Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1360163
{"title":"Erratum: Terahertz focusing blazed diffractive optical elements for frequency demultiplexing","authors":"","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1360163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1360163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"10 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1261267
M. Stehlik, J. Zideluns, Camille Petite, Valentin Allard, Marco Minissale, A. Moreau, A. Lereu, F. Lemarchand, Frank Wagner, Julien Lumeau, Laurent Gallais
High-repetition rate diode-pumped sub-ps lasers are widely used in the industrial sector for high-quality material processing applications. However, for their reliable operation, it is crucial to study the power handling capabilities of the optical components used in these systems. The optical components, such as mirrors, gratings, dichroic filters, and gain media, are designed based on dielectric thin films. When subjected to high-intensity laser radiation, the phenomenon of laser-induced contamination (LIC) can lead to the growth of a nanometric, highly absorbent layer on an irradiated optical surface, which can result in transmission or reflection loss and eventual permanent damage. In this study, we investigate LIC growth on dielectric oxide thin films in an air environment irradiated by MHz sub-ps laser at 515 nm. We examine the effect of thin film deposition method, material, and thickness on LIC growth dynamics. The irradiated spots on the surface are inspected using multiple observation methods, including white light interference microscopy and fluorescence imaging. Our results show that the LIC growth dynamics depend on the laser intensity and irradiation time and can be affected by the thin film deposition method, material, and thickness. These findings could be used to inform the development of more resistant optical components, ensuring long-term reliable laser operation required for industrial applications. The study highlights the need for validating optical components using tests that closely mimic real-world applications and provides insight into the complex processes that lead to LIC.
{"title":"Investigation of laser-induced contamination on dielectric thin films in MHz sub-ps regime","authors":"M. Stehlik, J. Zideluns, Camille Petite, Valentin Allard, Marco Minissale, A. Moreau, A. Lereu, F. Lemarchand, Frank Wagner, Julien Lumeau, Laurent Gallais","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1261267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1261267","url":null,"abstract":"High-repetition rate diode-pumped sub-ps lasers are widely used in the industrial sector for high-quality material processing applications. However, for their reliable operation, it is crucial to study the power handling capabilities of the optical components used in these systems. The optical components, such as mirrors, gratings, dichroic filters, and gain media, are designed based on dielectric thin films. When subjected to high-intensity laser radiation, the phenomenon of laser-induced contamination (LIC) can lead to the growth of a nanometric, highly absorbent layer on an irradiated optical surface, which can result in transmission or reflection loss and eventual permanent damage. In this study, we investigate LIC growth on dielectric oxide thin films in an air environment irradiated by MHz sub-ps laser at 515 nm. We examine the effect of thin film deposition method, material, and thickness on LIC growth dynamics. The irradiated spots on the surface are inspected using multiple observation methods, including white light interference microscopy and fluorescence imaging. Our results show that the LIC growth dynamics depend on the laser intensity and irradiation time and can be affected by the thin film deposition method, material, and thickness. These findings could be used to inform the development of more resistant optical components, ensuring long-term reliable laser operation required for industrial applications. The study highlights the need for validating optical components using tests that closely mimic real-world applications and provides insight into the complex processes that lead to LIC.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"56 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139386872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1310578
M. Kaluza, P. Komorowski, P. Zagrajek, A. Siemion
This study presents the novel optical passive components for spatial frequency division demultiplexing of terahertz (THz) radiation. Four different diffractive optical elements (DOEs) were designed as the combination of phase kinoform lenses and phase blazed diffraction gratings. The designed structures were verified in numerical simulations and they showed the promising results. Subsequently, they were manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology from highly transparent cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). The manufactured structures were examined in the experimental setup. The results matched numerical simulations. Thus, eight frequencies in the range from 150 GHz to 220 GHz every 10 GHz were spatially separated. The novel design solution guaranteed 63% higher relative efficiency compared to the reference DOE. The presented study can be suitable as the application for 6G technology telecommunication systems as the spatial frequency division demultiplexing component for the THz radiation band.
{"title":"Terahertz focusing blazed diffractive optical elements for frequency demultiplexing","authors":"M. Kaluza, P. Komorowski, P. Zagrajek, A. Siemion","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1310578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1310578","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the novel optical passive components for spatial frequency division demultiplexing of terahertz (THz) radiation. Four different diffractive optical elements (DOEs) were designed as the combination of phase kinoform lenses and phase blazed diffraction gratings. The designed structures were verified in numerical simulations and they showed the promising results. Subsequently, they were manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology from highly transparent cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). The manufactured structures were examined in the experimental setup. The results matched numerical simulations. Thus, eight frequencies in the range from 150 GHz to 220 GHz every 10 GHz were spatially separated. The novel design solution guaranteed 63% higher relative efficiency compared to the reference DOE. The presented study can be suitable as the application for 6G technology telecommunication systems as the spatial frequency division demultiplexing component for the THz radiation band.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":" 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138613394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1244009
Jason R. Grenier, L. Brusberg, K. Wieland, Juergen Matthies, Chad C. Terwilliger
High bandwidth demanding applications such as high-performance computing and hyperscale datacenters are drivers for co-packaged optics, which aims to bring optical signals as close as possible to the electrical computing chips by integrating the electro-optic transceivers and ASICs on the same package substrate. These next-generation switches require advanced fiber-to-chip connectivity and novel packaging concepts to enable sufficient power and cost savings. As such, low-loss, high bandwidth, and high fiber-counts are required at the photonic chip interface. In this work, these challenges are addressed by enabling the multi-fiber push-on (MPO) interface at the edge of integrated glass waveguide substrates and thus leverages the existing fiber connector eco-system. An ultrafast laser process is used to singulate glass wafers into individual photonic chips leaving optical-quality end-facets with <1 μm flatness over the 6.5 mm wide connector region thereby directly enabling low-loss fiber-to-chip edge-coupling. To overcome the high-costs and complex photonic packaging associated with active alignment of the fiber connectors to the glass waveguide interfaces, ultrafast laser-ablated features are accurately positioned on the glass substrate to enable self-alignment of the MPO connector guide-pins resulting in a passive alignment approach. Subsequent mating and de-mating of the MPO connector to the glass waveguide interface yields on average a 0.19 dB increase in the coupling loss compared to using active alignment.
{"title":"Ultrafast laser processing of glass waveguide substrates for multi-fiber connectivity in co-packaged optics","authors":"Jason R. Grenier, L. Brusberg, K. Wieland, Juergen Matthies, Chad C. Terwilliger","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1244009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1244009","url":null,"abstract":"High bandwidth demanding applications such as high-performance computing and hyperscale datacenters are drivers for co-packaged optics, which aims to bring optical signals as close as possible to the electrical computing chips by integrating the electro-optic transceivers and ASICs on the same package substrate. These next-generation switches require advanced fiber-to-chip connectivity and novel packaging concepts to enable sufficient power and cost savings. As such, low-loss, high bandwidth, and high fiber-counts are required at the photonic chip interface. In this work, these challenges are addressed by enabling the multi-fiber push-on (MPO) interface at the edge of integrated glass waveguide substrates and thus leverages the existing fiber connector eco-system. An ultrafast laser process is used to singulate glass wafers into individual photonic chips leaving optical-quality end-facets with <1 μm flatness over the 6.5 mm wide connector region thereby directly enabling low-loss fiber-to-chip edge-coupling. To overcome the high-costs and complex photonic packaging associated with active alignment of the fiber connectors to the glass waveguide interfaces, ultrafast laser-ablated features are accurately positioned on the glass substrate to enable self-alignment of the MPO connector guide-pins resulting in a passive alignment approach. Subsequent mating and de-mating of the MPO connector to the glass waveguide interface yields on average a 0.19 dB increase in the coupling loss compared to using active alignment.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43118179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1237132
D. Flamm, J. Hellstern, M. Kaiser, M. Kahmann, J. Kleiner, C. Tillkorn
A structured light concept is reported enabling to distribute a large number of focus copies at arbitrary positions in a working volume. Applying this holographic 3D-beam splitter concept to ultrashort laser pulses allows to deposit energy along accelerating trajectories in the volume of transparent materials. Based on the entirety of the volume modifications created in this way, the material can be separated, for example, to create chamfered glass edges. These photonic tools impress with enormous versatility, which enable equally diverse application strategies ranging from cutting and welding to data storing.
{"title":"Light along curves: photonic shaping tools","authors":"D. Flamm, J. Hellstern, M. Kaiser, M. Kahmann, J. Kleiner, C. Tillkorn","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1237132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1237132","url":null,"abstract":"A structured light concept is reported enabling to distribute a large number of focus copies at arbitrary positions in a working volume. Applying this holographic 3D-beam splitter concept to ultrashort laser pulses allows to deposit energy along accelerating trajectories in the volume of transparent materials. Based on the entirety of the volume modifications created in this way, the material can be separated, for example, to create chamfered glass edges. These photonic tools impress with enormous versatility, which enable equally diverse application strategies ranging from cutting and welding to data storing.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43152703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1237570
J. Ari, M. Cavillon, M. Lancry, B. Poumellec
Femtosecond (fs) laser writing is a flexible way to induce three-dimensional local structural modifications inside glass materials, such as crystallization. The latter is a function of both glass composition, hence properties, and laser parameters. Previous works have shown that a glass composition of 33Li2O–33Nb2O5–13SiO2–21B2O3 (LNSB) mol% yields to crystallization of laser polarization orientable LiNbO3 nanocrystals upon irradiation with a 1,030 nm fs laser. In this paper, we present the effects of rare earth incorporation in the glass composition [i.e., europium (0.5, 1, and 2 mol%)] on the crystallization process of LiNbO3 nanocrystals induced by fs laser irradiation. The embedding of Eu3+ ions into these nanostructures has an interest in developing new integrated and miniaturized optical lasers and amplifiers in visible wavelengths. The influence of laser parameters, such as repetition rate (RR), pulse energy, and polarization, has been studied. Irradiated areas are investigated using optical and electron microscopy techniques. The effect of Eu3+ concentration on the crystallization behavior (crystal formation and morphology) is discussed, as Eu2O3 is not acting as a nucleation agent in LNSB glass up to 2 mol%.
{"title":"Polarization-dependent orientation of LiNbO3:Eu3+ nanocrystals using ultrashort laser pulses in borosilicate glasses","authors":"J. Ari, M. Cavillon, M. Lancry, B. Poumellec","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1237570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1237570","url":null,"abstract":"Femtosecond (fs) laser writing is a flexible way to induce three-dimensional local structural modifications inside glass materials, such as crystallization. The latter is a function of both glass composition, hence properties, and laser parameters. Previous works have shown that a glass composition of 33Li2O–33Nb2O5–13SiO2–21B2O3 (LNSB) mol% yields to crystallization of laser polarization orientable LiNbO3 nanocrystals upon irradiation with a 1,030 nm fs laser. In this paper, we present the effects of rare earth incorporation in the glass composition [i.e., europium (0.5, 1, and 2 mol%)] on the crystallization process of LiNbO3 nanocrystals induced by fs laser irradiation. The embedding of Eu3+ ions into these nanostructures has an interest in developing new integrated and miniaturized optical lasers and amplifiers in visible wavelengths. The influence of laser parameters, such as repetition rate (RR), pulse energy, and polarization, has been studied. Irradiated areas are investigated using optical and electron microscopy techniques. The effect of Eu3+ concentration on the crystallization behavior (crystal formation and morphology) is discussed, as Eu2O3 is not acting as a nucleation agent in LNSB glass up to 2 mol%.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49588970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1237663
T. Okuno, Y. Shimotsuma, M. Shimizu, K. Miura
The femtosecond laser direct writing technique can allow spatially selective crystallization with suppression of thermal conduction effects. In the case of Al2O3-R2O3 (R = Y, Dy) glass, the polarization-dependent periodic nanostructure with crystallization is self-assembled, however, the formation mechanism of self-assembled nanocrystals in glass remains to be clarified. We focused on Al2O3-Lu2O3 glass prepared by a containerless laser melting method and demonstrated the formation of a nanograting with crystallization by femtosecond laser irradiation. Polarized luminescence measurements of the crystallized region by the pulse bursts with a controllable number of pulses reveal that luminescence anisotropy increased at more than 50 pulses in a burst, suggesting the formation of the nanograting. We have also followed the time variation of birefringence by polarized light imaging to evaluate the time scale for the formation of nanogratings with crystallization.
{"title":"Photoinduced self-assembly of nanocrystals inside Al2O3-Lu2O3 glass","authors":"T. Okuno, Y. Shimotsuma, M. Shimizu, K. Miura","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1237663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1237663","url":null,"abstract":"The femtosecond laser direct writing technique can allow spatially selective crystallization with suppression of thermal conduction effects. In the case of Al2O3-R2O3 (R = Y, Dy) glass, the polarization-dependent periodic nanostructure with crystallization is self-assembled, however, the formation mechanism of self-assembled nanocrystals in glass remains to be clarified. We focused on Al2O3-Lu2O3 glass prepared by a containerless laser melting method and demonstrated the formation of a nanograting with crystallization by femtosecond laser irradiation. Polarized luminescence measurements of the crystallized region by the pulse bursts with a controllable number of pulses reveal that luminescence anisotropy increased at more than 50 pulses in a burst, suggesting the formation of the nanograting. We have also followed the time variation of birefringence by polarized light imaging to evaluate the time scale for the formation of nanogratings with crystallization.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46817144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1237679
R. Laberdesque, Laura Loi, T. Guérineau, Alain Abou Khalil, S. Danto, T. Cardinal, L. Canioni, Y. Petit
A novel type of waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) is demonstrated based on femtosecond laser-induced Type A refractive index modifications, namely based of the photochemistry of silver species in a specialty ortho-phosphate glass matrix. First-order WBGs are reported in the near-infrared and down to 736 nm in the visible. Relative transmission measurements with a 500 µm long WBGs lead to narrow-bandwidth attenuations (sub-nm spectral FWHM) from 2.29 dB to 6.25 dB for periods from 240 nm to 280 nm, respectively. The corresponding estimated backward coupling coefficients show high values from 1.66 mm-1 up to 2.69 mm-1. Additionally, we report on a true 3D helix-shaped WBG that shows an even stronger relative attenuation of 10.3 dB for a 500 µm long WBG, equivalently corresponding to a backward coupling coefficient of 3.7 mm-1. These novel results pave the way for new silver-based laser-inscribed integrated photonic devices, among which the combination of Bragg gratings to form active/passive optical resonators, but also the direct inscription of WBG at the glass interface for enhanced sensing applications.
{"title":"Three-dimensional femtosecond laser inscription of type a-based high-efficiency first-order waveguide Bragg gratings","authors":"R. Laberdesque, Laura Loi, T. Guérineau, Alain Abou Khalil, S. Danto, T. Cardinal, L. Canioni, Y. Petit","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1237679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1237679","url":null,"abstract":"A novel type of waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) is demonstrated based on femtosecond laser-induced Type A refractive index modifications, namely based of the photochemistry of silver species in a specialty ortho-phosphate glass matrix. First-order WBGs are reported in the near-infrared and down to 736 nm in the visible. Relative transmission measurements with a 500 µm long WBGs lead to narrow-bandwidth attenuations (sub-nm spectral FWHM) from 2.29 dB to 6.25 dB for periods from 240 nm to 280 nm, respectively. The corresponding estimated backward coupling coefficients show high values from 1.66 mm-1 up to 2.69 mm-1. Additionally, we report on a true 3D helix-shaped WBG that shows an even stronger relative attenuation of 10.3 dB for a 500 µm long WBG, equivalently corresponding to a backward coupling coefficient of 3.7 mm-1. These novel results pave the way for new silver-based laser-inscribed integrated photonic devices, among which the combination of Bragg gratings to form active/passive optical resonators, but also the direct inscription of WBG at the glass interface for enhanced sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47961548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.3389/aot.2023.1237524
R. Stoian
Ultrafast lasers are now unanimously recognized as processing tools capable of providing utmost precision. This becomes key in the context of material processing as precise feature scales can render a range of new characteristics to the processed materials. These features redesign their properties optically, mechanically, electrically, or from a chemical point of view. Precision is often accompanied by an increase in resolution. The advances in optical beam engineering and irradiation strategies, alongside with controlled material responses, have put in sight the opportunity to reach record small feature sizes, below 100 nm. Is there an intrinsic limit to optical fabrication? What are the new opportunities provided by laser processing on these scales? How one can make light adapt to matter and at the same time control the matter’s response under light on the smallest scales? In this article I intend to provide a brief overview into the latest developments in ultrafast laser volume nanostructuring, fundamentals and applications alike, stressing out the prospective roadmap and the new potential emerging from super-resolved ultrafast smart laser processing technologies.
{"title":"Ultrafast laser volume nanostructuring; a limitless perspective","authors":"R. Stoian","doi":"10.3389/aot.2023.1237524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/aot.2023.1237524","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast lasers are now unanimously recognized as processing tools capable of providing utmost precision. This becomes key in the context of material processing as precise feature scales can render a range of new characteristics to the processed materials. These features redesign their properties optically, mechanically, electrically, or from a chemical point of view. Precision is often accompanied by an increase in resolution. The advances in optical beam engineering and irradiation strategies, alongside with controlled material responses, have put in sight the opportunity to reach record small feature sizes, below 100 nm. Is there an intrinsic limit to optical fabrication? What are the new opportunities provided by laser processing on these scales? How one can make light adapt to matter and at the same time control the matter’s response under light on the smallest scales? In this article I intend to provide a brief overview into the latest developments in ultrafast laser volume nanostructuring, fundamentals and applications alike, stressing out the prospective roadmap and the new potential emerging from super-resolved ultrafast smart laser processing technologies.","PeriodicalId":46010,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Optical Technologies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48909714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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