Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2023.a899536
S. Holguin, J. Davis
{"title":"Economic Autonomy, Networks, and Co-optation","authors":"S. Holguin, J. Davis","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.a899536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.a899536","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"10 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45947126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article traces the rhetoric used by reformers in Vienna, Austria, to transform attitudes about single mothers and their children during the turn of the twentieth century. An emotional community of doctors, statisticians, feminists, Catholics, and charity organizers shamed city systems and sympathized with women who bore children out of wedlock. The practice of normalizing these women and their children was accelerated by the crisis of war and the creation of a new welfare policy in the 1920s by the Social Democratic Workers’ Party. The young nation of Austria experienced political instability, economic uncertainty, and a population imbalance, all of which contributed to changing mores regarding unmarried mothers and a new value for all children. Ultimately, a process and an event collided in Vienna: emotions mobilized by activists were transformed into new policies justified by the losses following World War I.
{"title":"Shame, Sympathy, and the Single Mother in Vienna, 1880–1930","authors":"Britta McEwen","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article traces the rhetoric used by reformers in Vienna, Austria, to transform attitudes about single mothers and their children during the turn of the twentieth century. An emotional community of doctors, statisticians, feminists, Catholics, and charity organizers shamed city systems and sympathized with women who bore children out of wedlock. The practice of normalizing these women and their children was accelerated by the crisis of war and the creation of a new welfare policy in the 1920s by the Social Democratic Workers’ Party. The young nation of Austria experienced political instability, economic uncertainty, and a population imbalance, all of which contributed to changing mores regarding unmarried mothers and a new value for all children. Ultimately, a process and an event collided in Vienna: emotions mobilized by activists were transformed into new policies justified by the losses following World War I.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"100 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42940608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study focuses on women and colonial courts in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria, in the early decades of the twentieth century. It examines the effects of colonial intervention on women and marriage. Examining case volumes of the Ake, Abeokuta, Native Court from 1905 to 1957, the study demonstrates that unique circumstances of the twentieth century—colonial intervention and the establishment of the native courts—led to the increase of divorce rate accelerated by the phenomenon of wives leaving matrimonial homes, establishing new unions of their choice, and approaching the court to end earlier unions and legalize the new ones. The study argues that, despite the negative connotations that might be associated with wives leaving matrimonial homes and requesting divorce in colonial courts, these women made use of the new circumstances to redefine marriage, inserting modifications reflective of women’s choices and preferences, as evidenced through their claims collected from the court records.
{"title":"Revisiting Gender and Marriage: Runaway Wives, Native Law and Custom, and the Native Courts in Colonial Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"Morenikeji Asaaju","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study focuses on women and colonial courts in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria, in the early decades of the twentieth century. It examines the effects of colonial intervention on women and marriage. Examining case volumes of the Ake, Abeokuta, Native Court from 1905 to 1957, the study demonstrates that unique circumstances of the twentieth century—colonial intervention and the establishment of the native courts—led to the increase of divorce rate accelerated by the phenomenon of wives leaving matrimonial homes, establishing new unions of their choice, and approaching the court to end earlier unions and legalize the new ones. The study argues that, despite the negative connotations that might be associated with wives leaving matrimonial homes and requesting divorce in colonial courts, these women made use of the new circumstances to redefine marriage, inserting modifications reflective of women’s choices and preferences, as evidenced through their claims collected from the court records.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"80 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49207996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Communist Women’s Movement (CWM) emerged in 1920. Its goal was to bring women into Communist parties and train them as cadres and leaders so they could work to bring about Socialist transformation and women’s emancipation as an integral component of this transformation. Although a rich body of literature has studied women, gender, and Communism, the works on the CWM’s institutions and networks that use a transnational perspective to study them remain limited. This article seeks to contribute to studies on Communist women in a transnational perspective. It makes use of the CWM’s institutional documents from the early 1920s to shed light on the movement’s inauguration and delineate its ideas on women’s emancipation. This article researches such aspects of Communist women’s activities as gender division of labor, reproduction, and childcare; relationship with non-Communist feminists; and gender relations within the Communist movement.
{"title":"“Through the Dictatorship of the Proletariat in All Countries, Onward to the Complete Emancipation of Women!”: The Transnational Networks of the Communist Women’s Movement in the Early 1920s","authors":"D. Dyakonova","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Communist Women’s Movement (CWM) emerged in 1920. Its goal was to bring women into Communist parties and train them as cadres and leaders so they could work to bring about Socialist transformation and women’s emancipation as an integral component of this transformation. Although a rich body of literature has studied women, gender, and Communism, the works on the CWM’s institutions and networks that use a transnational perspective to study them remain limited. This article seeks to contribute to studies on Communist women in a transnational perspective. It makes use of the CWM’s institutional documents from the early 1920s to shed light on the movement’s inauguration and delineate its ideas on women’s emancipation. This article researches such aspects of Communist women’s activities as gender division of labor, reproduction, and childcare; relationship with non-Communist feminists; and gender relations within the Communist movement.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"11 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49139392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Slavery and the Economic Lives of Women","authors":"E. Rothschild","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"157 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48900683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Taking the little-studied Student Young Women’s Christian Associations of China as a case study, this article dissects how gendered Christian international identities were inculcated in Chinese girls at a variety of scales—local, national, and international—in the interwar years. This article highlights how Christianity, for Chinese Student YWCA members in the 1920s, provided a key tool for constructing internationalism. The Christian, patriotic, and gendered rhetoric of “duty,” “service,” and “sacrifice” enabled Chinese girls to salve tensions between their national and international identities in an era of mounting antiforeign hostility. YWCA members also drew on women’s peacemaking roles to step into the international public sphere. The YWCA provided students with training in leadership, organizational skills, and, in some cases, international diplomacy. While they drew on the rhetorical devices, skills, tactics, and training provided by entry into international women’s networks, YWCA members adapted the message to suit their own needs and objectives.
{"title":"Inculcating a Gendered Christian Internationalism: The Chinese Student YWCA","authors":"J. Bond","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Taking the little-studied Student Young Women’s Christian Associations of China as a case study, this article dissects how gendered Christian international identities were inculcated in Chinese girls at a variety of scales—local, national, and international—in the interwar years. This article highlights how Christianity, for Chinese Student YWCA members in the 1920s, provided a key tool for constructing internationalism. The Christian, patriotic, and gendered rhetoric of “duty,” “service,” and “sacrifice” enabled Chinese girls to salve tensions between their national and international identities in an era of mounting antiforeign hostility. YWCA members also drew on women’s peacemaking roles to step into the international public sphere. The YWCA provided students with training in leadership, organizational skills, and, in some cases, international diplomacy. While they drew on the rhetorical devices, skills, tactics, and training provided by entry into international women’s networks, YWCA members adapted the message to suit their own needs and objectives.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"34 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46822222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Davis, S. Holguin, D. Dyakonova, J. Bond, Sara Kimble, Morenikeji Asaaju, Britta McEwen, Celia Crifasi, Kaiama L. Glover, M. Roberts, E. Rothschild
Abstract:The Communist Women’s Movement (CWM) emerged in 1920. Its goal was to bring women into Communist parties and train them as cadres and leaders so they could work to bring about Socialist transformation and women’s emancipation as an integral component of this transformation. Although a rich body of literature has studied women, gender, and Communism, the works on the CWM’s institutions and networks that use a transnational perspective to study them remain limited. This article seeks to contribute to studies on Communist women in a transnational perspective. It makes use of the CWM’s institutional documents from the early 1920s to shed light on the movement’s inauguration and delineate its ideas on women’s emancipation. This article researches such aspects of Communist women’s activities as gender division of labor, reproduction, and childcare; relationship with non-Communist feminists; and gender relations within the Communist movement.
{"title":"In Community: Recovering Transnational Networks, International Movements, and Local Concerns","authors":"J. Davis, S. Holguin, D. Dyakonova, J. Bond, Sara Kimble, Morenikeji Asaaju, Britta McEwen, Celia Crifasi, Kaiama L. Glover, M. Roberts, E. Rothschild","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Communist Women’s Movement (CWM) emerged in 1920. Its goal was to bring women into Communist parties and train them as cadres and leaders so they could work to bring about Socialist transformation and women’s emancipation as an integral component of this transformation. Although a rich body of literature has studied women, gender, and Communism, the works on the CWM’s institutions and networks that use a transnational perspective to study them remain limited. This article seeks to contribute to studies on Communist women in a transnational perspective. It makes use of the CWM’s institutional documents from the early 1920s to shed light on the movement’s inauguration and delineate its ideas on women’s emancipation. This article researches such aspects of Communist women’s activities as gender division of labor, reproduction, and childcare; relationship with non-Communist feminists; and gender relations within the Communist movement.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"10 - 100 - 11 - 120 - 121 - 141 - 142 - 149 - 150 - 156 - 157 - 166 - 166 - 166 - 167 - 169 - 33 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44344943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:From 1758 to 1781, 1,085 women took out advertisements in Madrid’s daily newspaper, the Diario (The Daily). Each of these women sought employment as a wet nurse but described their work in very different ways. Few studies about wet-nursing in early modern Europe have considered what these ads provide: the voices of the wet nurses themselves. Scholars have focused instead on the opinions and recommendations found in anti-wet-nursing literature, centering the perspectives of male, educated elites. What we know about breastmilk and, subsequently, early modern bodies shifts significantly when we consider the words and knowledge of the wet nurses of Madrid. Instead of anxieties about corrupt milk, social status, and religion found in prescriptive literature, I argue that through the inclusion of specifically chosen words in the advertisements in which they self-presented as effective breastmilk producers, nursing women resisted attacks on their profession and reassured parents about their breastmilk’s suitability.
{"title":"Fluid Bodies: Wet Nurses and Breastmilk Anxieties in Eighteenth-Century Madrid","authors":"Celia Crifasi","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:From 1758 to 1781, 1,085 women took out advertisements in Madrid’s daily newspaper, the Diario (The Daily). Each of these women sought employment as a wet nurse but described their work in very different ways. Few studies about wet-nursing in early modern Europe have considered what these ads provide: the voices of the wet nurses themselves. Scholars have focused instead on the opinions and recommendations found in anti-wet-nursing literature, centering the perspectives of male, educated elites. What we know about breastmilk and, subsequently, early modern bodies shifts significantly when we consider the words and knowledge of the wet nurses of Madrid. Instead of anxieties about corrupt milk, social status, and religion found in prescriptive literature, I argue that through the inclusion of specifically chosen words in the advertisements in which they self-presented as effective breastmilk producers, nursing women resisted attacks on their profession and reassured parents about their breastmilk’s suitability.","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"121 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42910159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Politics of the Everyday in Occupied Europe","authors":"M. Roberts","doi":"10.1353/jowh.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Womens History","volume":"35 1","pages":"150 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43969924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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