Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860959
James C. McCutcheon
The study of place in relation to crime has its roots in the ecological works of Parks, Burgess, Shaw, McKay, and the Chicago School. Within this ecological framework the relationship between locat...
地方与犯罪的关系研究植根于帕克斯、伯吉斯、肖、麦凯和芝加哥学派的生态著作。在这个生态框架内。。。
{"title":"The impact of the interstate on violent crime in three southern states: do drugs play a role?","authors":"James C. McCutcheon","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860959","url":null,"abstract":"The study of place in relation to crime has its roots in the ecological works of Parks, Burgess, Shaw, McKay, and the Chicago School. Within this ecological framework the relationship between locat...","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"34 1","pages":"156 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44090329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860035
Stephen J. Watts, L. Wright
ABSTRACT Research has shown that military combat experience can shape later mental health in a negative fashion and increase subsequent antisocial behaviors. Limited research to date has attempted to explore if military combat experience is related to antisocial behaviors because it increases the likelihood of negative mental health states. Using general strain theory (GST) as a guide, the current study offers a preliminary test of how military combat experience, negative mental health, with a focus on depressive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and antisocial behavior, with a focus on criminal behavior, might relate together in a single theoretically informed model. Results from the Add Health sample suggest that military combat experience correlates with depressive symptoms, PTSD, and crime. Further, results suggest that PTSD, but not depressive symptoms, could potentially act as a mediator between military combat experience and subsequent criminal behavior. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
{"title":"Military combat, mental health, and crime: A preliminary test of a general strain theory model","authors":"Stephen J. Watts, L. Wright","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860035","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research has shown that military combat experience can shape later mental health in a negative fashion and increase subsequent antisocial behaviors. Limited research to date has attempted to explore if military combat experience is related to antisocial behaviors because it increases the likelihood of negative mental health states. Using general strain theory (GST) as a guide, the current study offers a preliminary test of how military combat experience, negative mental health, with a focus on depressive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and antisocial behavior, with a focus on criminal behavior, might relate together in a single theoretically informed model. Results from the Add Health sample suggest that military combat experience correlates with depressive symptoms, PTSD, and crime. Further, results suggest that PTSD, but not depressive symptoms, could potentially act as a mediator between military combat experience and subsequent criminal behavior. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"34 1","pages":"202 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1860035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44468383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-19DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1824430
Monica K. Miller
ABSTRACT University affirmative consent (AC) policies indicate that potential sexual partners must give a clear ‘yes,’ confirming that they wish to engage in sexual activity. A lack of resistance or a failure to say ‘no’ is not enough to convey consent. These policies are critically important to both men and women, as they convey whether a student has committed a crime; yet, little is known about sentiment toward such policies. In general, understanding community sentiment is important to ensure that legal actions have the support (and ultimately, compliance) of the people who must obey them. This study investigated the support of two communities: students who are directly affected by AC polices, and community members who are not. Participants indicated their support for affirmative consent policies, beliefs about the effectiveness of affirmative consent policies, and beliefs about whether they themselves or college students would be able to comply with the policies. Sentiment toward affirmative consent polices was high (positive), although agreement that college students would be able to follow these policies was lower. Further, there was variation in sentiment, with females and students having more positive sentiment compared to males and community members. Implications for policymakers and education about AC policies are offered.
{"title":"Variations in community sentiment toward affirmative consent policies","authors":"Monica K. Miller","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1824430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1824430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT University affirmative consent (AC) policies indicate that potential sexual partners must give a clear ‘yes,’ confirming that they wish to engage in sexual activity. A lack of resistance or a failure to say ‘no’ is not enough to convey consent. These policies are critically important to both men and women, as they convey whether a student has committed a crime; yet, little is known about sentiment toward such policies. In general, understanding community sentiment is important to ensure that legal actions have the support (and ultimately, compliance) of the people who must obey them. This study investigated the support of two communities: students who are directly affected by AC polices, and community members who are not. Participants indicated their support for affirmative consent policies, beliefs about the effectiveness of affirmative consent policies, and beliefs about whether they themselves or college students would be able to comply with the policies. Sentiment toward affirmative consent polices was high (positive), although agreement that college students would be able to follow these policies was lower. Further, there was variation in sentiment, with females and students having more positive sentiment compared to males and community members. Implications for policymakers and education about AC policies are offered.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"34 1","pages":"173 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1824430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41714454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2019.1699558
Saeed Kabiri, S. Shadmanfaat, J. Winterdyk, Hayden P. Smith, Luke O’Dwyer
ABSTRACT Studies involving illegal gambling in sports are important, though most lack a theoretical framework. The current study examines illegal gambling in sports using a mediational model of General Strain Theory. This features a survey of three-hundred and ninety-two (n = 392) gamblers in Rasht, Iran. Results indicate that participants who experience subjective financial strain also experience negative emotions, which leads to a greater likelihood of illegal gambling. The concepts of financial strain (low SES) and control deficit emerged as significant in the development of gambling behaviors. The results suggests that gambling on sports behavior is learned in a similarly to pro-social behaviors, and that desistance requires an consideration of the learning process.
{"title":"Illegal gambling on sports: a mediational model of general strain theory","authors":"Saeed Kabiri, S. Shadmanfaat, J. Winterdyk, Hayden P. Smith, Luke O’Dwyer","doi":"10.1080/1478601x.2019.1699558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2019.1699558","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies involving illegal gambling in sports are important, though most lack a theoretical framework. The current study examines illegal gambling in sports using a mediational model of General Strain Theory. This features a survey of three-hundred and ninety-two (n = 392) gamblers in Rasht, Iran. Results indicate that participants who experience subjective financial strain also experience negative emotions, which leads to a greater likelihood of illegal gambling. The concepts of financial strain (low SES) and control deficit emerged as significant in the development of gambling behaviors. The results suggests that gambling on sports behavior is learned in a similarly to pro-social behaviors, and that desistance requires an consideration of the learning process.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"354 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601x.2019.1699558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43892674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2019.1691001
Bryan Holmes
ABSTRACT The current study examines the influence of defendant sex, mode of disposition, and sex-by-mode of disposition grouping on incarceration and sentence length decisions. In addition, this study examines contextual effects on the trial penalty for males and females. Generally, findings suggest that females receive more lenient sentences, those convicted via plea receive more lenient sentences, and males convicted via trial receive harsher sentences than all other sex-by-mode of disposition grouping. Analysis of cross-level interactions signify that districts which sentenced higher average offense levels had smaller trial penalties at the incarceration decision and larger trial penalties at the sentence length decision for both males and females. Meanwhile, no detectable influence of caseload size on the effect of sex, mode of disposition, and their intersections at either sentencing point was found. Implications for the study findings are discussed and future avenues of research are recommended.
{"title":"A multi-level analysis of the direct and joint effects of gender and mode of disposition on sentencing in federal courts","authors":"Bryan Holmes","doi":"10.1080/1478601x.2019.1691001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2019.1691001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study examines the influence of defendant sex, mode of disposition, and sex-by-mode of disposition grouping on incarceration and sentence length decisions. In addition, this study examines contextual effects on the trial penalty for males and females. Generally, findings suggest that females receive more lenient sentences, those convicted via plea receive more lenient sentences, and males convicted via trial receive harsher sentences than all other sex-by-mode of disposition grouping. Analysis of cross-level interactions signify that districts which sentenced higher average offense levels had smaller trial penalties at the incarceration decision and larger trial penalties at the sentence length decision for both males and females. Meanwhile, no detectable influence of caseload size on the effect of sex, mode of disposition, and their intersections at either sentencing point was found. Implications for the study findings are discussed and future avenues of research are recommended.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"373 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601x.2019.1691001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41431277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-15DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1823384
Thomas W. Wojciechowski
ABSTRACT Research has indicated a relationship between neighborhood disorder and risk for offending, but little has taken a developmental perspective. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify latent developmental patterns of exposure to community disorder during adolescence and adulthood. Negative binomial regression and logistic regression were used to examine the impact that exposure to neighborhood disorder had for predicting offending outcomes in adulthood. Results indicated that a two-group model best fit the data, with both groups demonstrating a great deal of stability. Assignment to the High group was associated with significantly greater offending frequency and odds of offending in adulthood.
{"title":"Neighborhood disorder development across the life-course and its relevance for predicting offending","authors":"Thomas W. Wojciechowski","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1823384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1823384","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research has indicated a relationship between neighborhood disorder and risk for offending, but little has taken a developmental perspective. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify latent developmental patterns of exposure to community disorder during adolescence and adulthood. Negative binomial regression and logistic regression were used to examine the impact that exposure to neighborhood disorder had for predicting offending outcomes in adulthood. Results indicated that a two-group model best fit the data, with both groups demonstrating a great deal of stability. Assignment to the High group was associated with significantly greater offending frequency and odds of offending in adulthood.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"34 1","pages":"184 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1823384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42883430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-11DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786281
Lindsay L. Kahle, J. Rosenbaum
ABSTRACT Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning (LGBTQ) youth and adults are disproportionately in contact with the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Despite disproportionate representation, the system is ill-equipped to attend to the needs of these populations. While one of the greatest contributions of feminist criminology was gender-responsive programming, assuming that all girls and women share the same struggles and needs renders non-heterosexual and non-gender binary identities invisible. The purpose of this article is to focus on training staff in two primary elements of gender-responsive programming, developing cultural appropriateness and competence, and responses to sexism and homophobia, in order to provide safer environments for system-involved LGBTQ girls and women.
{"title":"What staff need to know: using elements of gender-responsive programming to create safer environments for system-involved LGBTQ girls and women","authors":"Lindsay L. Kahle, J. Rosenbaum","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786281","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning (LGBTQ) youth and adults are disproportionately in contact with the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Despite disproportionate representation, the system is ill-equipped to attend to the needs of these populations. While one of the greatest contributions of feminist criminology was gender-responsive programming, assuming that all girls and women share the same struggles and needs renders non-heterosexual and non-gender binary identities invisible. The purpose of this article is to focus on training staff in two primary elements of gender-responsive programming, developing cultural appropriateness and competence, and responses to sexism and homophobia, in order to provide safer environments for system-involved LGBTQ girls and women.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"34 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47742606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786279
A. Durfee, Leigh Goodmark
ABSTRACT Historically, legal protection for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) in same-sex relationships has been lacking. This changed with the 2015 United States Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, which invalidated restrictions on same-sex marriage and made legal protections more widely available to survivors of same-sex IPV. In this paper, we analyze the arrest decision in cases of same-sex and opposite-sex IPV using data from the 2016 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) – the first year of data post-Obergefell. We also compare our results to previous research and both replicate and extend earlier analyses to see if there are changes in arrest post-Obergefell. Since 1977, states have adopted one of the three types of domestic violence arrest laws: mandatory arrest, pro-arrest, and discretionary arrest. While mandatory arrest laws increase the likelihood of arrest for all and female same-sex couples, they do not have an impact on arrests for male same-sex couples. Pro-arrest laws do not increase the likelihood of arrest for same-sex couples. Finally, the decreased likelihood of arrest when the victim is ‘nonwhite’ is attributable to the impact of the victim being Black. These results are discussed in the context of previous research on IPV.
从历史上看，对同性关系中亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)幸存者的法律保护一直缺乏。2015年，美国最高法院在奥贝格费尔诉霍奇斯案(Obergefell v. Hodges)中做出裁决，废除了对同性婚姻的限制，并为同性IPV的幸存者提供了更广泛的法律保护。在本文中，我们使用2016年国家事件报告系统(NIBRS)的数据分析了同性和异性IPV案件中的逮捕决定-这是奥贝格费尔事件后的第一年数据。我们还将我们的结果与之前的研究进行了比较，并复制和扩展了之前的分析，以查看奥贝格费尔事件后的逮捕是否有变化。自1977年以来，各州采用了三种类型的家庭暴力逮捕法中的一种:强制逮捕、支持逮捕和酌情逮捕。虽然强制性逮捕法增加了所有同性伴侣和女性同性伴侣被捕的可能性，但它们对男性同性伴侣的被捕没有影响。支持逮捕的法律不会增加同性伴侣被捕的可能性。最后，当受害者是“非白人”时，被捕的可能性降低是由于受害者是黑人的影响。本文将这些结果结合以往的IPV研究进行讨论。
{"title":"Domestic violence mandatory arrest policies and arrests for same-sex and opposite-sex intimate partner violence after legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States","authors":"A. Durfee, Leigh Goodmark","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786279","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Historically, legal protection for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) in same-sex relationships has been lacking. This changed with the 2015 United States Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, which invalidated restrictions on same-sex marriage and made legal protections more widely available to survivors of same-sex IPV. In this paper, we analyze the arrest decision in cases of same-sex and opposite-sex IPV using data from the 2016 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) – the first year of data post-Obergefell. We also compare our results to previous research and both replicate and extend earlier analyses to see if there are changes in arrest post-Obergefell. Since 1977, states have adopted one of the three types of domestic violence arrest laws: mandatory arrest, pro-arrest, and discretionary arrest. While mandatory arrest laws increase the likelihood of arrest for all and female same-sex couples, they do not have an impact on arrests for male same-sex couples. Pro-arrest laws do not increase the likelihood of arrest for same-sex couples. Finally, the decreased likelihood of arrest when the victim is ‘nonwhite’ is attributable to the impact of the victim being Black. These results are discussed in the context of previous research on IPV.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"231 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45353207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786280
A. Dwyer, Matthew Ball, Murray Lee, Thomas Crofts, C. Bond
ABSTRACT Police liaison programs that support LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex) people might go by many names (including GLLOs, LGBTI police liaison officers, etc.), but they have become the key model for providing police service enhancements for LGBTI people. These programs now dominate approaches used by police to build relationships between police and LGBTI communities, yet research on the effectiveness of these programs is limited. This paper examines interview data from LGBTI people and LGBTI police liaison officers in three states in Australia. The interviews were part of a broader study of LGBTI police liaison programs, which included a survey of LGBTI people about the issues they think impact upon these programs. The analysis demonstrates the key issues that stop LGBTI people from seeking support from LGBTI police liaison officers and how we might potentially improve this situation.
{"title":"Barriers stopping LGBTI people from accessing LGBTI police liaison officers: analysing interviews with community and police","authors":"A. Dwyer, Matthew Ball, Murray Lee, Thomas Crofts, C. Bond","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786280","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Police liaison programs that support LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex) people might go by many names (including GLLOs, LGBTI police liaison officers, etc.), but they have become the key model for providing police service enhancements for LGBTI people. These programs now dominate approaches used by police to build relationships between police and LGBTI communities, yet research on the effectiveness of these programs is limited. This paper examines interview data from LGBTI people and LGBTI police liaison officers in three states in Australia. The interviews were part of a broader study of LGBTI police liaison programs, which included a survey of LGBTI people about the issues they think impact upon these programs. The analysis demonstrates the key issues that stop LGBTI people from seeking support from LGBTI police liaison officers and how we might potentially improve this situation.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"256 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1786280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42379786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2020.1786282
Matthew J. Ball, Henry F. Fradella
{"title":"Preface to the special issue","authors":"Matthew J. Ball, Henry F. Fradella","doi":"10.1080/1478601x.2020.1786282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1786282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"193 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1478601x.2020.1786282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47257841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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