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Journal of Politeness Research-Language Behaviour Culture最新文献

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Frontmatter Frontmatter
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2021-frontmatter2
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引用次数: 0
Politeness as normative, evaluative and discriminatory: the case of verbal hygiene discourses on correct honorifics use in South Korea 礼貌的规范性、评价性和歧视性:韩国语言卫生话语对正确使用敬语的影响
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2019-0008
L. Brown
Abstract This paper uses the concept of “verbal hygiene” (Cameron, Deborah. 1995. Verbal hygiene. Abingdon, UK: Routledge) to analyze metadiscourses in South Korea regarding a recent innovation in the use of subject honorific markers in the service industry. This innovation, commonly referred to as samwul contay ‘inanimate object respect’ involves using honorifics when the grammatical subject of the sentence is an inanimate object, typically the products or services being offered to the customer. Critical discourse analysis was conducted of materials produced by language authorities and mainstream media, as well as layperson-produced blogs and reader comments. The analysis shows that the materials mobilized discourses of ungrammaticality and immorality to delegitimize samwul contay, and stigmatize the sales personnel who used it. By applying the concept of “verbal hygiene” to politeness-related metadiscourses, the current paper advances the perspective that politeness is occasioned through the recursive evaluation of linguistic behavior. Rather than being idiosyncratic, these evaluations appeal to established language norms and moral orders. The way that verbal hygiene discourses promote the language usage of the powerful while stigmatizing the powerless demonstrates that politeness relies inherently on socio-historically imbedded discriminatory practices of placing value on the language usage of certain groups, while delegitimizing that of others.
本文采用了“语言卫生”的概念(Cameron, Deborah. 1995)。口头的卫生。阿宾顿,英国:劳特利奇)分析元话语在韩国关于最近的创新在使用主体敬语标记在服务行业。这种创新通常被称为“无生命物体尊重”,当句子的语法主语是无生命物体时,通常是提供给顾客的产品或服务,就会使用敬语。对语言权威和主流媒体制作的材料,以及外行制作的博客和读者评论进行了批判性话语分析。分析表明,这些材料动员了不合语法和不道德的话语,使samwul contay失去了合法性,并使使用samwul contay的销售人员污名化。本文将“言语卫生”的概念应用于与礼貌相关的元语篇,提出礼貌是通过语言行为的递归评价而产生的观点。这些评价并不具有特殊性,而是诉诸于既定的语言规范和道德秩序。语言卫生话语促进有权力的人使用语言,而对无权力的人进行侮辱的方式表明,礼貌本质上依赖于社会历史上根深蒂固的歧视性做法,即重视某些群体的语言使用,而贬低其他群体的语言使用。
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引用次数: 5
Euphemism in laxative TV commercials: at the crossroads between politeness and persuasion 泻药电视广告中的委婉语:在礼貌和说服之间的十字路口
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-04-22 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2018-0047
Eliecer Crespo-Fernández
Abstract Despite the stigma attached to human defecation and people’s reluctance to talk about it openly, there are certain communicative situations in which one cannot evade referring to the elimination of body wastes. This is the case of laxative TV commercials, a type of discourse focused on the infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels that constitutes a breeding ground for euphemism. In this regard, following a socially-oriented approach to discourse analysis, politeness theory, and cognitive linguistics, the purpose of this paper is to gain an insight into the way euphemism works in a sample of contemporary American TV commercials advertising laxatives. The analysis reveals that euphemism – mostly in the form of metonymy and understatement – and non-euphemistic metaphors and similes serve as face-saving mechanisms for the company’s self-presentational purposes and are ultimately used as part of a sales strategy aiming to attract the interest of viewers.
摘要尽管人类排便带有耻辱感,人们不愿公开谈论它,但在某些交流情况下,人们无法回避消除身体废物。这就是泻药电视广告的情况,这是一种关注排便不频繁或困难的话语,是委婉语的滋生地。在这方面,本文采用社会导向的话语分析方法、礼貌理论和认知语言学,旨在深入了解委婉语在当代美国电视广告中的作用方式。分析表明,委婉语——主要是转喻和轻描淡写的形式——以及非委婉隐喻和明喻是公司自我展示目的的面子机制,最终被用作吸引观众兴趣的销售策略的一部分。
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引用次数: 1
Politeness in professional contexts: foreign-language teacher training 专业语境中的礼貌:外语教师培训
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-04-22 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0006
Gerrard Mugford
Abstract This paper examines the professional context of teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), whose first language is not English but who are required to help learners adhere to target-language (TL) politeness norms and practices. Many of these teachers have had little or no contact with TL countries/cultures and have limited professional training in this area. This paper highlights the specific context of 39 Mexican EFL teachers who reflected on their understandings and “teaching” of politeness. I argue that by employing existing resources and knowledge and with further training, bilingual teachers can be helped to take “possession” of politeness rather than having to unquestioningly teach appropriate, socially-accepted, socially-expected usage.
摘要本文考察了作为外语的英语教师的专业语境,他们的母语不是英语,但却被要求帮助学习者遵守目的语礼貌规范和实践。这些教师中的许多人很少或根本没有接触过TL国家/文化,在这方面的专业培训也很有限。本文重点分析了39位墨西哥英语教师对礼貌的理解和“教学”的具体情况。我认为,通过利用现有的资源和知识,并通过进一步的培训,双语教师可以帮助他们“拥有”礼貌,而不是毫无疑问地教授适当的、社会接受的、社会期望的用法。
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引用次数: 3
Frontmatter
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2021-frontmatter1
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引用次数: 0
Rejecting consumer complaints in customer encounters on Twitter - the case of English and Polish brand communication 拒绝消费者在推特上遇到客户时的投诉——以英语和波兰语品牌传播为例
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1515/PR-2017-0044
A. Tereszkiewicz
Abstract The following study focuses on strategies of denial and evasion of company responsibility used in responding to complaints, negative and critical comments posted by consumers on English and Polish brand profiles on Twitter. The analysis shows that despite the face-threat these acts may pose to the consumer and, consequently, to the company’s image, the companies do not refrain from using strategies denying the complainable and disagreeing with the customer. The study shows that companies resort to a range of sub-strategies of evasion and denial of blame, such as referral to external circumstances and regulations, thanks, blaming a third party, statements of unawareness of the complainable, simple denial of the complainable, expression of personal opinion or criticism of the consumer, among others. The study indicated differences between the English and Polish profiles as to the range and frequency of use of the strategies of rejecting consumers’ complaints. The Polish corpus offers a greater occurrence and a wider range of evasion and denial strategies used in reaction to consumers’ negative or critical opinions and complaints.
摘要以下研究重点关注否认和逃避公司责任的策略,这些策略用于回应消费者在推特上的英语和波兰语品牌简介上发布的投诉、负面和批评评论。分析表明,尽管这些行为可能会对消费者构成威胁,从而对公司形象构成威胁,但公司并没有避免使用否认可投诉者和不同意客户意见的策略。研究表明,公司采取了一系列逃避和否认指责的子策略,如求助于外部环境和法规、感谢、指责第三方、对可投诉人不知情的声明、简单否认可投诉人、表达个人意见或批评消费者等。该研究表明,英语和波兰语在拒绝消费者投诉策略的使用范围和频率方面存在差异。波兰语料库提供了更多的发生率和更广泛的逃避和否认策略,用于回应消费者的负面或批评意见和投诉。
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引用次数: 1
Non-native EFL teachers’ email production and perceptions of e-(im)politeness 非母语英语教师的电子邮件生成与电子(im)礼貌感知
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-19 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0046
M. Economidou-Kogetsidis, Helen P Woodfield, C. Savvidou
Abstract The present study investigates the nature of email requests to faculty produced by non-native speaker (NNS) teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL), the importance attached by these teachers to linguistic forms designed to achieve email politeness and status-congruence, and the extent to which perceptions and evaluations by the NNS teachers and native-speaker (NS) lecturers might differ with regard to these emails. The study found that the non-native speaker teachers (NNSTs) evidenced a developed sense of sociopragmatic knowledge in high imposition L2 requests for action, and employed politeness strategies that were indicative of a concern to maintain social and face relationships in virtual consultations. It is argued that despite their advanced English language proficiency, the teachers’ reliance on directness, excessive formality, and lengthy grounders could still put them out-of-status and render their emails as pragmatically inappropriate. The study further confirmed significant differences in how the two groups perceive appropriateness and politeness in direct and unmodified student email requests to faculty. Overall, while the NSs judged the emails primarily according to their content and, to a lesser extent, according to their form and framing devices, the NNSTs focused almost exclusively on form and framing devices (in/formality, in/directness, nature and extent of mitigation, opening/closing moves, forms of address).
摘要本研究调查了非母语英语教师向教师发出的电子邮件请求的性质,这些教师对旨在实现电子邮件礼貌和地位一致的语言形式的重视,以及NNS教师和母语为NS的讲师对这些电子邮件的看法和评价可能存在的差异。研究发现,非母语教师(NNST)在高强度的二语行动请求中表现出了社会语用知识的发展感,并在虚拟咨询中使用了礼貌策略,表明他们关心保持社交和面子关系。有人认为,尽管他们的英语水平很高,但老师们对直接性的依赖、过分拘谨和冗长的背景语仍然可能使他们失去地位,并使他们的电子邮件在实用上不合适。这项研究进一步证实了两组学生在直接和未经修改的学生向教师发送电子邮件请求中,对适当性和礼貌的感知存在显著差异。总的来说,虽然国家统计局主要根据电子邮件的内容来判断电子邮件,在较小程度上,根据其形式和框架设备来判断,但国家统计局几乎只关注形式和框架装置(形式、直接性、缓解的性质和程度、打开/关闭动作、地址形式)。
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引用次数: 5
‘Politeness Markers’ Revisited - A Contrastive Pragmatic Perspective 从语用对比的角度重新审视“礼貌标记”
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0029
D. Kádár, J. House
Abstract This paper revisits the concept of ‘politeness marker’, by proposing the bottom-up and corpus-based model of ‘ritual frame indicating expressions’ (RFIEs). Our central argument is that, in certain linguacultures, the relationship between ‘politeness markers’ and politeness itself is significantly stronger than in others. Therefore, any theory which argues that there is a definite relationship between form and politeness - or totally rejects this relationship - is potentially problematic if it does not take a contrastive pragmatic perspective, simply because this relationship is subject to significant linguacultural variation. The contrastive pragmatic study of RFIEs also helps us to determine the relationship between forms and speech acts and, indirectly, politeness. As a case study, we examine in this paper one-word and more complex expressions which are commonly associated with the speech acts of request and apology, drawn from the typologically distant Chinese and English linguacultures.
摘要本文重新审视了“礼貌标记”的概念,提出了自下而上、基于语料库的“仪式框架指示表达”(RFIE)模型。我们的中心论点是,在某些语言文化中,“礼貌标记”与礼貌本身之间的关系比其他语言文化中的关系要强烈得多。因此,任何认为形式和礼貌之间存在明确关系的理论——或者完全否定这种关系的理论,如果不从对比语用的角度来看,都可能存在问题,因为这种关系会受到显著的语言文化差异的影响。RFIE的语用对比研究也有助于我们确定形式与言语行为之间的关系,以及间接地与礼貌之间的关系。作为一个案例研究,我们在本文中考察了一个单词和更复杂的表达方式,这些表达方式通常与请求和道歉的言语行为联系在一起,这些表达来自类型学上遥远的中英语言文化。
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引用次数: 10
Alternative Approaches to Politeness and Impoliteness: An Introduction 礼貌和不礼貌的替代方法:引论
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-10-24 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0028
D. Kádár, Vahid Parvaresh, R. M. Reiter
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引用次数: 1
How can ethnography contribute to understanding (im)politeness? 民族志如何有助于理解礼貌?
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-10-20 DOI: 10.1515/pr-2020-0040
R. M. Reiter
Abstract This article presents an invitation to explore the benefits of adopting an ethnographic approach to (im)politeness research rather than an introduction to, or overview of, a well-established method in anthropology. It unfolds in four parts. In the first, I discuss some of the different ways in which (im)politeness scholars have grappled to reconcile lay and analyst understandings of (im)politeness with varying degrees of success. In the second, I offer the background of two examples which were gathered as part of ethnographic fieldwork in a contemporary migratory context. The examples deal with two classic topics in (im)politeness research: greetings and indirectness. The analysis demonstrates how insights from ethnography can enrich (im)politeness analysis by helping us to close the gap between lay and theoretical understandings of the practice. In the final section, I address the importance of delimiting the value of (im)politeness practices in the social reality of the speakers under study and invite colleagues to reflect on the societal impact of the discipline, including the expansion of the discipline beyond its middle-class milieu.
摘要本文邀请我们探讨采用人种学方法进行礼貌研究的好处,而不是介绍或概述人类学中一种公认的方法。它分为四个部分。在第一章中,我讨论了礼貌学者们努力调和外行和分析师对礼貌的理解并取得不同程度成功的一些不同方式。在第二章中,我提供了两个例子的背景,这两个例子是作为当代移民背景下民族志田野调查的一部分收集的。这些例子涉及礼貌研究中的两个经典话题:问候语和间接性。该分析展示了民族志的见解如何通过帮助我们缩小对实践的世俗理解和理论理解之间的差距来丰富礼貌分析。在最后一节中,我谈到了在所研究的演讲者的社会现实中界定礼貌实践价值的重要性,并邀请同事们反思这门学科的社会影响,包括将这门学科扩展到中产阶级环境之外。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Politeness Research-Language Behaviour Culture
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