Pub Date : 2023-03-28DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2194646
Mark H. Heirigs, Jacob H. Erickson
ABSTRACT There have been a number of studies that have examined the relationship between Anderson’s code of the street and criminogenic behavior. However, little research has been done on the potential relationship between street code adherence and the dark figure of crime. Using a sample of 299 institutionalized individuals the authors examine the relationship between street code adherence and official and unofficial records of assaults and motor vehicle theft. Results official records indicated that street code adherence was not significantly related to either offense type. However, when self-report data for assaults and motor vehicle theft was analyzed, there was strong evidence that street code adherence was a significant predictor. The results suggest that street code adherence is a better predictor of self-report offenses than those measured by official records. Thus, street code adherence may be key to shedding light on the dark figure of crime.
{"title":"An examination of the code of the street code and the dark figure of crime among an institutionalized sample","authors":"Mark H. Heirigs, Jacob H. Erickson","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2194646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2194646","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There have been a number of studies that have examined the relationship between Anderson’s code of the street and criminogenic behavior. However, little research has been done on the potential relationship between street code adherence and the dark figure of crime. Using a sample of 299 institutionalized individuals the authors examine the relationship between street code adherence and official and unofficial records of assaults and motor vehicle theft. Results official records indicated that street code adherence was not significantly related to either offense type. However, when self-report data for assaults and motor vehicle theft was analyzed, there was strong evidence that street code adherence was a significant predictor. The results suggest that street code adherence is a better predictor of self-report offenses than those measured by official records. Thus, street code adherence may be key to shedding light on the dark figure of crime.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"101 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44487615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-19DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2179047
M. Caines, Wyatt Brown
ABSTRACT The historically complex relationship between Blacks and Whites is believed to play an important role in the way offenders select their victims in violent crimes. This study tests two theories that have been used to explain interracial crimes: racial animosity theory and racial threat theory. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 1992 through 2016, we conduct two analyses of the racial dyads of White and Black offenders and victims to examine the role racial characteristics play in interpersonal crimes. Multinomial logistic regression is used to first analyze the likelihood of weapon use before narrowing our analysis specifically to handguns use. The findings provide minimal support for both racial threat theory and racial animosity theory.
{"title":"Victim and offender race and the likelihood of weapon use: a test of racial animosity and racial threat theories","authors":"M. Caines, Wyatt Brown","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2179047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2179047","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The historically complex relationship between Blacks and Whites is believed to play an important role in the way offenders select their victims in violent crimes. This study tests two theories that have been used to explain interracial crimes: racial animosity theory and racial threat theory. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 1992 through 2016, we conduct two analyses of the racial dyads of White and Black offenders and victims to examine the role racial characteristics play in interpersonal crimes. Multinomial logistic regression is used to first analyze the likelihood of weapon use before narrowing our analysis specifically to handguns use. The findings provide minimal support for both racial threat theory and racial animosity theory.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"184 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48245300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2187791
Terance D. Miethe, Kamali’ilani T. E. Wetherell, Wendy C. Regoeczi
ABSTRACT Using national online surveys of U.S. adults who know a missing person, the current study explores factors influencing missing person case outcomes (i.e. the person being found alive, an arrest occurring). Both demographic characteristics (e.g. the missing person’s sex, race/ethnicity, income) and search activities (e.g. case reported to the police, social media posts) were significantly related to these case outcomes. Multivariate analyses confirmed the strong net effect of federal police reporting on case outcomes, but the impact of search activities and the missing person’s socio-economic characteristics were context specific. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for public policy and future research on the nature and sources of disparities in missing person case outcomes across different situational contexts.
{"title":"Missing persons: a national survey approach assessing the predictors of case outcomes","authors":"Terance D. Miethe, Kamali’ilani T. E. Wetherell, Wendy C. Regoeczi","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2187791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2187791","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using national online surveys of U.S. adults who know a missing person, the current study explores factors influencing missing person case outcomes (i.e. the person being found alive, an arrest occurring). Both demographic characteristics (e.g. the missing person’s sex, race/ethnicity, income) and search activities (e.g. case reported to the police, social media posts) were significantly related to these case outcomes. Multivariate analyses confirmed the strong net effect of federal police reporting on case outcomes, but the impact of search activities and the missing person’s socio-economic characteristics were context specific. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for public policy and future research on the nature and sources of disparities in missing person case outcomes across different situational contexts.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"112 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44382890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2188449
Kamil Mamak
ABSTRACT In this paper, I present the punishment called cyberbanishment. This sanction refers to the old-fashioned punishment of forbidding a person to be present in specific places, but instead of physical locations this sanction concerns digital spheres. The proposition of introducing cyberbanishment is based on a few observations. First, the current practices of punishment are problematic, and there is a need for alternative punishments. Second, this form of sanction may be a proper response to crimes committed online, like hate crimes or punishable threats. Third, the online sphere becomes more important each year, and this was even amplified by the recent pandemic. The development of virtual realities and metaverses could contribute to this trend. Fourth, as an instrument imposed by courts, cyberbanishment may increase judicial control over the limitations of constitutionally protected freedoms in the online world, which is currently decided mainly by the platforms themselves.
{"title":"Cyber banishment: an old sanction for virtual spaces","authors":"Kamil Mamak","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2188449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2188449","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, I present the punishment called cyberbanishment. This sanction refers to the old-fashioned punishment of forbidding a person to be present in specific places, but instead of physical locations this sanction concerns digital spheres. The proposition of introducing cyberbanishment is based on a few observations. First, the current practices of punishment are problematic, and there is a need for alternative punishments. Second, this form of sanction may be a proper response to crimes committed online, like hate crimes or punishable threats. Third, the online sphere becomes more important each year, and this was even amplified by the recent pandemic. The development of virtual realities and metaverses could contribute to this trend. Fourth, as an instrument imposed by courts, cyberbanishment may increase judicial control over the limitations of constitutionally protected freedoms in the online world, which is currently decided mainly by the platforms themselves.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"133 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48564387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2182778
G. Walters, Lindsey Runell, Jonathan M. Kremser
ABSTRACT Prior research has shown that social variables are linked to delinquent and criminal outcomes by facets of antisocial cognition. The current study set out to determine if a person’s perception of different social variables, in this case parental support/monitoring and peer delinquency, are likewise linked by some of these same variables, cognitive insensitivity specifically. Analyses performed across three time periods measured one year apart using data from the Pocono Bullying Study (N = 845, 406 boys and 439 girls, mean age at baseline = 11.2 years) revealed that one of the two pathways (parental monitoring → cognitive insensitivity → peer delinquency) predicted to be significant, was, in fact, significant. Conversely, the two pathways predicted to be non-significant (i.e. the ones mediated by cognitive impulsivity) were non-significant, although the difference between the one significant insensitivity-mediated pathway and its corresponding impulsivity-mediated pathway failed to achieve significance. The results of this study provide partial support for the notion that facets of antisocial thinking may not only mediate relationships between social context variables and delinquent outcomes, but relationships between certain groups of perceived social context variables as well.
{"title":"The ties that bind: mediating the connection between perceived parental support/monitoring and perceived peer delinquency with two forms of antisocial cognition","authors":"G. Walters, Lindsey Runell, Jonathan M. Kremser","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2182778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2182778","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Prior research has shown that social variables are linked to delinquent and criminal outcomes by facets of antisocial cognition. The current study set out to determine if a person’s perception of different social variables, in this case parental support/monitoring and peer delinquency, are likewise linked by some of these same variables, cognitive insensitivity specifically. Analyses performed across three time periods measured one year apart using data from the Pocono Bullying Study (N = 845, 406 boys and 439 girls, mean age at baseline = 11.2 years) revealed that one of the two pathways (parental monitoring → cognitive insensitivity → peer delinquency) predicted to be significant, was, in fact, significant. Conversely, the two pathways predicted to be non-significant (i.e. the ones mediated by cognitive impulsivity) were non-significant, although the difference between the one significant insensitivity-mediated pathway and its corresponding impulsivity-mediated pathway failed to achieve significance. The results of this study provide partial support for the notion that facets of antisocial thinking may not only mediate relationships between social context variables and delinquent outcomes, but relationships between certain groups of perceived social context variables as well.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"165 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44511276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2167079
M. Kenny, Claire E. Helpingstine, Haiying Long, Nathan Earl, Fayeza Malik
ABSTRACT Law enforcement agents are often the first professionals to come into contact with victims of commercial sexual trafficking (CST). While they likely have encountered female victims of CST, they may need increased understanding of the identification of male victims. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a training program aimed to increase awareness of male victims of CST among law enforcement professionals. Participants’ (N = 132) knowledge level was examined prior to the training and immediately thereafter and results showed that pretest knowledge scores were low. The majority of participants (77%) did not have prior training in CST in males and there was a significant gain in knowledge from pre to posttest. None of the participants’ demographic variables were significant predictors of pretest or posttest scores. Implications for training law enforcement in male CST are provided.
{"title":"Commercial sexual trafficking of males: A pilot training with law enforcement","authors":"M. Kenny, Claire E. Helpingstine, Haiying Long, Nathan Earl, Fayeza Malik","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2167079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2167079","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Law enforcement agents are often the first professionals to come into contact with victims of commercial sexual trafficking (CST). While they likely have encountered female victims of CST, they may need increased understanding of the identification of male victims. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a training program aimed to increase awareness of male victims of CST among law enforcement professionals. Participants’ (N = 132) knowledge level was examined prior to the training and immediately thereafter and results showed that pretest knowledge scores were low. The majority of participants (77%) did not have prior training in CST in males and there was a significant gain in knowledge from pre to posttest. None of the participants’ demographic variables were significant predictors of pretest or posttest scores. Implications for training law enforcement in male CST are provided.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"70 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42817633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2165074
Taylor Kidd, Mark Magidson
ABSTRACT Police-initiated diversion practices allow officers to divert youth away from the justice system. This qualitative study addresses one such Southern California program to understand the subjective experiences of youth and parents through in-depth interviews. Thirty-eight respondents, 19 youth and 19 parents, were interviewed for this study. Results demonstrate how an increase in positive interactions with police officers and diversion program staff can influence how youth comply with the law and legal institutions. Interviews emphasized youths’ complex attitudes toward police and the law, highlighting the importance for police and diversion programs to engage in transparent practices to facilitate a greater understanding of diversion and reduce potentially traumatic feelings from initial police contact.
{"title":"Perceptions of a police-initiated diversion program: a qualitative study","authors":"Taylor Kidd, Mark Magidson","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2165074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2165074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Police-initiated diversion practices allow officers to divert youth away from the justice system. This qualitative study addresses one such Southern California program to understand the subjective experiences of youth and parents through in-depth interviews. Thirty-eight respondents, 19 youth and 19 parents, were interviewed for this study. Results demonstrate how an increase in positive interactions with police officers and diversion program staff can influence how youth comply with the law and legal institutions. Interviews emphasized youths’ complex attitudes toward police and the law, highlighting the importance for police and diversion programs to engage in transparent practices to facilitate a greater understanding of diversion and reduce potentially traumatic feelings from initial police contact.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"30 1","pages":"53 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59857016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2169826
Thomas Mrozla, Hailey Pieper
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to learn more about the factors that influence citizen perceptions of the public right to view BWC footage of a critical incident as well as police communication afterwards. To accomplish this, we used a 2 × 2 vignette where citizen race and object were manipulated to different conditions. Using a survey instrument sent to Amazon Mturk workers, several notable findings related to demographic and media perceptions were found regarding the public’s right to view the footage. White respondents were more likely to believe that the public should be able to view the footage involving the Black suspect holding a cellphone, whereas White respondents were less likely to believe that the public should be able to view the footage involving a Black suspect holding a handgun. Age was positively related to supporting increased communication from police for the scenario with a Black suspect with a cellphone,among several other significant relationships. As media hostility increased, respondents were less likely to support increased communication from the police. Perceptions of media hostility consistently influenced respondent perceptions of the public’s right to view BWC footage and police communication across all manipulations.
{"title":"Police body-worn camera footage: Attitudes toward the public right to view and police communication","authors":"Thomas Mrozla, Hailey Pieper","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2169826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2169826","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to learn more about the factors that influence citizen perceptions of the public right to view BWC footage of a critical incident as well as police communication afterwards. To accomplish this, we used a 2 × 2 vignette where citizen race and object were manipulated to different conditions. Using a survey instrument sent to Amazon Mturk workers, several notable findings related to demographic and media perceptions were found regarding the public’s right to view the footage. White respondents were more likely to believe that the public should be able to view the footage involving the Black suspect holding a cellphone, whereas White respondents were less likely to believe that the public should be able to view the footage involving a Black suspect holding a handgun. Age was positively related to supporting increased communication from police for the scenario with a Black suspect with a cellphone,among several other significant relationships. As media hostility increased, respondents were less likely to support increased communication from the police. Perceptions of media hostility consistently influenced respondent perceptions of the public’s right to view BWC footage and police communication across all manipulations.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"1 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45063702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2023.2182302
M. K. Cunius, Monica K. Miller
ABSTRACT There are various psychological factors that could impact a parole member’s decision, including whether the prisoner apologizes. This study investigates the effects of an apology’s type and timing on parole members’ release decisions. MTurk participants (N = 460) read vignettes describing a prisoner whose apology differed in its timing (at trial, parole hearing, or both) and type (full, partial). An apology at both the trial and parole hearing is the most effective apology, and a partial parole apology is the least effective apology. This apology also affects the parole member’s perception of the prisoner. Further, male participants (compared to female participants) are more empathetic toward, more likely to feel sorry for, and more likely to perceive similarities with the prisoner. These findings can help the legal system understand how apologies affect parole members’ decisions, and how to create laws that can systematically allow apologies to be considered in parole releases.
{"title":"The effects of an apology’s timing and type on parole board decision-making","authors":"M. K. Cunius, Monica K. Miller","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2023.2182302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2023.2182302","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There are various psychological factors that could impact a parole member’s decision, including whether the prisoner apologizes. This study investigates the effects of an apology’s type and timing on parole members’ release decisions. MTurk participants (N = 460) read vignettes describing a prisoner whose apology differed in its timing (at trial, parole hearing, or both) and type (full, partial). An apology at both the trial and parole hearing is the most effective apology, and a partial parole apology is the least effective apology. This apology also affects the parole member’s perception of the prisoner. Further, male participants (compared to female participants) are more empathetic toward, more likely to feel sorry for, and more likely to perceive similarities with the prisoner. These findings can help the legal system understand how apologies affect parole members’ decisions, and how to create laws that can systematically allow apologies to be considered in parole releases.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"83 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45737635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2022.2153127
E. Lambert, R. Worley, Vidisha Barua Worley, N. Hogan
ABSTRACT Correctional officers are a valuable and expensive resource for prisons. Working as a correctional officer is a unique experience; it involves controlling incarcerated individuals, and this results in demands that can wear on officers, increasing chances of suffering depression. Social support has been postulated to help buffer the negative effects of working in a prison and reduce depressive symptomatology. Using data from 501 correctional officers employed in a Southern prison system, this study examined the relationship between the three types of social support – family, coworker, and supervisor – on depression symptoms measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression results indicated both family support and supervisor support were significantly related to the level of depression symptoms; coworker support, however, had a nonsignificant association. The results indicate efforts should be made to raise family support and supervisor support.
{"title":"The effects of different types of social support on depressive symptomatology of prison officers","authors":"E. Lambert, R. Worley, Vidisha Barua Worley, N. Hogan","doi":"10.1080/1478601X.2022.2153127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2022.2153127","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Correctional officers are a valuable and expensive resource for prisons. Working as a correctional officer is a unique experience; it involves controlling incarcerated individuals, and this results in demands that can wear on officers, increasing chances of suffering depression. Social support has been postulated to help buffer the negative effects of working in a prison and reduce depressive symptomatology. Using data from 501 correctional officers employed in a Southern prison system, this study examined the relationship between the three types of social support – family, coworker, and supervisor – on depression symptoms measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression results indicated both family support and supervisor support were significantly related to the level of depression symptoms; coworker support, however, had a nonsignificant association. The results indicate efforts should be made to raise family support and supervisor support.","PeriodicalId":45877,"journal":{"name":"CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES","volume":"36 1","pages":"34 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46361556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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