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Politeness of nonverbal hospitality in Saudi and British female interactions 沙特和英国女性交往中的非语言礼貌
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-09-23 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0042
Inas I. Almusallam
Abstract Although linguistic politeness has been extensively theorized about, the role of nonverbal behaviour in managing politeness in interactions has been neglected until recently. In this analysis of natural conversations between female friends in dinner settings, I show how nonverbal hospitality can influence rapport management and the constructionist nature of politeness among Saudi and British female friends, and I compare the two cultures. I show how these nonverbal acts can be observed by looking at the sequences and turns taken in talking, exploring metapragmatic evaluations, and using second-order politeness concepts in interpreting politeness as situated in discourse. The combination of these analytical tools allows for an explanation of what is going on rather than a mere description of the interaction. The analysis demonstrates that nonverbal hospitality plays an important role in the management of rapport and discursive relations. I find that, although the motivation and role of nonverbal hospitality in the management of interactions in young female friendship groups in the two cultures are similar, there are remarkable differences in frequency, reactions, and complexity in the negotiation of nonverbal hospitality.
摘要尽管语言礼貌已经被广泛地理论化,但非语言行为在管理互动中的礼貌方面的作用直到最近才被忽视。在这篇关于女性朋友在晚餐环境中自然对话的分析中,我展示了非语言好客如何影响沙特和英国女性朋友之间的融洽关系管理和礼貌的建构主义本质,并对这两种文化进行了比较。我通过观察谈话中的顺序和转折,探索元语用评价,并使用二阶礼貌概念将礼貌解释为话语中的礼貌,展示了如何观察这些非言语行为。这些分析工具的结合可以解释正在发生的事情,而不仅仅是对相互作用的描述。分析表明,非言语好客在融洽关系和话语关系的管理中发挥着重要作用。我发现,尽管在两种文化中,非语言好客在年轻女性友谊团体互动管理中的动机和作用是相似的,但在非语言好客的谈判中,在频率、反应和复杂性方面存在显著差异。
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引用次数: 1
(Im)politeness on Facebook during the Covid-19 pandemic 新冠肺炎大流行期间Facebook上的礼貌
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2021-0008
Jean Mathieu Tsoumou
Abstract Digital discourse has emerged as a substantial focus of interest within the pragmatic field. Specifically, (im)politeness practices on social media have increasingly received scholarly attention in the last decade (Tagg, Caroline, Philip Seargeant & Amy Aisha Brown. 2017. Taking offence on social media. Conviviality and conviviality and communication on Facebook. Switzerland: Springer Nature, Palgrave McMillan; Tsoumou, Jean Mathieu. 2020. Analyzing speech acts in politically related Facebook communication. Journal of Pragmatics 167. 80–97). However, research combining COVID-19, Facebook and (im)politeness in a politically polarizing context is still scarce. This paper is an analysis of (im)politeness in Facebook comments posted as reactions to Giuliani’s COVID diagnosis. Thus, by combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, the aim of the present paper is twofold: On the one hand, it intends to further our understanding of the manifestation of (im)politeness practices on Facebook through an analysis of reactive comments to Giuliani’s Covid-19 diagnosis on BBC news Facebook page. On the other hand, the paper aims to examine how the struggle between impoliteness and politeness divides Facebook users between sympathizers and detractors of the patient. Through a metadiscursive analysis, the identified (im)politeness items are distributed in an uneven fashion, with impoliteness-oriented items prevailing as the dominant macro category against politeness-oriented ones. The findings suggest that users employ different strategies to express or intensify (im)politeness, favoring explicit expressions of impoliteness such as redress/agreement, insults, pointed criticisms/complaints, unpalatable questions and/or presuppositions over others like threats.
摘要数字话语已经成为语用学领域关注的焦点。具体而言,在过去十年中,社交媒体上的礼貌行为越来越受到学术界的关注(Tagg,Caroline,Philip Seargeant&Amy Aisha Brown,2017)。在社交媒体上发脾气。Facebook上的欢乐、欢乐和交流。瑞士:施普林格自然,帕尔格雷夫·麦克米兰;祖牟,让·马蒂厄。2020.分析与政治相关的脸书交流中的言论行为。语用学杂志167。80–97)。然而,在政治两极分化的背景下,结合新冠肺炎、Facebook和(im)礼貌的研究仍然很少。本文分析了脸书评论中的礼貌,这些评论是对朱利安尼确诊新冠肺炎的反应。因此,通过定量和定性相结合的方法,本文的目的是双重的:一方面,它旨在通过分析英国广播公司新闻Facebook页面上对朱利安尼新冠肺炎诊断的反应性评论,进一步理解(im)礼貌做法在Facebook上的表现。另一方面,本文旨在研究不礼貌和礼貌之间的斗争如何将脸书用户分为同情者和诋毁者。通过元话语分析,识别出的(im)礼貌项目以不均衡的方式分布,不礼貌导向项目占主导地位,而礼貌导向项目则占主导地位。研究结果表明,用户使用不同的策略来表达或强化(im)礼貌,倾向于明确表达不礼貌,如纠正/同意、侮辱、尖锐的批评/抱怨、令人不快的问题和/或预设,而不是威胁。
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引用次数: 2
Borrowing of address forms for dimensions of social relation in a contact-induced multilingual community 在接触引发的多语言社区中,为社会关系维度借用称呼形式
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2021-0022
Kamaludin Yusra, Y. Lestari, J. Simpson
Abstract Address forms have been studied in various contexts, and it has been assumed that the determining dimensions are solidarity, including closeness and equality, and power, including distance and hierarchy. Solidarity is indexed with singular forms while power is represented with plural forms. Using ethnography of communication framework, this study enriches this discussion by examining the use of address forms by Bima people in a multilingual community in Bima, Indonesia, where Bima, Indonesian and other languages in contact have been used for centuries. Address forms including speaker reference forms were identified and classified in 1,250 h of data collected through observation, interviews, elicitation, and recordings of conversation. The study shows that address forms from languages in contact with Bima have been borrowed to represent dimensions within the solidarity-power continuum including intimacy, closeness, equality, hierarchy and respect. The Bima forms are used to exercise traditional solidarity-power relations, but the borrowed forms of Arab, Bugis, Chinese, English, and Makassarese origins are used to negotiate more intimate, close, equal and respectful relations within the social hierarchy. Using the native and the borrowed forms according to referent’s age, gender, status, and contexts, speakers construct different social spaces of intimacy, closeness, equality, hierarchy, respect, and power.
摘要在不同语境下对称呼形式进行了研究,认为决定称呼形式的维度是团结,包括亲密和平等,以及权力,包括距离和等级。团结用单数形式表示,而权力用复数形式表示。本研究利用交流的民族志框架,通过考察印度尼西亚比马一个多语言社区的比马人对称呼形式的使用,丰富了这一讨论。比马语、印尼语和其他语言已经在该社区使用了几个世纪。在1250小时的数据收集中,通过观察、访谈、启发和对话录音,确定并分类了包括说话人参考表在内的称呼形式。研究表明,与Bima接触的语言中的称呼形式被借用来代表团结-权力连续体中的维度,包括亲密、亲密、平等、等级和尊重。Bima形式被用来行使传统的团结-权力关系,但是阿拉伯、布吉、中国、英国和Makassarese起源的形式被用来在社会等级中协商更亲密、亲密、平等和尊重的关系。说话者根据指称者的年龄、性别、地位和语境,使用本族语和外来语,构建了不同的亲密、亲近、平等、等级、尊重和权力的社会空间。
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引用次数: 0
Experiments into the influence of linguistic (in)directness on perceived face-threat in Twitter complaints 语言直接性对推特投诉中感知到的面部威胁影响的实验
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2019-0042
Nicolas Ruytenbeek, S. Decock, I. Depraetere
Abstract To date, there has been little attention for the factors that influence the perception of online complaints. We present two experiments in which we test the impact of the degree of linguistic (in)directness and the formal realization of complaint components on complaint perception. Our experimental stimuli are designed on the basis of French-language authentic Twitter complaints which have been coded in terms of the presence of four constitutive complaint components: the complainable, the negative evaluation of the complainable, the person/company responsible for the complainable, and a wish for compensation. In our experiments, participants are asked to read Twitter complaints, and they are invited to assess them in terms of perceived strength, dissatisfaction, (im)politeness, and offensiveness. Our results indicate that not only the number but also the type of component that is formally realized shape complaint perception. We also find a positive correlation between perceived complaint strength and impoliteness. In addition, different formal realizations of the negative evaluation of the complainable have a different effect on complaint perception; in particular, negative emoji make the complaints softer and more polite. We also discuss methodological issues that have arisen while designing the experiments and that have to do with the operationalization of face-threat.
摘要到目前为止,影响网络投诉感知的因素很少受到关注。我们提出了两个实验,测试了语言的直接程度和抱怨成分的形式实现对抱怨感知的影响。我们的实验刺激是基于法语真实的推特投诉设计的,这些投诉根据四个构成投诉的组成部分进行编码:可投诉者、对可投诉者的负面评价、对可抱怨者负责的个人/公司以及要求赔偿的愿望。在我们的实验中,参与者被要求阅读推特上的抱怨,并被邀请从感知的力量、不满、礼貌和冒犯性方面对其进行评估。我们的结果表明,正式实现形状抱怨感知的不仅是构件的数量,还有构件的类型。我们还发现,感知到的抱怨强度和不礼貌之间存在正相关。此外,对可投诉者负面评价的不同形式实现对投诉感知的影响也不同;尤其是负面的表情符号让抱怨变得更柔和、更有礼貌。我们还讨论了在设计实验时出现的方法论问题,这些问题与面部威胁的操作有关。
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引用次数: 4
“People confuse respeto ‘respect’ with terms of address”: an analysis of online metacommunication about politeness and second-person pronoun use in Peninsular Spanish “人们把尊重和称呼混淆了”——关于西班牙语半岛礼貌和第二人称代词使用的网络元交流分析
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-04-15 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2019-0038
D. Chornet
Abstract This article investigates online metacommunication about politeness and second-person pronouns in Peninsular Spanish. I propose a framework that integrates a discursive approach to politeness, speech codes theory, and dialogism to capture emically the contested nature of politeness at the cultural level. The analyses show two oppositional codes of address: Las formas ‘manners’ presumes that the use of usted (formal-second person pronoun) is the default polite way to enact respect towards societal hierarchical structures. El tuteo ‘the act of addressing somebody as you[tú]’ presumes that respect is not inherent in terms of address or an obligation towards hierarchy; instead, respect is owed to all people and earned through one’s actions. These codes co-exist in tension and their respective meanings stem from how they articulate with each other. I conclude that online metacommunication provides new affordances to study politeness and speech codes.
摘要本文研究了半岛西班牙语中关于礼貌和第二人称代词的网络元交际。我提出了一个框架,该框架整合了礼貌的话语方法、言语代码理论和对话主义,以在文化层面上捕捉礼貌的争议性。分析显示了两种相反的称呼代码:Las formas“礼貌”假设使用usted(正式的第二人称代词)是默认的礼貌方式,以表达对社会等级结构的尊重。El tuteo '称呼某人为你的行为[tú] '假设尊重不是在称呼或对等级的义务方面固有的;相反,尊重是对所有人的尊重,是通过自己的行动赢得的。这些代码在张力中共存,它们各自的意义源于它们如何相互表达。我的结论是,在线元交流为研究礼貌和言语规范提供了新的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Saying “no” in emails in Mandarin Chinese and Australian English 用普通话和澳大利亚英语在邮件中说“不”
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0005
Wei Li
Abstract The present study examined the differences between Mandarin Chinese and Australian English in email refusals. An email production questionnaire (EPQ) and retrospective verbal reports (RVR) were used to collect data. Results showed that while both groups preferred directness to indirectness at the utterance level, Chinese participants used indirectness significantly more frequently than Australian participants in refusals of requests. In addition, Chinese refusals were more indirect than Australian refusals at the discourse level. Chinese participants chose significantly more supportive moves than Australian participants and tended to put multiple supportive moves before the direct head act in refusals of either invitations or requests. The two groups also differed considerably in the content of refusal strategies. Moreover, both the EPQ and RVR data showed that Chinese were more sensitive to social status than Australians. The findings of this study were broadly consistent with studies on refusals in oral communication despite some differences.
摘要本研究考察了普通话和澳大利亚英语在电子邮件拒绝方面的差异。采用电子邮件生产问卷(EPQ)和回顾性口头报告(RVR)收集数据。结果表明,虽然两组在话语层面上都更喜欢直接而不是间接,但中国参与者在拒绝请求时使用间接的频率明显高于澳大利亚参与者。此外,在话语层面上,中国人的拒绝比澳大利亚人的拒绝更间接。中国参与者明显比澳大利亚参与者选择了更多的支持动作,并且倾向于在拒绝邀请或请求的直接头部动作之前放置多个支持动作。两组在拒绝策略的内容上也有很大差异。此外,EPQ和RVR数据都显示,中国人比澳大利亚人对社会地位更敏感。本研究结果与口头交际中拒绝的研究结果基本一致,但存在一定差异。
{"title":"Saying “no” in emails in Mandarin Chinese and Australian English","authors":"Wei Li","doi":"10.1515/pr-2020-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2020-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study examined the differences between Mandarin Chinese and Australian English in email refusals. An email production questionnaire (EPQ) and retrospective verbal reports (RVR) were used to collect data. Results showed that while both groups preferred directness to indirectness at the utterance level, Chinese participants used indirectness significantly more frequently than Australian participants in refusals of requests. In addition, Chinese refusals were more indirect than Australian refusals at the discourse level. Chinese participants chose significantly more supportive moves than Australian participants and tended to put multiple supportive moves before the direct head act in refusals of either invitations or requests. The two groups also differed considerably in the content of refusal strategies. Moreover, both the EPQ and RVR data showed that Chinese were more sensitive to social status than Australians. The findings of this study were broadly consistent with studies on refusals in oral communication despite some differences.","PeriodicalId":45897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politeness Research-Language Behaviour Culture","volume":"18 1","pages":"367 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46666004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sinkeviciute, Valeria: Conversational humour and (im)politeness: a pragmatic analysis of social interaction 《会话幽默和礼貌:社会互动的语用分析》
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-24 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0015
Na Yang
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引用次数: 5
Freytag, Vera: Exploring Politeness in Business Emails. A Mixed-Methods Analysis VeraFreytag:探讨商务电子邮件中的礼貌。混合方法分析
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2021-0011
Carmen Santamaría-García
{"title":"Freytag, Vera: Exploring Politeness in Business Emails. A Mixed-Methods Analysis","authors":"Carmen Santamaría-García","doi":"10.1515/pr-2021-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2021-0011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politeness Research-Language Behaviour Culture","volume":"18 1","pages":"457 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47892510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spencer-Oatey, Helen and Dániel Z. Kádár: Intercultural Politeness: Managing Relations across Cultures Spencer Oatey、Helen和Dániel Z.KáDár:跨文化礼貌:管理跨文化关系
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2021-0030
Jiayi Wang
{"title":"Spencer-Oatey, Helen and Dániel Z. Kádár: Intercultural Politeness: Managing Relations across Cultures","authors":"Jiayi Wang","doi":"10.1515/pr-2021-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2021-0030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politeness Research-Language Behaviour Culture","volume":"18 1","pages":"463 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41370053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Refusing invitations and offers in second language Chinese: effect of proficiency at the actional and interactional levels 第二语言汉语拒绝邀请和提议:行为水平和互动水平的影响
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-19 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2019-0041
Yunwen Su
Abstract The present study investigates the role of proficiency in the development of second language (L2) Chinese learners’ ability to negotiate refusals of invitations and offers in conversational interactions. Fifty-four American English learners of L2 Mandarin Chinese at three proficiency levels, and 22 native speakers, completed a four-item naturalized roleplay task. Findings suggest positive effects of proficiency on L1 American English L2 Chinese learners’ production of refusals at both actional and interactional levels, though different aspects of their pragmatic competence may not develop in parallel. NSs and learners across proficiency levels had access to a similar range of refusal strategies, but learner production showed a more target-like context-specific combination of refusal strategies with increasing proficiency. The effect of proficiency can also be observed on learners’ acquisition of sequential organization of refusals, in terms of delay and discourse patterns, in various context. Nevertheless, it is still unclear at what point along the developmental trajectory learners are sociopragmatically competent enough to show consistent orientation towards the hearer in their refusals as NSs do.
摘要本研究调查了熟练程度在第二语言(L2)中国学习者在会话互动中协商拒绝邀请和提议的能力发展中的作用。54名美国英语学习者和22名母语为汉语的美国人完成了一项四项归化角色扮演任务。研究结果表明,熟练程度对一级美国英语二级中国学习者在动作和互动层面产生拒绝的积极影响,尽管他们的语用能力的不同方面可能不会同时发展。不同熟练程度的NSs和学习者可以使用类似的拒绝策略,但随着熟练程度的提高,学习者的产出表现出更像目标的特定情境的拒绝策略组合。在不同的语境中,从延迟和话语模式的角度,也可以观察到熟练程度对学习者拒绝顺序组织的影响。然而,在发展轨迹的哪个阶段,学习者的社会语用能力足以在拒绝时表现出对听话者的一致取向,目前尚不清楚。
{"title":"Refusing invitations and offers in second language Chinese: effect of proficiency at the actional and interactional levels","authors":"Yunwen Su","doi":"10.1515/pr-2019-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2019-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study investigates the role of proficiency in the development of second language (L2) Chinese learners’ ability to negotiate refusals of invitations and offers in conversational interactions. Fifty-four American English learners of L2 Mandarin Chinese at three proficiency levels, and 22 native speakers, completed a four-item naturalized roleplay task. Findings suggest positive effects of proficiency on L1 American English L2 Chinese learners’ production of refusals at both actional and interactional levels, though different aspects of their pragmatic competence may not develop in parallel. NSs and learners across proficiency levels had access to a similar range of refusal strategies, but learner production showed a more target-like context-specific combination of refusal strategies with increasing proficiency. The effect of proficiency can also be observed on learners’ acquisition of sequential organization of refusals, in terms of delay and discourse patterns, in various context. Nevertheless, it is still unclear at what point along the developmental trajectory learners are sociopragmatically competent enough to show consistent orientation towards the hearer in their refusals as NSs do.","PeriodicalId":45897,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Politeness Research-Language Behaviour Culture","volume":"18 1","pages":"335 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47927232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
期刊
Journal of Politeness Research-Language Behaviour Culture
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