Abstract Thanks to their portability, connectivity, and their image performance – which is constantly improving – smartphone cameras (SPCs) have been people’s loyal companions for quite a while now. In the past few years, multicamera systems have become well and truly established, alongside 3D acquisition systems such as time-of-flight (ToF) sensors. This article looks at the evolution and status of SPC imaging technology. After a brief assessment of the SPC market and supply chain, the camera system and optical image formation is described in more detail. Subsequently, the basic requirements and physical limitations of smartphone imaging are examined, and the optical design of state-of-the-art multicameras is reviewed alongside their optical technology and manufacturing process. The evolution of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors and basic image processing is then briefly summarized. Advanced functions such as a zoom, shallow depth-of-field portrait mode, high dynamic range (HDR), and fast focusing are enabled by computational imaging. Optical image stabilization has greatly improved image performance, enabled as it is by built-in sensors such as a gyroscope and accelerometer. Finally, SPCs’ connection interface with telescopes, microscopes, and other auxiliary optical systems is reviewed.
{"title":"Smartphone imaging technology and its applications","authors":"Vladan Blahnik, Oliver Schindelbeck","doi":"10.1515/aot-2021-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2021-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Thanks to their portability, connectivity, and their image performance – which is constantly improving – smartphone cameras (SPCs) have been people’s loyal companions for quite a while now. In the past few years, multicamera systems have become well and truly established, alongside 3D acquisition systems such as time-of-flight (ToF) sensors. This article looks at the evolution and status of SPC imaging technology. After a brief assessment of the SPC market and supply chain, the camera system and optical image formation is described in more detail. Subsequently, the basic requirements and physical limitations of smartphone imaging are examined, and the optical design of state-of-the-art multicameras is reviewed alongside their optical technology and manufacturing process. The evolution of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors and basic image processing is then briefly summarized. Advanced functions such as a zoom, shallow depth-of-field portrait mode, high dynamic range (HDR), and fast focusing are enabled by computational imaging. Optical image stabilization has greatly improved image performance, enabled as it is by built-in sensors such as a gyroscope and accelerometer. Finally, SPCs’ connection interface with telescopes, microscopes, and other auxiliary optical systems is reviewed.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"145 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42062651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. M. Alseed, Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh, P. Zhao, Oguzhan Ozcan, S. Tasoglu
Abstract Magnetic levitation (MagLev) is a density-based method which uses magnets and a paramagnetic medium to suspend multiple objects simultaneously as a result of an equilibrium between gravitational, buoyancy, and magnetic forces acting on the particle. Early MagLev setups were bulky with a need for optical or fluorescence microscopes for imaging, confining portability, and accessibility. Here, we review design criteria and the most recent end-applications of portable smartphone-based and self-contained MagLev setups for density-based sorting and analysis of microparticles. Additionally, we review the most recent end applications of those setups, including disease diagnosis, cell sorting and characterization, protein detection, and point-of-care testing.
{"title":"Portable magnetic levitation technologies","authors":"M. M. Alseed, Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh, P. Zhao, Oguzhan Ozcan, S. Tasoglu","doi":"10.1515/aot-2021-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2021-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Magnetic levitation (MagLev) is a density-based method which uses magnets and a paramagnetic medium to suspend multiple objects simultaneously as a result of an equilibrium between gravitational, buoyancy, and magnetic forces acting on the particle. Early MagLev setups were bulky with a need for optical or fluorescence microscopes for imaging, confining portability, and accessibility. Here, we review design criteria and the most recent end-applications of portable smartphone-based and self-contained MagLev setups for density-based sorting and analysis of microparticles. Additionally, we review the most recent end applications of those setups, including disease diagnosis, cell sorting and characterization, protein detection, and point-of-care testing.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"109 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aot-2021-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48135108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Smartphone-based sensors and imaging devices for global health","authors":"Hatice Ceylan Koydemir, A. Ozcan","doi":"10.1515/aot-2021-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2021-0031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"87 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aot-2021-0031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41822647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since the development of the first light microscope over 400 years ago, the technology has continuously evolved and established itself as a powerful tool, especially in biology, diagnostics and point-of-care (PoC) applications. The miniaturization of mass-produced actuators and sensors enables the use of technically extremely complex functions in smartphones at a very low price. They can be used to implement modern microscopy methods for use in places where access to such techniques is often very limited. In this review, we show how easy it is to integrate a smartphone into the everyday microscopy-imaging routines of biology research. Such devices have also been used to identify diseases directly at the patient. Furthermore, we demonstrate how constantly increasing computing power in combination with the steadily improving imaging quality of cameras of handheld devices enables the realization of new biomedical imaging methods, which together with commercially available and 3D-printed components make current research available to a broad mass. Examples are smartphone-based super-resolution microscopy (SRM) or task-specific single-board computer-based devices, which can analyze plankton in sea water.
{"title":"The power in your pocket – uncover smartphones for use as cutting-edge microscopic instruments in science and research","authors":"Haoran Wang, R. Heintzmann, Benedict Diederich","doi":"10.1515/aot-2021-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2021-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the development of the first light microscope over 400 years ago, the technology has continuously evolved and established itself as a powerful tool, especially in biology, diagnostics and point-of-care (PoC) applications. The miniaturization of mass-produced actuators and sensors enables the use of technically extremely complex functions in smartphones at a very low price. They can be used to implement modern microscopy methods for use in places where access to such techniques is often very limited. In this review, we show how easy it is to integrate a smartphone into the everyday microscopy-imaging routines of biology research. Such devices have also been used to identify diseases directly at the patient. Furthermore, we demonstrate how constantly increasing computing power in combination with the steadily improving imaging quality of cameras of handheld devices enables the realization of new biomedical imaging methods, which together with commercially available and 3D-printed components make current research available to a broad mass. Examples are smartphone-based super-resolution microscopy (SRM) or task-specific single-board computer-based devices, which can analyze plankton in sea water.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"89 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aot-2021-0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46839165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Smartphone is emerging as a portable analytical biosensing platform in many point-of-care (POC) applications such as disease diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food toxin screening. With the recent advancement of imaging technologies on the smartphone, the manual control of acquisition settings (e.g., exposure time, frame rate, focusing distance, etc.) has already been expanded from the photo to the video capturing mode. In modern smartphone models, high frame rate (above 100 fps) can be achieved to bring in a new temporal dimension to the smartphone-supported POC tests by recording high-definition videos. This opens up a new analytical method defined as smartphone videoscopy. In this review, the recent development of smartphone videoscopy is summarized based on different POC applications. Representative examples of smartphone videoscopy systems and how these time-dependent measurements could open up new opportunities for POC diagnostics are discussed in detail. The advances demonstrated so far illustrate the promising future of smartphone videoscopy in biosensing, POC diagnostics, and time-resolved analysis in general.
{"title":"Smartphone videoscopy: Recent progress and opportunities for biosensing","authors":"Yan Wang, Shengwei Zhang, Qingshan Wei","doi":"10.1515/aot-2021-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2021-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Smartphone is emerging as a portable analytical biosensing platform in many point-of-care (POC) applications such as disease diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food toxin screening. With the recent advancement of imaging technologies on the smartphone, the manual control of acquisition settings (e.g., exposure time, frame rate, focusing distance, etc.) has already been expanded from the photo to the video capturing mode. In modern smartphone models, high frame rate (above 100 fps) can be achieved to bring in a new temporal dimension to the smartphone-supported POC tests by recording high-definition videos. This opens up a new analytical method defined as smartphone videoscopy. In this review, the recent development of smartphone videoscopy is summarized based on different POC applications. Representative examples of smartphone videoscopy systems and how these time-dependent measurements could open up new opportunities for POC diagnostics are discussed in detail. The advances demonstrated so far illustrate the promising future of smartphone videoscopy in biosensing, POC diagnostics, and time-resolved analysis in general.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"123 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42726759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article describes the laser safety classification of a laser toy for children equipped with a laser aimer/illuminator with two radiation sources. Following the rules presented in EN 60825-1: 2014 standard, the tests and measurements of the accessible emission were carried out and the class of the laser product was determined to be 3R. It was shown that the laser toy does not comply with the requirements of the EN 62115: 2020 standard and the Public Health England Guidance. The potential hazards associated with Class 3R, indicated in the EN 60825-1: 2014 standard, are also discussed.
{"title":"Laser toys fail to comply with safety standards – case study based on laser product classification","authors":"J. Młyńczak","doi":"10.1515/aot-2020-0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2020-0072","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article describes the laser safety classification of a laser toy for children equipped with a laser aimer/illuminator with two radiation sources. Following the rules presented in EN 60825-1: 2014 standard, the tests and measurements of the accessible emission were carried out and the class of the laser product was determined to be 3R. It was shown that the laser toy does not comply with the requirements of the EN 62115: 2020 standard and the Public Health England Guidance. The potential hazards associated with Class 3R, indicated in the EN 60825-1: 2014 standard, are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"139 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aot-2020-0072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42536765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Houbertz, Verena Hartinger, J. Klein, M. Herder, G. Grützner, P. Dannberg
Abstract The continuous miniaturization of components and devices along with the increasing need of sustainability in production requires materials which can fulfill the manifold requests concerning their functionality. From an industrial point of view emphasis is on cost reduction either for the materials, the processes, or for both, along with a facilitation of processing and a general reduction of resource consumption in manufacturing. Multifunctional nanoscale materials have been widely investigated due to their tunable material properties and their ability to fulfill the increasingly growing demands in miniaturization, ease of processes, low-cost manufacturing, scalability, reliability, and finally sustainability. A material class which fulfills these requirements and is suited for integrated or waferscale optics are inorganic–organic hybrid polymers such as ORMOCER®s [ORMOCER® is registered by the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft für Angewandte Forschung e.V. and commercialized by microresist technology GmbH under license since 2003]. The combination of chemically designed multifunctional low-cost materials with tunable optical properties is very attractive for (integrated) optical and waferscale applications via a variety of different nano- and microstructuring techniques to fabricate micro- and nano-optical components, typically within less than a handful of process steps. The influence of photoinitiator and cross-linking conditions onto the optical properties of an acrylate-based inorganic–organic hybrid polymer will be discussed, and its suitability for being applied in waferscale optics is demonstrated and discussed for miniaturized multi- and single channel imaging optics.
元件和设备的不断小型化以及生产对可持续性的需求日益增加，要求材料能够满足其功能方面的多种要求。从工业的角度来看，重点是降低材料、工艺或两者的成本，同时促进加工和减少制造中的资源消耗。多功能纳米材料由于其可调节的材料特性以及能够满足日益增长的小型化、易于加工、低成本制造、可扩展性、可靠性和可持续性等方面的需求而受到广泛的研究。满足这些要求并适用于集成或晶圆级光学器件的一类材料是无机-有机杂化聚合物，如ORMOCER®s [ORMOCER®由Fraunhofer Gesellschaft f r Angewandte Forschung e.V.注册，并由microresist technology GmbH在2003年获得许可后商业化]。化学设计的多功能低成本材料与可调光学特性的结合对于(集成)光学和晶圆级应用非常有吸引力，通过各种不同的纳米和微结构技术来制造微纳米光学元件，通常只需不到几个工艺步骤。讨论了光引发剂和交联条件对丙烯酸酯基无机-有机杂化聚合物光学性能的影响，论证了其在晶圆级光学中的适用性，并讨论了其在小型化多通道和单通道成像光学中的应用。
{"title":"Multifunctional materials for lean processing of waferscale optics","authors":"R. Houbertz, Verena Hartinger, J. Klein, M. Herder, G. Grützner, P. Dannberg","doi":"10.1515/aot-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The continuous miniaturization of components and devices along with the increasing need of sustainability in production requires materials which can fulfill the manifold requests concerning their functionality. From an industrial point of view emphasis is on cost reduction either for the materials, the processes, or for both, along with a facilitation of processing and a general reduction of resource consumption in manufacturing. Multifunctional nanoscale materials have been widely investigated due to their tunable material properties and their ability to fulfill the increasingly growing demands in miniaturization, ease of processes, low-cost manufacturing, scalability, reliability, and finally sustainability. A material class which fulfills these requirements and is suited for integrated or waferscale optics are inorganic–organic hybrid polymers such as ORMOCER®s [ORMOCER® is registered by the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft für Angewandte Forschung e.V. and commercialized by microresist technology GmbH under license since 2003]. The combination of chemically designed multifunctional low-cost materials with tunable optical properties is very attractive for (integrated) optical and waferscale applications via a variety of different nano- and microstructuring techniques to fabricate micro- and nano-optical components, typically within less than a handful of process steps. The influence of photoinitiator and cross-linking conditions onto the optical properties of an acrylate-based inorganic–organic hybrid polymer will be discussed, and its suitability for being applied in waferscale optics is demonstrated and discussed for miniaturized multi- and single channel imaging optics.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 1","pages":"59 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/aot-2021-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43851084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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