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Moral Transgressors vs. Moral Entrepreneurs: The Curious Case of Comedy Accountability in an Era of Social Platform Dependence 道德违规者vs道德企业家:社交平台依赖时代喜剧问责的奇怪案例
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-08-19 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1967158
S. Ödmark
ABSTRACT Comedy can hold political actors accountable, for instance through satire. But what kind of moral negotiation concerns comedians? Utilizing an understanding of accountability as a dynamic of interaction between media actors and the values of their audience, this study explores the concept of comedy accountability, combining qualitative interviews with case study analysis. Five ethical values central to comedy accountability are proposed: truth-telling, freedom of speech, order and cohesion, human dignity and equality, and nonmaleficence. Results show the values to be highly present both in media commentary and in the claims of comedians, with an emphasis on freedom of speech and nonmaleficence for defenders of controversial comedy, and an emphasis on human dignity and equality and nonmaleficence for protesters of controversial comedy. The negotiation of these values happens predominantly within the market frame of accountability, with defenders also using legal-regulatory and professional responsibility arguments while protesters use public responsibility arguments.
喜剧可以让政治演员负起责任,例如通过讽刺。但是喜剧演员会进行什么样的道德协商呢?将问责理解为媒体演员与观众价值观之间互动的动态,本研究结合定性访谈和案例研究分析,探讨了喜剧问责的概念。作者提出了喜剧问责制的五个核心伦理价值观:讲真话、言论自由、秩序和凝聚力、人的尊严和平等以及非恶意。结果表明,这些价值观在媒体评论和喜剧演员的主张中都高度存在,对有争议喜剧的捍卫者强调言论自由和非恶意,对有争议喜剧的抗议者强调人的尊严和平等和非恶意。这些价值观的谈判主要发生在问责制的市场框架内,辩护者也使用法律监管和专业责任的论据,而抗议者则使用公共责任的论据。
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引用次数: 1
Lessons in Media Ethics: Popular Culture, Religion and Digital Media 媒体伦理课程:流行文化、宗教和数字媒体
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-08-03 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1940772
K. Berg
Over the past year, I rarely worked in my campus office due to mitigation protocols to limit the spread of COVID-19 on our campus. When I returned in late spring, I was delighted to find two new books on media ethics in my pile of mail. Not only do I see both of these books being adopted at both the undergraduate and graduate levels in communication programs; I also see them appealing to journalists, media critics, working professionals. In Entertaining Ethics, Chad Painter and Lee Wilkins, explore how popular culture explains media ethics and the key philosophy to solid ethical thinking. The book focuses on core philosophical concepts of media ethics – truth telling, loyalty, privacy, public service, media economics, social justice, advocacy, and accountability. Painter and Wilkins use the lens of narrative film, television, and music to teach ethical lessons since many of us spend thousands of hours with popular culture. They explain, “Shakespeare and the ancient Greeks knew that if you want to tell a moral lesson and have it remembered, then embed it in a play – one that audiences are fond of seeing” (p. 173). In Ethics and Religion in the Age of Social Media: Digital proverbs for responsible citizens, Kevin Healey and Robert H. Woods, Jr. provide a critical and original take on our digital dilemmas. They explain, “To assist in the prophetic imagination of new alternatives, throughout this book, we pair a clear rejection of Silicon Valley’s catechism with specific practices, policies and products that may steer the ship in a more sustainable direction” (p. 12). Since the authors address the structural and ideological biases of current platform architectures, algorithms, user policies, and advertising models, this book is a must read for communication and media scholars and students. Painter, C. & Wilkins, L. (2021). Entertaining ethics: Lessons in media ethics from popular culture. Rowman & Littlefield. While reading Entertaining Ethics by Chad Painter, assistant professor of communication at the University of Dayton, and Lee Wilkins, professor emerita at Wayne State University in Detroit, and the University of Missouri School of Journalism, I was immediately reminded of my most memorable class as an undergraduate student at Saint Louis University. I saw myself in the classroom sitting in the front row listening to the music Dr. John Pauly was playing for us in that popular culture and communication class. We had the most interesting discussions about the intersection of popular culture (radio, TV, film, and music) and communication. While my class almost 25 years ago was not an ethics class per say, this text would have perfectly complemented our required textbooks because it explains media ethics through popular culture, including the philosophy that is key to solid ethical thinking. Each chapter focuses on a key ethical concept, anchors the discussion of that concept in a contemporary or classic yet accessible film or television show, analy
在过去的一年里,由于限制COVID-19在校园内传播的缓解协议,我很少在校园办公室工作。当我在晚春回来时,我很高兴地在一堆邮件中发现了两本关于媒体伦理的新书。我不仅看到这两本书在本科和研究生的交流课程中都被采用;我也看到它们吸引了记者、媒体评论家和专业人士。在《娱乐伦理》一书中,查德·佩特和李·威尔金斯探讨了大众文化如何解释媒体伦理以及坚实伦理思维的关键哲学。这本书的重点是媒体伦理的核心哲学概念-说实话,忠诚,隐私,公共服务,媒体经济学,社会正义,倡导和问责制。画家和威尔金斯使用叙事电影、电视和音乐的镜头来教授道德课程,因为我们中的许多人花了成千上万的时间与流行文化打交道。他们解释说,“莎士比亚和古希腊人知道,如果你想讲一堂道德课并让人记住,那就把它嵌入到观众喜欢看的戏剧中去”(第173页)。在《社交媒体时代的伦理与宗教:负责任公民的数字箴言》一书中,凯文·希利和小罗伯特·h·伍兹对我们的数字困境提出了批判性和原创的看法。他们解释说:“为了帮助人们对新的替代方案进行预言性的想象,在这本书中,我们将对硅谷教义的明确拒绝与具体的实践、政策和产品相结合,这些实践、政策和产品可能会引导这艘船朝着更可持续的方向发展。”由于作者解决了当前平台架构、算法、用户政策和广告模型的结构和意识形态偏见,本书是通信和媒体学者和学生的必读之作。Painter, C. & Wilkins, L.(2021)。娱乐伦理:大众文化对媒体伦理的启示。罗曼和利特菲尔德。在阅读代顿大学传播学助理教授查德·佩特、底特律韦恩州立大学名誉教授李·威尔金斯和密苏里大学新闻学院合著的《娱乐伦理学》时,我立刻想起了我在圣路易斯大学读本科时最难忘的一节课。我看见自己坐在教室的前排,听着约翰·保利博士在流行文化与交流课上为我们演奏的音乐。我们就流行文化(广播、电视、电影和音乐)与传播的交集进行了非常有趣的讨论。虽然25年前我的课不是伦理课,但这本书可以完美地补充我们所需的教科书,因为它通过流行文化解释了媒体伦理,包括作为扎实伦理思维关键的哲学。每一章都集中在一个关键的伦理概念上,在当代或经典的电影或电视节目中锚定这个概念的讨论,分析在其他流行文化作品中做出的决定,并以适当的哲学思想为基础进行分析。佩因特和威尔金斯以媒体伦理和流行文化的一章作为本书的开头,该章提供了一些核心概念,包括文化和流行文化的定义、流行文化的批评、想象在伦理思考中的作用以及伦理原则的定义。他们立即引起了我的注意,他们承认罗杰斯先生的职业生活的四条规则是他们写这本书的原因,也是他们对待道德的方式:(1)记者是人,不是速记员,不是机器人;(2)必要时指出不公正之处;(3)
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引用次数: 0
Determinants of Attitudes toward Ethical Dilemmas in News: A Survey of Student Journalists 对新闻伦理困境态度的决定因素:对学生记者的调查
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-08-03 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1939030
Karyn S. Campbell, Bryan E. Denham
ABSTRACT In this research, we surveyed 214 college journalists to assess their attitudes toward a series of ethical dilemmas. Significant predictors of a nine-item index included years enrolled in college, completion of an ethics course, ethics training as a part of student media, informal discussions about ethics in student media, number of situations calling for an ethics-related decision, familiarity with the ethics code of the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ), and use of that code. Of these determinants, familiarity with the SPJ code showed the strongest association with the response measure. Findings suggest that formal instruction of ethics and professional journalistic norms should continue and that students should be encouraged to gain practical experience during their college years. Additionally, data suggest the SPJ code can prove useful as a pedagogical tool and should be incorporated into both classrooms and newsrooms.
在本研究中,我们对214名大学记者进行了问卷调查,以评估他们对一系列道德困境的态度。该指数的重要预测指标包括:大学入学年限、道德课程完成情况、作为学生媒体一部分的道德培训、学生媒体中关于道德的非正式讨论、需要做出道德相关决策的情况数量、对职业记者协会(SPJ)道德准则的熟悉程度以及该准则的使用情况。在这些决定因素中,对SPJ代码的熟悉程度显示出与响应测量的最强关联。研究结果表明,应该继续进行正式的道德和专业新闻规范教育,并鼓励学生在大学期间获得实践经验。此外,数据表明,SPJ准则可以被证明是一种有用的教学工具,应该纳入课堂和新闻编辑室。
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引用次数: 0
Sponsorship Disclosures in Online Sponsored Content: Practitioners’ Considerations 在线赞助内容的赞助披露:从业者的考虑
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-06-17 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1935962
Margot J. Van Der Goot, E. V. van Reijmersdal, Sharmaine K.P. Zandbergen
ABSTRACT Many consumers fail to identify online sponsored content as advertising. This is an ethical problem because consumers need to know when they are exposed to advertising so they can raise counterarguments. To enhance transparency, guidelines have been issued that prescribe sponsorship disclosures. However, the actual use of these disclosures is limited and inconsistent. To better understand this ethical practice, the aim of the present qualitative interview study is to provide an overview of practitioners’ considerations to use disclosures (or not) for online sponsored content. We conducted a qualitative interview study, in which we interviewed 18 practitioners representing four stakeholder groups. The study reveals a diverse, complex, and conflicting set of considerations categorized as follows: moral responsibility toward consumers, own business interests, and perceptions regarding disclosure guidelines. We interpret our findings in light of previous studies in which advertising professionals talked about ethics. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
许多消费者无法将在线赞助内容识别为广告。这是一个道德问题,因为消费者需要知道他们什么时候接触到广告,这样他们就可以提出反对意见。为提高透明度,已发布了有关披露赞助信息的指引。然而,这些披露的实际使用是有限的和不一致的。为了更好地理解这种道德实践,本定性访谈研究的目的是概述从业人员对在线赞助内容使用(或不使用)披露的考虑。我们进行了定性访谈研究,其中我们采访了代表四个利益相关者群体的18名从业者。该研究揭示了一系列不同的、复杂的、相互冲突的考虑因素,包括:对消费者的道德责任,自身的商业利益,以及对信息披露准则的看法。我们根据之前广告专业人士谈论道德的研究来解释我们的发现。讨论了对研究和实践的启示。
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引用次数: 8
Nudging Children and Adolescents toward Online Privacy: An Ethical Perspective 推动儿童和青少年对网络隐私:一个伦理的观点
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-06-14 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1939031
Mariana Veretilnykova, Leyla Dogruel
ABSTRACT The widespread practices of data collection by third-party actors pose challenges to children’s and adolescents’ privacy when they navigate digital environments. Given that the informed-consent paradigm has largely failed in online contexts, nudging seems to be a promising alternative intervention to make internet users more privacy sensitive. At the same time, nudging faces sharp criticism, suggesting it violates various ethical values. In this paper, we present an ethical evaluation of nudges targeting children’s and adolescents’ information privacy. We identify three core ethical values that nudging potentially violates: personal autonomy, human dignity, and sustainable well-being. Focusing on personal autonomy, we then demonstrate that the autonomy of minors cannot be violated by nudging in the same way as that of adults. As a conclusion, practical implications in designing and implementing privacy nudges targeting minors are suggested.
第三方行为者收集数据的广泛做法对儿童和青少年在数字环境中导航时的隐私构成了挑战。鉴于知情同意模式在网络环境中基本上失败了,轻推似乎是一种有希望的替代干预措施,可以使互联网用户对隐私更加敏感。与此同时,“轻推”也面临着尖锐的批评,认为它违反了各种道德价值观。在本文中,我们提出了针对儿童和青少年的信息隐私轻推的伦理评价。我们确定了轻推可能违反的三个核心伦理价值观:个人自主权、人类尊严和可持续福祉。关注个人自主权,然后我们证明未成年人的自主权不能像成年人一样被轻推侵犯。最后,提出了设计和实施针对未成年人的隐私提示的现实意义。
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引用次数: 3
“People are More than Just a Statistic”: Ethical, Care-based Engagement of Marginalized Publics on Social Media “人不仅仅是一个统计数据”:边缘化公众在社交媒体上基于道德和关怀的参与
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-06-14 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1937175
Katie R. Place
ABSTRACT The purpose of this qualitative study is to answer calls to examine social media, ethical engagement, and marginalized publics. Findings suggest that strategic communication and public relations professionals ethically engage marginalized individuals on social media by a) embodying an ethic of care emphasizing compassion and respect, b) listening with sensitivity, c) considering marginalized individuals’ unique privacy and anonymity needs, d) ensuring transparency and accuracy of messaging, and e) forging trusting relationships through an embodiment of authenticity. Ultimately, this study suggests that social media practice must continue to advance care-based ethical social media engagement of marginalized publics in ways that relate to them as unique individuals deserving of compassion and empathy – beyond mere codes of ethics or universal, duty-based philosophies.
本定性研究的目的是回应社会媒体、伦理参与和边缘化公众的呼声。研究结果表明,战略传播和公共关系专业人员通过以下方式在社交媒体上与边缘化个体进行道德接触:a)体现关怀伦理,强调同情和尊重;b)敏感倾听;c)考虑边缘化个体独特的隐私和匿名需求;d)确保信息的透明度和准确性;e)通过真实性的体现建立信任关系。最终,这项研究表明,社交媒体实践必须继续推进以关怀为基础的道德社交媒体参与,将边缘化公众视为值得同情和同情的独特个体,而不仅仅是道德准则或普遍的、基于责任的哲学。
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引用次数: 9
Caring with the Public: An Integration of Feminist Moral, Environmental, and Political Philosophy in Journalism Ethics 关心公众:女性主义道德哲学、环境哲学和政治哲学在新闻伦理中的整合
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1926255
Joseph Jones
ABSTRACT This article seeks to “contaminate” an ethics of care with three different but interrelated theoretical interventions: the expansion of the care ethic beyond interpersonal relations, ecofeminism, and feminist political theory. This makes care theoretically resilient: durable enough to have grounded meaning but flexible enough for situational application. This also makes care a primary concept capable of subsuming some aspects of the traditional ethical theories of deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics. This holds vast implications for journalists as they seek new ways to delineate and articulate their service to democracy in an ever-changing mediascape. Furthermore, this ethic of care engenders media literacy and enables an active public to critically question media content and influence. This theoretical explication is thus not an abstract exercise but intentionally focused to aid the difficult work of worldmaking.
本文试图用三个不同但相互关联的理论干预来“污染”护理伦理:超越人际关系的护理伦理的扩展、生态女性主义和女性主义政治理论。这使得护理在理论上具有弹性:足够持久,具有基础意义,但足够灵活,可用于情境应用。这也使得关怀成为一个基本概念,能够包含传统伦理理论的某些方面,如义务论、结果主义和美德伦理学。这对记者来说意义重大,因为他们在不断变化的媒体环境中寻求新的方式来描绘和阐明他们对民主的服务。此外,这种关心的伦理产生了媒体素养,使积极的公众能够批判性地质疑媒体的内容和影响。因此,这种理论解释并不是一种抽象的练习,而是有意专注于帮助创造世界的困难工作。
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引用次数: 8
Charity Fundraising and the Ethics of Voice: Cancer Survivors’ Perspectives on Macmillan Cancer Support’s “Brave the Shave” Campaign 慈善筹款和声音伦理:癌症幸存者对麦克米伦癌症支持组织“勇敢剃须”活动的看法
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-04-13 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1898963
L. Gies
ABSTRACT “Brave the Shave”, a campaign by the UK charity Macmillan Cancer Support, encourages people to seek sponsorship to shave off all their hair and share the event on social media. Brave the Shave has attracted fierce criticism from a group of breast cancer survivors who have made it clear that they find the campaign deeply offensive and insensitive. Despite the controversy, Macmillan is continuing with this fundraising initiative, arguing that it is financially successful and provides much-need resources for its services. Its line of defense amounts to the argument that the ends justify the means. This apparent refusal to hear and act upon the complaints forms the central focus of this article. Macmillan’s denial sits uneasily with its mission to improve the lives of cancer survivors. The case invites ethical questions around how much voice clients have, the lack of recognition for cancer survivors’ experiences and the general power deficit in the donor-recipient relationship. The article argues that a commitment to a meaningful dialogue and a willingness to be transparent with clients about campaign strategies would be a potentially important step toward avoiding offensive fundraising narratives which deny the suffering of the very people charities aim to assist.
“勇敢剃须”是英国麦克米伦癌症支持慈善机构发起的一项活动,鼓励人们寻求赞助,剃光所有头发,并在社交媒体上分享这一活动。勇敢剃须引起了一群乳腺癌幸存者的激烈批评,他们明确表示,他们认为这项活动非常无礼,而且麻木不仁。尽管存在争议,但麦克米伦仍在继续这项筹款活动,认为它在财务上是成功的,并为其服务提供了急需的资源。它的辩护线相当于这样的论点:目的可以证明手段是正当的。这种明显的拒绝听取和采取行动的投诉构成了本文的中心焦点。麦克米伦的否认与其改善癌症幸存者生活的使命格格不入。这个案例引发了一些伦理问题,包括客户有多少发言权,对癌症幸存者的经历缺乏认识,以及供体-受体关系中普遍存在的权力缺陷。文章认为,承诺进行有意义的对话,并愿意与客户透明地讨论竞选策略,将是避免攻击性筹款叙事的潜在重要步骤,这些叙事否认了慈善机构旨在帮助的人的痛苦。
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引用次数: 3
The Ethics of Transparency: A Review of Corrections Language in International Journalistic Codes of Ethics 透明伦理:国际新闻职业道德规范中的更正语言述评
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1899826
A. Appelman, K. Hettinga
ABSTRACT Journalistic codes of ethics (N = 88) from 55 countries were analyzed for their discussions of errors and corrections. The sample includes codes from press councils, broadcast media outlets, newspapers, digital media outlets, radio stations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Overall, the codes were similar across countries. Most included a discussion of the error-correction process (the “how” of corrections), as well as an explanation of normative values (the “why” of corrections). Details regarding correction placement and speed were particularly common across codes. Results suggest codes that emphasize correcting harmful errors were slightly more common in the codes from countries with greater press freedom, and there was some indication that codes that provide cursory guidelines about corrections and accuracy were more likely to come from countries with less press freedom. Implications for journalists and media organizations are explored.
摘要:本研究分析了55个国家88份新闻职业道德规范中关于错误和纠正的讨论。样本包括来自新闻委员会、广播媒体、报纸、数字媒体、广播电台和非政府组织(ngo)的代码。总的来说,各国的规范是相似的。大多数包括对错误纠正过程的讨论(“如何”纠正),以及对规范值的解释(“为什么”纠正)。关于纠错位置和速度的细节在代码中特别常见。结果表明,强调纠正有害错误的代码在新闻自由程度较高的国家的代码中更为常见,有一些迹象表明,对更正和准确性提供粗略指导的代码更有可能来自新闻自由程度较低的国家。对记者和媒体组织的影响进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 2
The Boston Marathon Bombings: A Case Study in Visual Framing Ethics 波士顿马拉松爆炸案:视觉框架伦理的个案研究
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.1899825
D. Hunt, Gerard Jalette
ABSTRACT On April 15, 2013, two bombs were ignited near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring hundreds. The news “frames” used to depict the Boston Marathon bombings have contributed to our collective interpretation of this event. This study adopts a mixed-method approach to understand the ethical nature of the news frames used to represent the bombings. First, content analytic methods were used to codify the visual framing devices employed by newspapers during the aftermath of the marathon bombings. Our content analysis indicated the most frequent image framing devices were crowd reactions and suspects, with headlines focused on the cause of the bombings. A qualitative thematic analysis was then conducted based on in-depth interviews with photojournalism experts. Our thematic analysis resulted in three key themes that guide photojournalism when covering tragic events: storytelling importance, editorial decision-making, and professional codes.
2013年4月15日,两枚炸弹在波士顿马拉松赛终点线附近被引爆,造成3人死亡,数百人受伤。用来描述波士顿马拉松爆炸案的新闻“框架”促成了我们对这一事件的集体解读。本研究采用混合方法来理解用于代表爆炸事件的新闻框架的伦理性质。首先,内容分析方法被用来编纂在马拉松爆炸事件后报纸使用的视觉框架装置。我们的内容分析表明,最常见的图像框架设备是人群反应和嫌疑人,标题集中在爆炸的原因上。然后,在深度采访新闻摄影专家的基础上,进行了定性的专题分析。我们的专题分析得出了三个指导新闻摄影报道悲剧事件的关键主题:讲故事的重要性、编辑决策和专业准则。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Media Ethics
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