Abstract:Historian Susan Zimmermann brought to scholars’ attention a 1942 protest statement issued by the Liaison Committee of Women’s International Organisations (LCWIO) in which they protested Nazi violence and abuses. Zimmermann characterized the protest statement as a “public and united stand” taken by the leading women’s organizations. The phrasing of the protest was unusual in its attention to the “extermination” and “spoliation” of the lives, culture, and property of those victimized. I analyze the significance of this women-authored anti-atrocities document in historical context using archival sources. I argue that two refugee women instigated this legally oriented protest statement and that the statement was part of a modestly larger pattern of anti-atrocities campaigns. Rather than being united, as women’s groups later claimed, evidence points to divisiveness, challenges building networks of allies to respond to war crimes, and difficulty in making themselves heard once they decided to act collectively on a gender-specific analysis of atrocities. This research bridges the fields of the history of feminism and Holocaust history.
{"title":"Internationalist Women against Nazi Atrocities in Occupied Europe, 1941–1947","authors":"Sara Kimble","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Historian Susan Zimmermann brought to scholars’ attention a 1942 protest statement issued by the Liaison Committee of Women’s International Organisations (LCWIO) in which they protested Nazi violence and abuses. Zimmermann characterized the protest statement as a “public and united stand” taken by the leading women’s organizations. The phrasing of the protest was unusual in its attention to the “extermination” and “spoliation” of the lives, culture, and property of those victimized. I analyze the significance of this women-authored anti-atrocities document in historical context using archival sources. I argue that two refugee women instigated this legally oriented protest statement and that the statement was part of a modestly larger pattern of anti-atrocities campaigns. Rather than being united, as women’s groups later claimed, evidence points to divisiveness, challenges building networks of allies to respond to war crimes, and difficulty in making themselves heard once they decided to act collectively on a gender-specific analysis of atrocities. This research bridges the fields of the history of feminism and Holocaust history.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"3 2","pages":"57 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41281708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women’s Work: Black Women’s Movement through Political Space","authors":"Kaiama L. Glover","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"142 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48765709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:When her enslaver, the father of her children, died, a Virginian woman named Maria Griffin was set to inherit, along with her children, a significant fortune. Framed around the story of the legal battle that ensued between Griffin and the deceased's white family, who sought to prevent Griffin and her children from inheriting the estate, this article probes slavery's intimate world. Situated within a robust and growing literature on intimacy and slavery, the article deploys the concept of intimacy to grasp the complexity of Maria Griffin's myriad affective ties within the world of slavery. Ultimately, this work asks both what is gained and what violence is done in an accounting of the intimate.
{"title":"Maria Griffin, et al. Slavery's Intimate World","authors":"J. Allain","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:When her enslaver, the father of her children, died, a Virginian woman named Maria Griffin was set to inherit, along with her children, a significant fortune. Framed around the story of the legal battle that ensued between Griffin and the deceased's white family, who sought to prevent Griffin and her children from inheriting the estate, this article probes slavery's intimate world. Situated within a robust and growing literature on intimacy and slavery, the article deploys the concept of intimacy to grasp the complexity of Maria Griffin's myriad affective ties within the world of slavery. Ultimately, this work asks both what is gained and what violence is done in an accounting of the intimate.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"15 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42865469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In looking at Carol Browner's leadership at the Environmental Protection Agency, this article draws on insights from the literature on women and executive politics, women and the environment, and environmental policy and decision-making, bridging these fields of study to explore the height of US executive environmental politics through a gendered lens. It examines whether Browner articulated a feminist analysis of environmental issues and whether her life experiences differed from those of the men who previously dominated environmental politics, and if those translated into distinctive concerns and policies. Focusing on a selection of Browner's key environmental priorities and initiatives, this article ultimately assesses the impact she had on the development of environmental policy in the United States.
{"title":"A Maternal Brand of Environmentalism: Carol Browner's Gendered Leadership of the Environmental Protection Agency","authors":"Beth M. Snyder, Mara Oliva","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In looking at Carol Browner's leadership at the Environmental Protection Agency, this article draws on insights from the literature on women and executive politics, women and the environment, and environmental policy and decision-making, bridging these fields of study to explore the height of US executive environmental politics through a gendered lens. It examines whether Browner articulated a feminist analysis of environmental issues and whether her life experiences differed from those of the men who previously dominated environmental politics, and if those translated into distinctive concerns and policies. Focusing on a selection of Browner's key environmental priorities and initiatives, this article ultimately assesses the impact she had on the development of environmental policy in the United States.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"101 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42345582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Medical and popular periodicals in nineteenth-century America frequently announced noteworthy cases of "precocious maternity"—children as young as eight giving birth. Physicians investigated the causes of precocious maternity, focusing on the influence of climate and race in particular. Newspapers, meanwhile, competed to identify the "youngest mother" in a given city, state, or nation. This focus on maternity obscured paternity: fathers were often left out of accounts of very young mothers. Late nineteenth-century interest in precocious maternity illuminates contemporaneous concerns with the line between childhood and adulthood as well as the stakes of moral purity crusades and age-of-consent debates. Drawing on more than fifty cases of pregnant children, this essay investigates the paradox of the "child-mother" to reveal the intersection of race, gender, sexuality, and age in nineteenth-century culture and medicine, the instability of the categories of childhood and adulthood, and the erasure of child sexual abuse in history.
{"title":"Child-Mothers and Invisible Fathers: The Paradox of \"Precocious Maternity\" and the Pervasiveness of Child Sexual Abuse in Nineteenth-Century America","authors":"C. E. Thompson","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Medical and popular periodicals in nineteenth-century America frequently announced noteworthy cases of \"precocious maternity\"—children as young as eight giving birth. Physicians investigated the causes of precocious maternity, focusing on the influence of climate and race in particular. Newspapers, meanwhile, competed to identify the \"youngest mother\" in a given city, state, or nation. This focus on maternity obscured paternity: fathers were often left out of accounts of very young mothers. Late nineteenth-century interest in precocious maternity illuminates contemporaneous concerns with the line between childhood and adulthood as well as the stakes of moral purity crusades and age-of-consent debates. Drawing on more than fifty cases of pregnant children, this essay investigates the paradox of the \"child-mother\" to reveal the intersection of race, gender, sexuality, and age in nineteenth-century culture and medicine, the instability of the categories of childhood and adulthood, and the erasure of child sexual abuse in history.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"125 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45684964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Interview with Christina L. Beatty: The Legacy of Clara Luper","authors":"C. Beatty","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"147 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43854395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the flight of a mulatto woman named Margaret Grant who escaped slavery in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1770 and again in 1773. The analyses presented within focus on the meaning of freedom through a delineation of acts of self-emancipation, placing Margaret's story in the context of the wider Atlantic world. I contend that Black women asserted their claims to freedom through fugitivity as they invoked the same philosophical arguments that white revolutionaries made in their own struggle against oppression. At stake in this discussion of fugitive women is demonstrating that Black women's resistance in the form of truancy and escape were central components of abolitionism during the Revolutionary era. In fact, motherhood, freedom, and love of family propelled Black women to escape bondage during the Revolutionary era. By excavating the story of Margaret and other fugitive women, the integral role of Black women to the eighteenth-century abolitionist movement is manifest.
{"title":"Fugitivity and Enslaved Women's Agency in the Age of Revolution","authors":"K. Bell","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the flight of a mulatto woman named Margaret Grant who escaped slavery in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1770 and again in 1773. The analyses presented within focus on the meaning of freedom through a delineation of acts of self-emancipation, placing Margaret's story in the context of the wider Atlantic world. I contend that Black women asserted their claims to freedom through fugitivity as they invoked the same philosophical arguments that white revolutionaries made in their own struggle against oppression. At stake in this discussion of fugitive women is demonstrating that Black women's resistance in the form of truancy and escape were central components of abolitionism during the Revolutionary era. In fact, motherhood, freedom, and love of family propelled Black women to escape bondage during the Revolutionary era. By excavating the story of Margaret and other fugitive women, the integral role of Black women to the eighteenth-century abolitionist movement is manifest.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"58 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47837871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Great War took a tragic toll on the French family, leaving hundreds of thousands of children as war orphans. To supplement the French state's meager assistance to these children, French intellectuals created the Orphelinat des armées [Army Orphanage] in 1914. Its financial and moral success, however, was due to British, American, and French women who created in 1915 the Orphelinat's American arm, the Fatherless Children of France (FCOF). These internationalist women modernized mass philanthropy by treating the French recipients of relief as individuals and knowable; they mobilized emotions to pioneer mass child sponsorship, transforming charity into sentimental friendships sealed through epistolary relationships. Long after the war ended, the Fraternité Franco-américaine (FFA), the successor organization to the FCOF, both continued to aid war orphans and popularized the practice of international pen-pal relationships to pursue international friendship, understanding, and peace.
{"title":"\"More Than the Gift\": The Fatherless Children of France, Franco-American Epistolary Relationships, and the Birth of Person-to-Person Mass Philanthropy during and after the Great War","authors":"Brett A. Berliner","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Great War took a tragic toll on the French family, leaving hundreds of thousands of children as war orphans. To supplement the French state's meager assistance to these children, French intellectuals created the Orphelinat des armées [Army Orphanage] in 1914. Its financial and moral success, however, was due to British, American, and French women who created in 1915 the Orphelinat's American arm, the Fatherless Children of France (FCOF). These internationalist women modernized mass philanthropy by treating the French recipients of relief as individuals and knowable; they mobilized emotions to pioneer mass child sponsorship, transforming charity into sentimental friendships sealed through epistolary relationships. Long after the war ended, the Fraternité Franco-américaine (FFA), the successor organization to the FCOF, both continued to aid war orphans and popularized the practice of international pen-pal relationships to pursue international friendship, understanding, and peace.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"100 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45172474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gender, Race, and the French Imperial Republic","authors":"Amelia H. Lyons","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"156 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43227698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Meanings of Marriage in the Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century United States","authors":"Jessica Weiss","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2022.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"34 1","pages":"170 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49553640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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