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Illegal gambling on sports: a mediational model of general strain theory 体育非法赌博:一般应变理论的中介模型
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2019.1699558
Saeed Kabiri, S. Shadmanfaat, J. Winterdyk, Hayden P. Smith, Luke O’Dwyer
ABSTRACT Studies involving illegal gambling in sports are important, though most lack a theoretical framework. The current study examines illegal gambling in sports using a mediational model of General Strain Theory. This features a survey of three-hundred and ninety-two (n = 392) gamblers in Rasht, Iran. Results indicate that participants who experience subjective financial strain also experience negative emotions, which leads to a greater likelihood of illegal gambling. The concepts of financial strain (low SES) and control deficit emerged as significant in the development of gambling behaviors. The results suggests that gambling on sports behavior is learned in a similarly to pro-social behaviors, and that desistance requires an consideration of the learning process.
体育运动中涉及非法赌博的研究是重要的,尽管大多数研究缺乏理论框架。目前的研究使用一般应变理论的中介模型来检验体育运动中的非法赌博。这是一项针对伊朗拉什特市392名赌徒的调查。结果表明,经历主观经济压力的参与者也会经历负面情绪,这会导致更大的非法赌博可能性。财务压力(低社会经济地位)和控制赤字的概念在赌博行为的发展中具有重要意义。研究结果表明,对体育行为的赌博是以类似于亲社会行为的方式学习的,而这种放弃需要考虑学习过程。
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引用次数: 3
A multi-level analysis of the direct and joint effects of gender and mode of disposition on sentencing in federal courts 性别和处刑方式对联邦法院量刑的直接和共同影响的多层次分析
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2019.1691001
Bryan Holmes
ABSTRACT The current study examines the influence of defendant sex, mode of disposition, and sex-by-mode of disposition grouping on incarceration and sentence length decisions. In addition, this study examines contextual effects on the trial penalty for males and females. Generally, findings suggest that females receive more lenient sentences, those convicted via plea receive more lenient sentences, and males convicted via trial receive harsher sentences than all other sex-by-mode of disposition grouping. Analysis of cross-level interactions signify that districts which sentenced higher average offense levels had smaller trial penalties at the incarceration decision and larger trial penalties at the sentence length decision for both males and females. Meanwhile, no detectable influence of caseload size on the effect of sex, mode of disposition, and their intersections at either sentencing point was found. Implications for the study findings are discussed and future avenues of research are recommended.
摘要本研究考察了被告的性别、处置方式以及处置方式分组的性别对监禁和刑期决定的影响。此外,本研究还考察了情境对男性和女性审判刑罚的影响。总体而言,研究结果表明,按处置方式分组,女性得到的判决更为宽大,通过认罪被定罪的男性得到的判决更加宽大,通过审判被定罪的男子得到的判决比所有其他性别都要严厉。对跨层面互动的分析表明,对男性和女性来说,判处较高平均犯罪水平的地区在监禁决定时的审判处罚较小,在刑期决定时的审理处罚较大。同时,没有发现案件数量对性别、处置方式及其在两个量刑点的交叉点的影响。讨论了研究结果的含义,并建议了未来的研究途径。
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引用次数: 2
Neighborhood disorder development across the life-course and its relevance for predicting offending 整个生命过程中邻里障碍的发展及其与预测犯罪的相关性
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-15 DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1823384
Thomas W. Wojciechowski
ABSTRACT Research has indicated a relationship between neighborhood disorder and risk for offending, but little has taken a developmental perspective. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify latent developmental patterns of exposure to community disorder during adolescence and adulthood. Negative binomial regression and logistic regression were used to examine the impact that exposure to neighborhood disorder had for predicting offending outcomes in adulthood. Results indicated that a two-group model best fit the data, with both groups demonstrating a great deal of stability. Assignment to the High group was associated with significantly greater offending frequency and odds of offending in adulthood.
摘要研究表明,邻里失调症与犯罪风险之间存在关系,但很少从发展的角度进行研究。基于群体的轨迹建模用于确定青少年和成年期暴露于社区障碍的潜在发展模式。使用负二项回归和逻辑回归来检验暴露于邻里障碍对预测成年后犯罪结果的影响。结果表明,两组模型最符合数据,两组都表现出很大的稳定性。被分配到高级别组与成年后更高的犯罪频率和犯罪几率有关。
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引用次数: 1
What staff need to know: using elements of gender-responsive programming to create safer environments for system-involved LGBTQ girls and women 工作人员需要知道的是:利用促进性别平等方案的要素,为涉及系统的LGBTQ女孩和妇女创造更安全的环境
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-11 DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786281
Lindsay L. Kahle, J. Rosenbaum
ABSTRACT Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning (LGBTQ) youth and adults are disproportionately in contact with the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Despite disproportionate representation, the system is ill-equipped to attend to the needs of these populations. While one of the greatest contributions of feminist criminology was gender-responsive programming, assuming that all girls and women share the same struggles and needs renders non-heterosexual and non-gender binary identities invisible. The purpose of this article is to focus on training staff in two primary elements of gender-responsive programming, developing cultural appropriateness and competence, and responses to sexism and homophobia, in order to provide safer environments for system-involved LGBTQ girls and women.
摘要女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、跨性别、酷儿和/或质疑(LGBTQ)的青年和成年人与青少年和刑事司法系统的接触比例过高。尽管代表性不成比例,但该系统没有能力满足这些人口的需求。虽然女权主义犯罪学的最大贡献之一是促进性别平等的方案,但假设所有女孩和妇女都有相同的斗争和需求,就会使非异性恋和非性别的二元身份隐形。本文的目的是重点培训工作人员了解促进性别平等方案的两个主要要素,即培养文化适宜性和能力,以及应对性别歧视和恐同症,以便为涉及系统的LGBTQ女孩和妇女提供更安全的环境。
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引用次数: 1
Domestic violence mandatory arrest policies and arrests for same-sex and opposite-sex intimate partner violence after legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States 美国同性婚姻合法化后的家庭暴力强制逮捕政策和对同性和异性亲密伴侣暴力的逮捕
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786279
A. Durfee, Leigh Goodmark
ABSTRACT Historically, legal protection for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) in same-sex relationships has been lacking. This changed with the 2015 United States Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, which invalidated restrictions on same-sex marriage and made legal protections more widely available to survivors of same-sex IPV. In this paper, we analyze the arrest decision in cases of same-sex and opposite-sex IPV using data from the 2016 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) – the first year of data post-Obergefell. We also compare our results to previous research and both replicate and extend earlier analyses to see if there are changes in arrest post-Obergefell. Since 1977, states have adopted one of the three types of domestic violence arrest laws: mandatory arrest, pro-arrest, and discretionary arrest. While mandatory arrest laws increase the likelihood of arrest for all and female same-sex couples, they do not have an impact on arrests for male same-sex couples. Pro-arrest laws do not increase the likelihood of arrest for same-sex couples. Finally, the decreased likelihood of arrest when the victim is ‘nonwhite’ is attributable to the impact of the victim being Black. These results are discussed in the context of previous research on IPV.
从历史上看,对同性关系中亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)幸存者的法律保护一直缺乏。2015年,美国最高法院在奥贝格费尔诉霍奇斯案(Obergefell v. Hodges)中做出裁决,废除了对同性婚姻的限制,并为同性IPV的幸存者提供了更广泛的法律保护。在本文中,我们使用2016年国家事件报告系统(NIBRS)的数据分析了同性和异性IPV案件中的逮捕决定-这是奥贝格费尔事件后的第一年数据。我们还将我们的结果与之前的研究进行了比较,并复制和扩展了之前的分析,以查看奥贝格费尔事件后的逮捕是否有变化。自1977年以来,各州采用了三种类型的家庭暴力逮捕法中的一种:强制逮捕、支持逮捕和酌情逮捕。虽然强制性逮捕法增加了所有同性伴侣和女性同性伴侣被捕的可能性,但它们对男性同性伴侣的被捕没有影响。支持逮捕的法律不会增加同性伴侣被捕的可能性。最后,当受害者是“非白人”时,被捕的可能性降低是由于受害者是黑人的影响。本文将这些结果结合以往的IPV研究进行讨论。
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引用次数: 1
Barriers stopping LGBTI people from accessing LGBTI police liaison officers: analysing interviews with community and police 阻碍LGBTI人士接触LGBTI警察联络官的障碍:分析对社区和警察的采访
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786280
A. Dwyer, Matthew Ball, Murray Lee, Thomas Crofts, C. Bond
ABSTRACT Police liaison programs that support LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex) people might go by many names (including GLLOs, LGBTI police liaison officers, etc.), but they have become the key model for providing police service enhancements for LGBTI people. These programs now dominate approaches used by police to build relationships between police and LGBTI communities, yet research on the effectiveness of these programs is limited. This paper examines interview data from LGBTI people and LGBTI police liaison officers in three states in Australia. The interviews were part of a broader study of LGBTI police liaison programs, which included a survey of LGBTI people about the issues they think impact upon these programs. The analysis demonstrates the key issues that stop LGBTI people from seeking support from LGBTI police liaison officers and how we might potentially improve this situation.
摘要支持LGBTI(女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者、双性人)人群的警察联络计划可能有很多名字(包括GLLO、LGBTI警察联络官等),但它们已成为为LGBTI人群提供警察服务的关键模式。这些项目现在主导了警方在警察和LGBTI社区之间建立关系的方法,但对这些项目有效性的研究有限。本文研究了澳大利亚三个州的LGBTI人群和LGBTI警察联络官的采访数据。这些采访是对LGBTI警察联络项目进行的更广泛研究的一部分,其中包括对LGBTI人群进行的一项调查,内容涉及他们认为会影响这些项目的问题。该分析表明了阻止LGBTI人群寻求LGBTI警察联络官支持的关键问题,以及我们如何可能改善这种情况。
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引用次数: 4
Male rape in context: measures of intolerance and support for male rape myths (MRMs) 背景下的男性强奸:不容忍和支持男性强奸神话的措施
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786278
Christina DeJong, Skyler J. Morgan, Alison Cox
ABSTRACT Research on myths about male rape victims and offenders indicates that men and heterosexual individuals tend to believe myths about male rape (MRMs), as do individuals with negative attitudes toward gay men. Many who support male rape myths assume that both male victims of rape and offenders are usually gay, or that straight men cannot be raped. Studies on MRM have portrayed male rape in an ‘everyday life’ context, but myths about male rape are likely shaped by its portrayal in film, television and popular culture. For example, respondents may attribute more blame to victims who are incarcerated as opposed to a victim raped by a stranger near their home. In this study, we assess support for myths about male rape victims and whether the context of the situation and various indicators of intolerance play a role in their beliefs. Specifically, we present four fictional scenarios of male rape to respondents: prison, in the military, during a conflict situation, and on a college campus. We find that respondents are less likely to support MRMs in the context of the military, and that race and gender also explain support for MRMs. Measures of intolerance are positively related to support for MRMs, with sexism having the strongest relationship with support.
摘要对男性强奸受害者和罪犯神话的研究表明,男性和异性恋者倾向于相信男性强奸神话,对男同性恋持负面态度的人也是如此。许多支持男性强奸神话的人认为,强奸的男性受害者和罪犯通常都是同性恋,或者直男不能被强奸。关于MRM的研究已经在“日常生活”中描绘了男性强奸,但关于男性强奸的神话很可能是由电影、电视和流行文化中对其的描绘塑造的。例如,受访者可能会将更多的责任归咎于被监禁的受害者,而不是在家附近被陌生人强奸的受害者。在这项研究中,我们评估了对男性强奸受害者神话的支持,以及这种情况的背景和各种不容忍指标是否在他们的信仰中发挥了作用。具体来说,我们向受访者呈现了四个虚构的男性强奸场景:监狱、军队、冲突期间和大学校园。我们发现,受访者在军队背景下不太可能支持MRM,种族和性别也解释了对MRM的支持。不容忍措施与对MRM的支持呈正相关,性别歧视与支持的关系最为密切。
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引用次数: 7
Preface to the special issue 特刊前言
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2020.1786282
Matthew J. Ball, Henry F. Fradella
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引用次数: 0
Police response to same-sex intimate partner violence in the marriage equality era 婚姻平权时代警察对同性亲密伴侣暴力的回应
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786277
Lynn A. Addington
ABSTRACT Growing research attention is being devoted to intimate partner violence (IPV) involving sexual minority individuals, which is providing insights about prevalence and disclosure patterns. While this work consistently finds that sexual minority IPV victims are reluctant to report to the police, little is known about actual police response to these victims. One unexplored area concerns how growing societal support and legal recognition of same-sex relationships might affect police response to IPV such as arrest. This issue is particularly timely given the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges that legalized same-sex marriage. The present study examines police response to IPV involving same-sex couples using arrest data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Findings indicate a relationship between legal recognition of same-sex marriage and arrest in IPV cases for both male and female same-sex couples. Implications of these findings for policy and future research are discussed.
摘要越来越多的研究关注涉及性少数群体的亲密伴侣暴力(IPV),这为了解其流行率和披露模式提供了见解。虽然这项工作一直发现性少数群体IPV受害者不愿向警方报案,但警方对这些受害者的实际反应却知之甚少。一个尚未探索的领域是,日益增长的社会支持和对同性关系的法律承认可能会如何影响警方对IPV的反应,如逮捕。考虑到美国最高法院2015年在Obergefell诉Hodges案中做出的同性婚姻合法化的裁决,这个问题尤其及时。本研究使用国家事件报告系统(NIBRS)的逮捕数据,调查了警方对涉及同性伴侣的IPV的反应。调查结果表明,同性婚姻的法律承认与男女同性伴侣IPV案件中的逮捕之间存在关系。讨论了这些发现对政策和未来研究的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Hostility and reactive criminal thinking as mediators of the violent victimization–violent offending relationship: affect before cognition? 敌意和反应性犯罪思维在暴力受害-暴力犯罪关系中的中介作用:认知前的影响?
IF 1.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2020.1784163
G. Walters
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1. determine whether an affective-cognitive construct, hostility, and a cognitive-affective criminal thinking style, reactive criminal thinking (RCT), mediate the relationship between prior violent victimization and future violent offending, and 2. ascertain whether mediator order – hostility before RCT and RCT before hostility – makes a difference in the overall results. Using seven waves of data, three overlapping analyses were performed on data provided by 1,354 youth (1,170 males, 184 females; mean age = 16.04 years) from the Pathways to Desistance study. A two-mediator pathway that placed hostility before RCT (Victimization-1/2/3 → Hostility-2/3/4 → RCT-3/4/5 → Offending-4/5/6) proved significant in all three analyses, whereas the alternate two-mediator pathway, in which the order of the two mediators was reversed (i.e. RCT-2/3/4 → Hostility-3/4/5), was non-significant in two out of the three analyses. Five single-mediator pathways, four of which were mediated by hostility, were also significant. Congruent with aspects of both general strain and criminal lifestyle theories, violent victimization appeared to stimulate short-term situational hostility, which, in turn, facilitated or primed formation of reactive criminal thinking and the youth’s eventual participation in criminal violence, although hostility alone had a significant impact on criminal violence as well.
摘要:本研究的目的有两个方面:1。2.确定情感-认知构念、敌意和认知-情感犯罪思维方式、反应性犯罪思维(RCT)是否在先前暴力受害与未来暴力犯罪之间起中介作用;确定中介顺序——敌意前的RCT和敌意前的RCT——是否对整体结果有影响。使用7波数据,对1354名青年(1170名男性,184名女性;平均年龄= 16.04岁)。将敌意置于RCT之前的双中介路径(受害-1/2/3→敌意-2/3/4→RCT-3/4/5→冒犯-4/5/6)在所有三个分析中都证明了显著性,而交替的双中介路径,即两个中介的顺序颠倒(即RCT-2/3/4→敌意-3/4/5),在三个分析中的两个中都不显著。五个单一中介通路,其中四个由敌意介导,也具有显著性。与一般压力理论和犯罪生活方式理论相一致的是,暴力受害似乎会刺激短期的情境敌意,这反过来又促进或启动反应性犯罪思维的形成,并最终导致青少年参与犯罪暴力,尽管敌意本身对犯罪暴力也有重大影响。
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引用次数: 9
期刊
CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES
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