Pub Date : 2022-06-03DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2081568
Noelle Warkentin, Richard Frank, Yuxuan Zhang, Naomi Zakimi
ABSTRACT Critical infrastructures (CI) are connecting their systems to the internet at an increasing rate, providing the opportunity for malicious actors to attack these systems using cyber-weapons. Compromised systems then pose issues for the affected company, and may disrupt the broader population. The purpose of the current study was to analyze IP addresses collected from discussion forums, with a specific interest in which Canadian CIs could potentially be at risk of a cyber-attack. Overall, 897,524 IP addresses were extracted from 47,134,503 posts across 20 discussion forums, 39,164 of which were associated with Canadian CI. Of all Canadian CI sectors, the majority of IP addresses were found to belong to the information and technology sector. A thematic analysis of posts containing IP addresses was conducted, revealing that the majority of posters were sharing large lists of IP addresses with no context given. Lastly, a keyword search was employed on the forums in an attempt to understand discussions surrounding CI. A thematic analysis was employed on a random sample of posts containing keywords, revealing two major themes: Potential threat and threat information. Findings from this study reveal that information useful for conducting cyber-attacks against CI is being shared within these online forums.
{"title":"Potential cyber-threats against Canada’s critical infrastructure: an investigation of online discussion forums","authors":"Noelle Warkentin, Richard Frank, Yuxuan Zhang, Naomi Zakimi","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2081568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2081568","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Critical infrastructures (CI) are connecting their systems to the internet at an increasing rate, providing the opportunity for malicious actors to attack these systems using cyber-weapons. Compromised systems then pose issues for the affected company, and may disrupt the broader population. The purpose of the current study was to analyze IP addresses collected from discussion forums, with a specific interest in which Canadian CIs could potentially be at risk of a cyber-attack. Overall, 897,524 IP addresses were extracted from 47,134,503 posts across 20 discussion forums, 39,164 of which were associated with Canadian CI. Of all Canadian CI sectors, the majority of IP addresses were found to belong to the information and technology sector. A thematic analysis of posts containing IP addresses was conducted, revealing that the majority of posters were sharing large lists of IP addresses with no context given. Lastly, a keyword search was employed on the forums in an attempt to understand discussions surrounding CI. A thematic analysis was employed on a random sample of posts containing keywords, revealing two major themes: Potential threat and threat information. Findings from this study reveal that information useful for conducting cyber-attacks against CI is being shared within these online forums.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"322 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48205859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2083615
G. Walters
ABSTRACT Victim-offender overlap is examined from the standpoint of offending leading to victimization by way of the peer selection effect, routines activities and lifestyle choice, and person proximity. The current investigation focused on the potential role of protective and promotive factors in managing the offender-to-victim transition. Participants were 1,760 juveniles from the British-based longitudinal Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) who were under the age of 18 at the start of the study. Three waves of data were analyzed, the preliminary results of which confirmed the person proximity effect (offending → peer delinquency → victimization). Although four potential protective/promotive factors (parental support, low neighborhood disorder, positive school culture, and moral cognition) failed to interact with the first two variables in the person proximity sequence (i.e. offending and peer delinquency), there was some evidence of a promotive effect for two of these factors. Parental support, for instance, produced a modest deterrent effect on Wave 2 peer delinquency, whereas low neighborhood disorder directly reduced the incidence of victimization. Even with these promotive effects, the person proximity effect remained intact. Further research is required to replicate the present findings and identify additional protective/promotive variables that may help mitigate the person proximity effect.
{"title":"Managing the offender-to-victim transition with parental support, low neighborhood disorder, positive school culture, and moral cognition: protective and promotive factors and the person proximity effect","authors":"G. Walters","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2083615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2083615","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Victim-offender overlap is examined from the standpoint of offending leading to victimization by way of the peer selection effect, routines activities and lifestyle choice, and person proximity. The current investigation focused on the potential role of protective and promotive factors in managing the offender-to-victim transition. Participants were 1,760 juveniles from the British-based longitudinal Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) who were under the age of 18 at the start of the study. Three waves of data were analyzed, the preliminary results of which confirmed the person proximity effect (offending → peer delinquency → victimization). Although four potential protective/promotive factors (parental support, low neighborhood disorder, positive school culture, and moral cognition) failed to interact with the first two variables in the person proximity sequence (i.e. offending and peer delinquency), there was some evidence of a promotive effect for two of these factors. Parental support, for instance, produced a modest deterrent effect on Wave 2 peer delinquency, whereas low neighborhood disorder directly reduced the incidence of victimization. Even with these promotive effects, the person proximity effect remained intact. Further research is required to replicate the present findings and identify additional protective/promotive variables that may help mitigate the person proximity effect.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"235 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48815423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2066661
J. Ortiz, Alison Cox, D. Kavish, Grant Tietjen
ABSTRACT In 2020, some scholars publicly demanded that the newly established Division of Convict Criminology (DCC) of the American Society of Criminology (ASC) change its name. Critics asserted that the use of ‘convict’ caused further stigmatization of those of us with direct criminal justice experience. Unbeknownst to those critics, prior to the official formation of the DCC, the informal group known as Convict Criminology engaged in a decades long conversation about language and appropriate terminology. This paper responds to the critiques by exploring the power of language, summarizing various sides of the ongoing language debate, reviewing existing convict criminology research, and addressing structural violence within the academy. We conclude with a call to action that asks scholars to address the endemic structural violence in academia that perpetuates our oppression before attempting to police our language.
2020年，一些学者公开要求美国犯罪学学会(ASC)新成立的罪犯犯罪学分会(Division of prisoners Criminology, DCC)更名。批评人士断言，使用“罪犯”一词会使我们这些有直接刑事司法经验的人进一步蒙受耻辱。这些批评者所不知道的是，在DCC正式成立之前，一个名为“罪犯犯罪学”的非正式组织就语言和适当的术语进行了长达数十年的讨论。本文通过探索语言的力量，总结正在进行的语言辩论的各个方面，回顾现有的罪犯犯罪学研究，并解决学术界的结构性暴力来回应这些批评。最后，我们呼吁采取行动，要求学者们在试图监管我们的语言之前，解决学术界普遍存在的结构性暴力，这种暴力使我们的压迫永久化。
{"title":"Let the convicts speak: a critical conversation of the ongoing language debate in convict criminology","authors":"J. Ortiz, Alison Cox, D. Kavish, Grant Tietjen","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2066661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2066661","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 2020, some scholars publicly demanded that the newly established Division of Convict Criminology (DCC) of the American Society of Criminology (ASC) change its name. Critics asserted that the use of ‘convict’ caused further stigmatization of those of us with direct criminal justice experience. Unbeknownst to those critics, prior to the official formation of the DCC, the informal group known as Convict Criminology engaged in a decades long conversation about language and appropriate terminology. This paper responds to the critiques by exploring the power of language, summarizing various sides of the ongoing language debate, reviewing existing convict criminology research, and addressing structural violence within the academy. We conclude with a call to action that asks scholars to address the endemic structural violence in academia that perpetuates our oppression before attempting to police our language.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"255 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48868662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2061479
Laura McKendy, R. Ricciardelli
ABSTRACT Recognizing the importance of occupational social climates in shaping correctional work, we consider how social relations of work are understood by provincial correctional workers, including how organizational and operational factors influence such relations. Open-ended survey responses with provincial correctional workers in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba were thematically analyzed to explore perceptions of unity and tension within the occupational social terrain. We found a notable disconnect between frontline staff and senior management, marked by a bottom-up sense of mistrust and frustration. Contrary to findings elsewhere, a sense of outward suspicion did not appear to occur in parallel to a strong inward solidarity. Horizontal social relations were often described as fragmented due to factors such as divisive social practices (e.g. gossiping, cliques), normative occupational ideals, labor and work structures that create status differences and fluid work environments, and trying conditions of work. In this context, individualist rather than collectivist dispositions can come to shape working orientations, thus representing a contrast from traditional elements of frontline correctional cultures, such as in-group solidarity and loyalty.
{"title":"The forces that divide: understanding tension and unity among provincial correctional workers in Canada","authors":"Laura McKendy, R. Ricciardelli","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2061479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2061479","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recognizing the importance of occupational social climates in shaping correctional work, we consider how social relations of work are understood by provincial correctional workers, including how organizational and operational factors influence such relations. Open-ended survey responses with provincial correctional workers in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba were thematically analyzed to explore perceptions of unity and tension within the occupational social terrain. We found a notable disconnect between frontline staff and senior management, marked by a bottom-up sense of mistrust and frustration. Contrary to findings elsewhere, a sense of outward suspicion did not appear to occur in parallel to a strong inward solidarity. Horizontal social relations were often described as fragmented due to factors such as divisive social practices (e.g. gossiping, cliques), normative occupational ideals, labor and work structures that create status differences and fluid work environments, and trying conditions of work. In this context, individualist rather than collectivist dispositions can come to shape working orientations, thus representing a contrast from traditional elements of frontline correctional cultures, such as in-group solidarity and loyalty.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"200 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44149185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2051703
Tasha J Youstin
ABSTRACT Affirmative Consent (AC) policies have become a popular way for universities across the US to address the issue of sexual assault on campus. This study utilizes a sample of over 1400 university students to address student self-identified understanding of AC, perceptions of AC policy effectiveness at decreasing sexual assaults on campus, and self-reported behavior change. Results show that about 80% of the sample reported understanding AC, a slight majority of the sample (53%) believed AC policies were effective, and only 20.5% of respondents reported changing their own behavior as a result of AC policies. Exposure to AC through professors or administrators increased AC understanding and perceptions of effectiveness. Knowing others who changed their own behavior was significantly related to understanding of AC, perceived effectiveness of AC, and personal self-reported behavior change. Additionally, issue salience as measured through self-reported concern about sexual assault on campus and self-reported fear of sexual assault on campus was related to perceived effectiveness and self-reported behavior change. Multivariate analyses explored these issues further and raise questions of the ability of these policies alone to combat sexual assault on campus.
{"title":"Affirmative Consent on campus: student understanding, perceptions of effectiveness, and behavioral change","authors":"Tasha J Youstin","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2051703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2051703","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Affirmative Consent (AC) policies have become a popular way for universities across the US to address the issue of sexual assault on campus. This study utilizes a sample of over 1400 university students to address student self-identified understanding of AC, perceptions of AC policy effectiveness at decreasing sexual assaults on campus, and self-reported behavior change. Results show that about 80% of the sample reported understanding AC, a slight majority of the sample (53%) believed AC policies were effective, and only 20.5% of respondents reported changing their own behavior as a result of AC policies. Exposure to AC through professors or administrators increased AC understanding and perceptions of effectiveness. Knowing others who changed their own behavior was significantly related to understanding of AC, perceived effectiveness of AC, and personal self-reported behavior change. Additionally, issue salience as measured through self-reported concern about sexual assault on campus and self-reported fear of sexual assault on campus was related to perceived effectiveness and self-reported behavior change. Multivariate analyses explored these issues further and raise questions of the ability of these policies alone to combat sexual assault on campus.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"162 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46422585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2066660
S. Vickovic, W. Morrow, E. Lambert
ABSTRACT Voluntary correctional officer turnover can have devastating effects. Turnover intent is usually the last stage before actual voluntary turnover. Building upon past research, the current study examined the effects of work-family conflict and job burnout on the turnover intent of officers, while testing to see if these effects were moderated by job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Data came from a survey of 664 officers at two Southwestern state prisons and were analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. The time-based and strain-based dimensions of work-family conflict were measured, as were the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The measures of work-family conflict and job burnout were significant predictors of turnover intent. When job satisfaction and organizational commitment were added to the model job burnout was no longer significant, but both measures of work-family conflict were. Both satisfaction and commitment had significant negative associations and were the best predictors of correctional officer turnover intent. The results indicate that efforts are needed to raise satisfaction and commitment among officers and to lower time-based and strain-based conflict to reduce turnover intent. Turnover in correctional services is an international issue and the findings and policy implications of this study are internationally applicable.
{"title":"Examining the effects of job burnout and work-family conflict on correctional officer turnover intent","authors":"S. Vickovic, W. Morrow, E. Lambert","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2066660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2066660","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Voluntary correctional officer turnover can have devastating effects. Turnover intent is usually the last stage before actual voluntary turnover. Building upon past research, the current study examined the effects of work-family conflict and job burnout on the turnover intent of officers, while testing to see if these effects were moderated by job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Data came from a survey of 664 officers at two Southwestern state prisons and were analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. The time-based and strain-based dimensions of work-family conflict were measured, as were the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The measures of work-family conflict and job burnout were significant predictors of turnover intent. When job satisfaction and organizational commitment were added to the model job burnout was no longer significant, but both measures of work-family conflict were. Both satisfaction and commitment had significant negative associations and were the best predictors of correctional officer turnover intent. The results indicate that efforts are needed to raise satisfaction and commitment among officers and to lower time-based and strain-based conflict to reduce turnover intent. Turnover in correctional services is an international issue and the findings and policy implications of this study are internationally applicable.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"111 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46072994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2051143
R. Worley, Ginger Gummelt
ABSTRACT In this exploratory study, we conducted in-depth interviews with three females who were employed in the sex industry which ultimately led to their arrest, conviction, and registration as a sex offender. In all three cases, the interviewees were co-offenders who committed a sex crime at the behest of a dominant male partner whom they met through the adult entertainment industry. This study suggests that women who are employed in the sex industry may be at a heightened risk of becoming entangled in the criminal justice system and being labeled as sex offenders. Further research is warranted in this area.
{"title":"From seduction to registration: case studies of women in the sex industry","authors":"R. Worley, Ginger Gummelt","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2051143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2051143","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this exploratory study, we conducted in-depth interviews with three females who were employed in the sex industry which ultimately led to their arrest, conviction, and registration as a sex offender. In all three cases, the interviewees were co-offenders who committed a sex crime at the behest of a dominant male partner whom they met through the adult entertainment industry. This study suggests that women who are employed in the sex industry may be at a heightened risk of becoming entangled in the criminal justice system and being labeled as sex offenders. Further research is warranted in this area.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"145 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49324029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2026352
Emily E. Suiter, T. S. Andersen
ABSTRACT In recent decades, the number of individuals on sex offender registries has increased, many of whom are subject to codified residency restrictions that forbid residing within certain geographic locations and therefore limit viable housing options. As a result, many convicted sex offenders struggle with unstable housing and homelessness. While there is a growing body of research concerning residency restrictions and unstable housing among sex offenders, no study, to our knowledge, has explored whether the association between residency restrictions and homelessness is stronger for Black and Hispanic registrants. Using data from the Chicago Sex Offender Registry, this study examined of the relationship between residency restrictions and sex offender homelessness. Registrants subject to residency restrictions had a substantially higher risk of homelessness than their counterparts. Furthermore, residency restriction status and race interacted in their association with homelessness, such that the deleterious impact of residency restrictions was magnified for Black registrants. The results of the analyses demonstrate that Black sex offender registrants disproportionately disadvantaged by residency restrictions and highlight the importance of developing evidence-based monitoring strategies that prevent and end homelessness among convicted sex offenders.
{"title":"Residency restrictions, race, and homelessness among registered sex offenders","authors":"Emily E. Suiter, T. S. Andersen","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2026352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2026352","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent decades, the number of individuals on sex offender registries has increased, many of whom are subject to codified residency restrictions that forbid residing within certain geographic locations and therefore limit viable housing options. As a result, many convicted sex offenders struggle with unstable housing and homelessness. While there is a growing body of research concerning residency restrictions and unstable housing among sex offenders, no study, to our knowledge, has explored whether the association between residency restrictions and homelessness is stronger for Black and Hispanic registrants. Using data from the Chicago Sex Offender Registry, this study examined of the relationship between residency restrictions and sex offender homelessness. Registrants subject to residency restrictions had a substantially higher risk of homelessness than their counterparts. Furthermore, residency restriction status and race interacted in their association with homelessness, such that the deleterious impact of residency restrictions was magnified for Black registrants. The results of the analyses demonstrate that Black sex offender registrants disproportionately disadvantaged by residency restrictions and highlight the importance of developing evidence-based monitoring strategies that prevent and end homelessness among convicted sex offenders.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"132 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48977757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2021.2019032
Logan J. Somers, W. Terrill
ABSTRACT The current study builds upon limited prior research that has assessed the relationship between elements of police culture and a host of unique officer work experiences (e.g. tenure, assigned shift and area, the number of shifts and areas worked, supervisory experience, specialized unit assignment). The sample consists of survey data from over 700 officers from a large police department in the western United States. The results demonstrated that while officers’ assigned shift and area had little effect, a number of other experiences were influential. Officers who had worked a greater number of shifts in their career were more likely to view policing as dangerous; and patrol officers were more likely to view management negatively. Further, specialized unit officers were less likely to view citizens negatively and less oriented toward order-maintenance or community policing than their patrol counterparts. Importantly, experience as measured simply by the number of years on the job, as opposed to other unique work experiences, showed that more senior officers were less likely to view citizens negatively and believe crime fighting should be a top priority, but more likely to view top management through a negative lens. We conclude by reviewing several implications and directions for future research.
{"title":"Examining the relationship between the unique work experiences and cultural orientations of police officers","authors":"Logan J. Somers, W. Terrill","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2021.2019032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2021.2019032","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study builds upon limited prior research that has assessed the relationship between elements of police culture and a host of unique officer work experiences (e.g. tenure, assigned shift and area, the number of shifts and areas worked, supervisory experience, specialized unit assignment). The sample consists of survey data from over 700 officers from a large police department in the western United States. The results demonstrated that while officers’ assigned shift and area had little effect, a number of other experiences were influential. Officers who had worked a greater number of shifts in their career were more likely to view policing as dangerous; and patrol officers were more likely to view management negatively. Further, specialized unit officers were less likely to view citizens negatively and less oriented toward order-maintenance or community policing than their patrol counterparts. Importantly, experience as measured simply by the number of years on the job, as opposed to other unique work experiences, showed that more senior officers were less likely to view citizens negatively and believe crime fighting should be a top priority, but more likely to view top management through a negative lens. We conclude by reviewing several implications and directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"182 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42408510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2021.2006196
Jeffrey J. Roth
ABSTRACT Prior studies indicate that vacant houses (both derelict and occupiable) are often associated with increased crime. However, the majority of the research on that relationship has been conducted in large cities and urban areas. Thus, the present study aimed to provide additional clarity about vacancy’s association with crime by examining a sample of smaller cities and towns. Additionally, while prior work has focused on various kinds of vacancy, only a few studies have examined the potentially criminogenic effects of different vacancy types simultaneously. The present research contributes to additional clarity on this point by including specific forms of empty occupiable housing as predictors. The analysis also controlled for other structural factors commonly associated with crime. The results indicated that overall vacancy had a significant association with burglary but not with robbery. The results for these smaller municipalities are compared to the findings of studies conducted in larger urban areas, and their policy implications are then discussed.
{"title":"Crime and specific vacancy types in smaller cities and towns","authors":"Jeffrey J. Roth","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2021.2006196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2021.2006196","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Prior studies indicate that vacant houses (both derelict and occupiable) are often associated with increased crime. However, the majority of the research on that relationship has been conducted in large cities and urban areas. Thus, the present study aimed to provide additional clarity about vacancy’s association with crime by examining a sample of smaller cities and towns. Additionally, while prior work has focused on various kinds of vacancy, only a few studies have examined the potentially criminogenic effects of different vacancy types simultaneously. The present research contributes to additional clarity on this point by including specific forms of empty occupiable housing as predictors. The analysis also controlled for other structural factors commonly associated with crime. The results indicated that overall vacancy had a significant association with burglary but not with robbery. The results for these smaller municipalities are compared to the findings of studies conducted in larger urban areas, and their policy implications are then discussed.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"93 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46511376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：