic stop context do not find direct empirical support from the null results in this study.
{"title":"‘Driving while black’ (or female) as a function of policing while white (or male)","authors":"Michael Heise","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2116791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2116791","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Existing research on distributional concerns arising out of the police-initiated traffic stop context and its outcomes typically focuses on drivers’ race and gender. Broadening this research focus permits more granular analyses of how key police officer and driver pairings interact. Emerging research implies that if Black and non-white drivers are disadvantaged in traffic stop outcomes owing to racial animus, this disadvantage should be especially acute when the police officer is white. Likewise, if gender stereotypes contribute an advantage to female drivers, this advantage should be particularly evident when the officer is male. To assess these hypotheses, this study analyzes data from the 2015 Police-Public Contact Survey (‘PPCS’) and estimates logit models to examine the impact of key police officer and driver race and gender pairings on police-initiated traffic stop outcomes. Despite focusing on police/driver race and gender pairings where expectations for evidence of systematic bias are at their highest, results from this study indicate that none of the three pairings achieves statistical significance. The findings emphasize that prevailing conventional wisdoms regarding key police/driver race and gender pairings in the police-initiated traffic stop context do not find direct empirical support from the null results in this study.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"423 - 441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43627522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2115487
E. Lambert, Hanif Qureshi, Mia Abboud Holbrook, James Frank, Chelsea Hines
ABSTRACT Correctional institutions are manpower-intensive organizations, and organizational commitment is important for their successful functioning. This study uses the job demands model to examine effect of workplace variables on organizational commitment. Using a sample of 163 correctional officers from a prison in Haryana State, India, we find that job demands (fear of being hurt and work and role overload) have no significant effect of organizational commitment. All four components of job resources (instrumental communication, job autonomy, quality of supervision, and job variety) were found to be positively and significantly associated with organizational commitment. The study highlights the importance of adequate knowledge of job resources in trying to raise the affective commitment of correctional officers.
{"title":"Testing the job demands-resources model for organizational commitment among Indian correctional officers","authors":"E. Lambert, Hanif Qureshi, Mia Abboud Holbrook, James Frank, Chelsea Hines","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2115487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2115487","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Correctional institutions are manpower-intensive organizations, and organizational commitment is important for their successful functioning. This study uses the job demands model to examine effect of workplace variables on organizational commitment. Using a sample of 163 correctional officers from a prison in Haryana State, India, we find that job demands (fear of being hurt and work and role overload) have no significant effect of organizational commitment. All four components of job resources (instrumental communication, job autonomy, quality of supervision, and job variety) were found to be positively and significantly associated with organizational commitment. The study highlights the importance of adequate knowledge of job resources in trying to raise the affective commitment of correctional officers.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"403 - 422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48881880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2089667
Brett C. Burkhardt, Scott Akins
ABSTRACT Recent years have seen increases in citizen complaints and legislation about homelessness. Police are often tasked with responding to these complaints and violations. This paper asks: What do people want the police to do when they encounter visible homelessness, and how are these preferences related to characteristics of observers and of individuals who are homeless? It presents findings from a survey experiment delivered to residents of Portland, Oregon, USA. Respondents were given a series of vignettes involving a hypothetical homeless man whose race (Black or White) and background characteristics (substance abuse, mental illness, combat veteran, or control) were randomly assigned. Respondents were then asked to endorse an aggressive (‘arrest’), therapeutic (‘help’), or hands-off (‘ignore’) response by police. Results reveal support for a therapeutic response to visible homelessness, though this was mediated somewhat by the race of the homeless person. The findings contribute to research on public perceptions of police actions.
{"title":"How should police respond to homelessness? Results from a survey experiment in Portland, Oregon","authors":"Brett C. Burkhardt, Scott Akins","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2089667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2089667","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent years have seen increases in citizen complaints and legislation about homelessness. Police are often tasked with responding to these complaints and violations. This paper asks: What do people want the police to do when they encounter visible homelessness, and how are these preferences related to characteristics of observers and of individuals who are homeless? It presents findings from a survey experiment delivered to residents of Portland, Oregon, USA. Respondents were given a series of vignettes involving a hypothetical homeless man whose race (Black or White) and background characteristics (substance abuse, mental illness, combat veteran, or control) were randomly assigned. Respondents were then asked to endorse an aggressive (‘arrest’), therapeutic (‘help’), or hands-off (‘ignore’) response by police. Results reveal support for a therapeutic response to visible homelessness, though this was mediated somewhat by the race of the homeless person. The findings contribute to research on public perceptions of police actions.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"274 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48355700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2087649
Hunter M. Boehme
ABSTRACT Scholars have begun to investigate whether coffee shops offer neighborhoods a platform to develop social cohesion and prevent crime in the nearby area. However, no such study has examined this relationship at the street segment level. Thus, the current study takes a micro-level, geospatial approach to investigate whether the presence of coffee shops is associated with property and violent crimes at the street segment. Findings from multiple count regression models find that street segments with coffee shops were associated with increases in property crimes and all crimes grouped together, compared to streets with other businesses but no coffee shop. However, there were no statistically significant associations between street segments with coffee shops and violent crime. Findings run contrary to previous investigations of the coffee shop-crime relationship, indicating more research is needed in this area. Further investigation into the type of crime that may be associated with coffee shop presence is warranted. Theoretical and research implications are discussed.
{"title":"Are coffeeshops really third places? A street segment approach to investigate the influence of coffee shops on property and violent crime","authors":"Hunter M. Boehme","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2087649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2087649","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Scholars have begun to investigate whether coffee shops offer neighborhoods a platform to develop social cohesion and prevent crime in the nearby area. However, no such study has examined this relationship at the street segment level. Thus, the current study takes a micro-level, geospatial approach to investigate whether the presence of coffee shops is associated with property and violent crimes at the street segment. Findings from multiple count regression models find that street segments with coffee shops were associated with increases in property crimes and all crimes grouped together, compared to streets with other businesses but no coffee shop. However, there were no statistically significant associations between street segments with coffee shops and violent crime. Findings run contrary to previous investigations of the coffee shop-crime relationship, indicating more research is needed in this area. Further investigation into the type of crime that may be associated with coffee shop presence is warranted. Theoretical and research implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"219 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49428922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2081966
S. Massey, Richard A. Kauffman, Meishan Chen, Wangshu Tu
ABSTRACT Archival crime data collected by a police agency in Upstate New York from 2008 to 2015; outcome, sentencing, and incarceration data collected by the New York State’s Department of Criminal Justice Statistics; and demographic data collected by the U.S. Census were analyzed to explore how a suspect’s race and sex affect the investigation, prosecution, conviction, and sentencing in larceny cases. Results suggest that Black men were more likely to be the targets of excess suspicion, less likely to be granted leniency by prosecutors, no more likely to be convicted, but, if convicted, more likely to be incarcerated than White men.
{"title":"Race, excess suspicion, and larceny in Upstate NY","authors":"S. Massey, Richard A. Kauffman, Meishan Chen, Wangshu Tu","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2081966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2081966","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Archival crime data collected by a police agency in Upstate New York from 2008 to 2015; outcome, sentencing, and incarceration data collected by the New York State’s Department of Criminal Justice Statistics; and demographic data collected by the U.S. Census were analyzed to explore how a suspect’s race and sex affect the investigation, prosecution, conviction, and sentencing in larceny cases. Results suggest that Black men were more likely to be the targets of excess suspicion, less likely to be granted leniency by prosecutors, no more likely to be convicted, but, if convicted, more likely to be incarcerated than White men.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"295 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45677126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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