I investigate the effects of high school career and technical education (CTE) on later-life outcomes, by constructing a dynamic structural model that instruments for curricula choice using variation in CTE opportunities and local labor market controls. Estimates derived from national longitudinal data suggest that trade CTE, relative to general education and business CTE, improves wages and employment opportunities while increasing high school graduation but decreasing university graduation propensities. Policy simulations suggest that incorporating vocational certification into CTE would improve labor market outcomes. Simulations also suggest that strict high school tracking would increase the dropout rate but improve outcomes for graduates at the expense of their high school utility.
{"title":"The Effects of High School Career and Technical Education on Employment, Wages, and Educational Attainment","authors":"Michael LaForest","doi":"10.1086/722309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722309","url":null,"abstract":"I investigate the effects of high school career and technical education (CTE) on later-life outcomes, by constructing a dynamic structural model that instruments for curricula choice using variation in CTE opportunities and local labor market controls. Estimates derived from national longitudinal data suggest that trade CTE, relative to general education and business CTE, improves wages and employment opportunities while increasing high school graduation but decreasing university graduation propensities. Policy simulations suggest that incorporating vocational certification into CTE would improve labor market outcomes. Simulations also suggest that strict high school tracking would increase the dropout rate but improve outcomes for graduates at the expense of their high school utility.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"17 1","pages":"39 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48821579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Bonilla-Mejía, Luz A. Flórez, Didier Hermida, F. Lasso-Valderrama, L. Morales, J. J. Ospina-Tejeiro, José Pulido
This paper assesses whether the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated automation in developing countries. We studied the case of Colombia, a country with low R&D and productivity and with high labor informality and unemployment. We estimated event-study models to assess the differential effect of the pandemic on job openings and salaried employment by the potential degree of automation of each occupation. Our results suggest that both vacancies and salaried employment fell more in highly automatable occupations during the pandemic and have since experienced a slower recovery. The effect of the pandemic on automation is mostly driven by sectors that were affected by mobility restrictions. We also found heterogeneous effects by age and gender. The acceleration of automation is mainly affecting the labor market for females and individuals over the age of 40. Finally, we explored the differential effect on occupations with wages around the minimum wage. We found that occupations with wages close to the minimum wage exhibit the highest effect, especially at the onset of the pandemic.
{"title":"Is the Covid-19 Pandemic Fast-Tracking Automation in Developing Countries? Evidence from Colombia","authors":"Leonardo Bonilla-Mejía, Luz A. Flórez, Didier Hermida, F. Lasso-Valderrama, L. Morales, J. J. Ospina-Tejeiro, José Pulido","doi":"10.32468/be.1209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1209","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses whether the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated automation in developing countries. We studied the case of Colombia, a country with low R&D and productivity and with high labor informality and unemployment. We estimated event-study models to assess the differential effect of the pandemic on job openings and salaried employment by the potential degree of automation of each occupation. Our results suggest that both vacancies and salaried employment fell more in highly automatable occupations during the pandemic and have since experienced a slower recovery. The effect of the pandemic on automation is mostly driven by sectors that were affected by mobility restrictions. We also found heterogeneous effects by age and gender. The acceleration of automation is mainly affecting the labor market for females and individuals over the age of 40. Finally, we explored the differential effect on occupations with wages around the minimum wage. We found that occupations with wages close to the minimum wage exhibit the highest effect, especially at the onset of the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44066495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osea Giuntella, Giulia La Mattina, C. Quintana‐Domeque
Using linked birth records from Florida, we analyze intergenerational health transmission at birth by parental gender. We find both paternal and maternal birth weights significantly predict the child’s birth weight, even after accounting for family genetic and environmental factors. Our findings reveal a 100-g increase in the mother’s birth weight increases the child’s birth weight by 13–24 g, irrespective of maternal grandmother effects. A 100-g increase in the father’s birth weight increases the child’s birth weight by 10–15 g, irrespective of paternal grandmother effects. The modest yet accurately estimated influence of both maternal and paternal health at birth on offspring health at birth is confirmed by using alternative metrics, such as small-for-gestational-age status.
{"title":"Intergenerational Transmission of Health at Birth: Fathers Matter Too!","authors":"Osea Giuntella, Giulia La Mattina, C. Quintana‐Domeque","doi":"10.1086/724282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724282","url":null,"abstract":"Using linked birth records from Florida, we analyze intergenerational health transmission at birth by parental gender. We find both paternal and maternal birth weights significantly predict the child’s birth weight, even after accounting for family genetic and environmental factors. Our findings reveal a 100-g increase in the mother’s birth weight increases the child’s birth weight by 13–24 g, irrespective of maternal grandmother effects. A 100-g increase in the father’s birth weight increases the child’s birth weight by 10–15 g, irrespective of paternal grandmother effects. The modest yet accurately estimated influence of both maternal and paternal health at birth on offspring health at birth is confirmed by using alternative metrics, such as small-for-gestational-age status.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"17 1","pages":"284 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46892602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies whether exposure to female politicians during adolescence affects postprimary education, including a longer-term intergenerational impact in India. Using close mixed-gender elections won by women as an instrument for the election of female legislators, I find that female politicians increase the likelihood of urban women completing higher secondary schooling. Further, exposure leads rural women to spend more on their children’s education years later, particularly in households with more girls, participate more in household decision making, and exhibit a decline in son preference. Given the pro-male bias in educational expenditures in rural households, the results underscore the importance of exposure to more gender-equal settings during adolescence in mitigating such biases.
{"title":"Effect of Female Politicians on Postprimary Education and Intergenerational Education Spending","authors":"Sadia Priyanka","doi":"10.1086/721616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721616","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies whether exposure to female politicians during adolescence affects postprimary education, including a longer-term intergenerational impact in India. Using close mixed-gender elections won by women as an instrument for the election of female legislators, I find that female politicians increase the likelihood of urban women completing higher secondary schooling. Further, exposure leads rural women to spend more on their children’s education years later, particularly in households with more girls, participate more in household decision making, and exhibit a decline in son preference. Given the pro-male bias in educational expenditures in rural households, the results underscore the importance of exposure to more gender-equal settings during adolescence in mitigating such biases.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"488 - 525"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47979198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the effects of a compulsory schooling reform on child labor in Turkey, which extended the duration of schooling from 5 to 8 years while substantially improving the schooling infrastructure. We employ three rounds of child labor surveys with a very rich set of outcomes. The reform reduces child labor by 4.6 percentage points (24%) for 12- to 17-year-olds. For girls, the probability of spending long hours on household chores also reduces. We find that school enrollment and child labor are highly substitutable in rural areas but not as much in urban areas. In addition, the policy effect is stronger for low-income families.
{"title":"Keeping Kids in School and Out of Work: Compulsory Schooling and Child Labor in Turkey","authors":"Meltem Dayıoğlu, M. Kırdar","doi":"10.1086/720008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720008","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the effects of a compulsory schooling reform on child labor in Turkey, which extended the duration of schooling from 5 to 8 years while substantially improving the schooling infrastructure. We employ three rounds of child labor surveys with a very rich set of outcomes. The reform reduces child labor by 4.6 percentage points (24%) for 12- to 17-year-olds. For girls, the probability of spending long hours on household chores also reduces. We find that school enrollment and child labor are highly substitutable in rural areas but not as much in urban areas. In addition, the policy effect is stronger for low-income families.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"526 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42593869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous findings on (gradually decreasing) relative age effects in school suggest that too few younger and too many older students attend academic tracks. Using a regression discontinuity design around school-specific admission thresholds, we estimate the cognitive and noncognitive effects of track assignment at the achievement margin, across relative age. We find that attending the higher track does not affect cognitive outcomes at any relative age. For older students, attending the higher track increases perseverance, need for achievement, and emotional stability. The results suggest that older students compensate lower ability (given high-track attendance) with higher effort.
{"title":"Who Benefits from Attending the Higher Track? The Effect of Track Assignment on Skill Development and the Role of Relative Age","authors":"Maria Cotofan, Ron Diris, T. Schils","doi":"10.1086/718462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718462","url":null,"abstract":"Previous findings on (gradually decreasing) relative age effects in school suggest that too few younger and too many older students attend academic tracks. Using a regression discontinuity design around school-specific admission thresholds, we estimate the cognitive and noncognitive effects of track assignment at the achievement margin, across relative age. We find that attending the higher track does not affect cognitive outcomes at any relative age. For older students, attending the higher track increases perseverance, need for achievement, and emotional stability. The results suggest that older students compensate lower ability (given high-track attendance) with higher effort.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"273 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41658736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses a semiparametric structural model of school choice to identify the effects of private school during early adolescence on composite measures of self-efficacy and self-esteem in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The average treatment effect of attending private school is an increase in self-efficacy and self-esteem measures of 0.16 and 0.22 standard deviations, respectively, between ages 12 and 15. These results are within the range of credible estimates of private school effects on cognitive outcomes in India, suggesting that private school may play at least as significant a role in early psychosocial development as in cognitive development.
{"title":"The Effect of Private Schools on Measures of Socioemotional Development in Adolescence: Evidence from India","authors":"Ray Miller","doi":"10.1086/719729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719729","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a semiparametric structural model of school choice to identify the effects of private school during early adolescence on composite measures of self-efficacy and self-esteem in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The average treatment effect of attending private school is an increase in self-efficacy and self-esteem measures of 0.16 and 0.22 standard deviations, respectively, between ages 12 and 15. These results are within the range of credible estimates of private school effects on cognitive outcomes in India, suggesting that private school may play at least as significant a role in early psychosocial development as in cognitive development.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"303 - 331"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43713031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a selection mechanism with preference heterogeneity to study the impact of children on women’s decision to attend graduate school. We show that the net return to education decreases with women’s preferences for children and that only women with preferences below a certain threshold find it optimal to go to graduate school. We embed the selection mechanism into a dynamic life-cycle model of schooling, fertility, and labor force participation decisions and find that changes in returns to experience are quantitatively relevant to account for the observed changes in behavior of women born in 1945 or 1965.
{"title":"Should I Go to Graduate School? The Role of Preference for Children and Human Capital Accumulation","authors":"Sebastien Buttet, Alice Schoonbroodt","doi":"10.1086/719730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719730","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a selection mechanism with preference heterogeneity to study the impact of children on women’s decision to attend graduate school. We show that the net return to education decreases with women’s preferences for children and that only women with preferences below a certain threshold find it optimal to go to graduate school. We embed the selection mechanism into a dynamic life-cycle model of schooling, fertility, and labor force participation decisions and find that changes in returns to experience are quantitatively relevant to account for the observed changes in behavior of women born in 1945 or 1965.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"333 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46960933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work introduces R&D firms to a matching model to investigate their effect on overeducation. Moreover, we have enriched the empirical literature on the relationship between overeducation and R&D by evaluating whether the introduction of a tax credit to the R&D expenditures of Italian firms affected the PhDs’ probability of being overeducated. Our results first highlight that overeducation may be consistent with a share of graduate individuals who may be either lower (tightness dominance scenario) or higher (composition dominance scenario) than that optimally required by a social planner. Second, our model shows that the R&D incentives may decrease the likelihood of mismatches.
{"title":"Overeducation and R&D: Theoretical Aspects and Empirical Evidence","authors":"M. D. Cintio","doi":"10.1086/718461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718461","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces R&D firms to a matching model to investigate their effect on overeducation. Moreover, we have enriched the empirical literature on the relationship between overeducation and R&D by evaluating whether the introduction of a tax credit to the R&D expenditures of Italian firms affected the PhDs’ probability of being overeducated. Our results first highlight that overeducation may be consistent with a share of graduate individuals who may be either lower (tightness dominance scenario) or higher (composition dominance scenario) than that optimally required by a social planner. Second, our model shows that the R&D incentives may decrease the likelihood of mismatches.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"183 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46901960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Esteban M. Aucejo, Jane Cooley Fruehwirth, Sean Kelly, Zachary Mozenter
Boys persistently lag behind girls in English/language arts. We find that heterogeneity in teachers’ relative boy-specific value added could explain a large proportion of this gap. We exploit multifaceted measures of effective teaching, including popular teacher observation protocols, principal ratings, and student perceptions of teaching practices, to explain this heterogeneity. We find no evidence of heterogeneous effects of these teacher measures by gender. Instead, we show that gender gaps in student evaluations of teaching practices capture meaningful differences in the perceived inputs boys and girls receive from the same teacher, explaining from a third to all of the value-added gender gap.
{"title":"Teachers and the Gender Gap in Reading Achievement","authors":"Esteban M. Aucejo, Jane Cooley Fruehwirth, Sean Kelly, Zachary Mozenter","doi":"10.1086/719731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719731","url":null,"abstract":"Boys persistently lag behind girls in English/language arts. We find that heterogeneity in teachers’ relative boy-specific value added could explain a large proportion of this gap. We exploit multifaceted measures of effective teaching, including popular teacher observation protocols, principal ratings, and student perceptions of teaching practices, to explain this heterogeneity. We find no evidence of heterogeneous effects of these teacher measures by gender. Instead, we show that gender gaps in student evaluations of teaching practices capture meaningful differences in the perceived inputs boys and girls receive from the same teacher, explaining from a third to all of the value-added gender gap.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"372 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45586540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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