Abstract:This research analyzes how bourgeois French women thought about, practiced, and performed their identity as mothers in the 1920s and 1930s. Mothers were deeply implicated in government schemes to raise the birthrate to prepare for a future conflict with Germany. However, motherhood was not the monolith that government officials thought it was; each woman experienced it differently based on many factors—most prominently, social class. This study relies on women's correspondence in fashion magazines for a microhistorical view of their lives—invisible from a government standpoint—and considers how they negotiated their identity as mothers within this sociopolitical climate. These women used the columns as social networks in which to define who was a "good" mother, describe how good mothers should raise their children, and uphold their own class status for others to see. Their conversations ultimately reflected both interwar social divisions and writers' changing notions of "good" motherhood.
{"title":"Fashioning Motherhood: French Magazine Subscribers Debate Class, Race, and Social Status, 1919–1939","authors":"R. Barrett","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This research analyzes how bourgeois French women thought about, practiced, and performed their identity as mothers in the 1920s and 1930s. Mothers were deeply implicated in government schemes to raise the birthrate to prepare for a future conflict with Germany. However, motherhood was not the monolith that government officials thought it was; each woman experienced it differently based on many factors—most prominently, social class. This study relies on women's correspondence in fashion magazines for a microhistorical view of their lives—invisible from a government standpoint—and considers how they negotiated their identity as mothers within this sociopolitical climate. These women used the columns as social networks in which to define who was a \"good\" mother, describe how good mothers should raise their children, and uphold their own class status for others to see. Their conversations ultimately reflected both interwar social divisions and writers' changing notions of \"good\" motherhood.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"36 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48320773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nursing History as Women's History: Women, Public Health, and Modernity","authors":"Charissa J. Threat","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"162 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43187973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Note: Testimonial: Listening to Women's Accounts of Gendered Violence and Social Exclusion","authors":"J. Davis, S. Holguin","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"11 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44286207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article presents a transnational account of women's education in modern Morocco. While previous accounts of this history have relied on the colonial archive, this study also considers an assembled collection of Arabic sources reflecting Moroccan perspectives. These sources show that Moroccans advocated for specific changes to women's education, drawing on reforms taking place in Egypt and the Levant. Analyzing nationalist discourse about gender and education reveals a key distinction between colonial and nationalist approaches to women's education: a new understanding of happiness that was central to nationalist discourse and absent from colonial policy. This account centers Moroccans as historical actors and highlights the circulation of ideas and people across North Africa and within the Arabic-speaking world. In doing so, it emphasizes the need to look beyond the circuits that connected metropole and colony. This opens the possibility for a new periodization of modern gender norms in Morocco and offers a basis for a feminist critique of women's education in modern Morocco, transcending both colonial and national historiographical frameworks.
{"title":"Teaching Happiness: Women's Education and Transnational Currents in Modern Morocco","authors":"Anny Gaul","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article presents a transnational account of women's education in modern Morocco. While previous accounts of this history have relied on the colonial archive, this study also considers an assembled collection of Arabic sources reflecting Moroccan perspectives. These sources show that Moroccans advocated for specific changes to women's education, drawing on reforms taking place in Egypt and the Levant. Analyzing nationalist discourse about gender and education reveals a key distinction between colonial and nationalist approaches to women's education: a new understanding of happiness that was central to nationalist discourse and absent from colonial policy. This account centers Moroccans as historical actors and highlights the circulation of ideas and people across North Africa and within the Arabic-speaking world. In doing so, it emphasizes the need to look beyond the circuits that connected metropole and colony. This opens the possibility for a new periodization of modern gender norms in Morocco and offers a basis for a feminist critique of women's education in modern Morocco, transcending both colonial and national historiographical frameworks.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"59 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42599531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The aim of this article is to explore married women's identities and life choices in relation to paid employment and housework in Poland from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. It focuses on women with secondary and higher education. In line with other studies that propose to go beyond dominating narratives on gender inequality under state socialism, this article aims to explore women's agency and underlines the importance of the analysis of women's voices and experiences. Taking advantage of a collection of four hundred unpublished accounts on marital life from the 1960s and 1970s, the article analyzes how women built their identities, how they negotiated the "double identity," and how they used strategies to combine productive and reproductive labor. The article shows the importance of strategies that involved other family members and the crucial role of power relations in marriage.
{"title":"Managing the Double Identity: Married Women as Housewives and Workers in Post-1956 Poland","authors":"Natalia Jarska","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The aim of this article is to explore married women's identities and life choices in relation to paid employment and housework in Poland from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. It focuses on women with secondary and higher education. In line with other studies that propose to go beyond dominating narratives on gender inequality under state socialism, this article aims to explore women's agency and underlines the importance of the analysis of women's voices and experiences. Taking advantage of a collection of four hundred unpublished accounts on marital life from the 1960s and 1970s, the article analyzes how women built their identities, how they negotiated the \"double identity,\" and how they used strategies to combine productive and reproductive labor. The article shows the importance of strategies that involved other family members and the crucial role of power relations in marriage.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"102 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46252693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Edgy Margins: Recent South Asian Feminist Scholarship on the Politics and History of Girlhood, Women, Gender, and Sexualities","authors":"S. Ahluwalia","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"153 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47522248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the wave of violence against Armenian women and their response within the context of the unfolding of the "Armenian Question" during the reign of sultan Abdülhamid II. The Armenian Question consisted of multiple local, imperial, and international disputes over the status and self-administration of Ottoman Armenians. The last quarter of the nineteenth century marked a sharp increase in pogrom and state violence against Ottoman Armenians. Armenian women, particularly in the provinces, were abducted and forced into marriages by civilian perpetrators or subjected to sexual violence by gendarmes and soldiers. Many attempted to return to their communities and bring the perpetrators to justice. The article emphasizes the active role Armenian women played in using new and established methods to mobilize their communities and seek redress from imperial and foreign officials.
{"title":"Violence, Armenian Women, and the \"Armenian Question\" in the Late Ottoman Empire","authors":"Toygun Altıntaş","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the wave of violence against Armenian women and their response within the context of the unfolding of the \"Armenian Question\" during the reign of sultan Abdülhamid II. The Armenian Question consisted of multiple local, imperial, and international disputes over the status and self-administration of Ottoman Armenians. The last quarter of the nineteenth century marked a sharp increase in pogrom and state violence against Ottoman Armenians. Armenian women, particularly in the provinces, were abducted and forced into marriages by civilian perpetrators or subjected to sexual violence by gendarmes and soldiers. Many attempted to return to their communities and bring the perpetrators to justice. The article emphasizes the active role Armenian women played in using new and established methods to mobilize their communities and seek redress from imperial and foreign officials.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"12 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41575105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Between 1973 and 1977, at least twenty-seven feminist credit unions (FCUs) opened their doors in the United States. These financial institutions sought to address discrimination against women in lending and to provide a place to "recycle" money within the movement to fund feminist projects. During this same period, in 1974, Congress passed the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA), which made discrimination in lending based on sex or marital status illegal. This article weaves together the history of the ECOA and FCUs to highlight the limits and possibilities of feminist institutions and reform. While historians have written about FCUs as examples of cultural feminism, this article uses internal documents, newsletters, and membership data to argue that FCUs were valuable and contested sites of intergroup organizing and feminist theorizing about capitalism, community, race, and class that defied simple categorizations.
{"title":"\"Put Your Money Where Your Movement Is\": The Feminist Credit Unions of the 1970s","authors":"Danielle Dumaine","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Between 1973 and 1977, at least twenty-seven feminist credit unions (FCUs) opened their doors in the United States. These financial institutions sought to address discrimination against women in lending and to provide a place to \"recycle\" money within the movement to fund feminist projects. During this same period, in 1974, Congress passed the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA), which made discrimination in lending based on sex or marital status illegal. This article weaves together the history of the ECOA and FCUs to highlight the limits and possibilities of feminist institutions and reform. While historians have written about FCUs as examples of cultural feminism, this article uses internal documents, newsletters, and membership data to argue that FCUs were valuable and contested sites of intergroup organizing and feminist theorizing about capitalism, community, race, and class that defied simple categorizations.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"103 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44227845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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