We present a college admissions problem in which colleges may benefit from limiting the number of applications; specifically, a strategy of administering their entrance exams on the same date. Our model shows that a lower-ranked but still-selective college can attract preferred students through this strategy. We test the model by using the entrance exams of graduate schools in Taiwan and find that student quality could be improved when colleges allow their departments to determine whether to use the strategy. Moreover, a department that has a small difference in prestige between it and the most prestigious department will tend to use the strategy to limit the number of applications.
{"title":"Limiting Applications in College Admissions and Evidence from Conflicting Exam Dates","authors":"Wei-Cheng Chen, Yi-Cheng Kao","doi":"10.1086/724567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724567","url":null,"abstract":"We present a college admissions problem in which colleges may benefit from limiting the number of applications; specifically, a strategy of administering their entrance exams on the same date. Our model shows that a lower-ranked but still-selective college can attract preferred students through this strategy. We test the model by using the entrance exams of graduate schools in Taiwan and find that student quality could be improved when colleges allow their departments to determine whether to use the strategy. Moreover, a department that has a small difference in prestige between it and the most prestigious department will tend to use the strategy to limit the number of applications.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44483051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the effect of access to tap water in early childhood on children’s university admission using data from Taiwan in the years 1978–80. Because access to tap water is managed by a water operation station in a household’s county, our identification strategy relies on two geographic attributes: (i) our instrumental variable is the distance from the house to the nearest water operation station, and (ii) our sample is of children born to families that live on the border of a county. We find that access to tap water in early childhood significantly increases the probability of university admission.
{"title":"Tap Water Access in Early Childhood and Long-Term Educational Performance","authors":"Chia-Lun Liu, Shin-Yi Chou, Jin-Tan Liu, M. Deily","doi":"10.1086/724552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724552","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effect of access to tap water in early childhood on children’s university admission using data from Taiwan in the years 1978–80. Because access to tap water is managed by a water operation station in a household’s county, our identification strategy relies on two geographic attributes: (i) our instrumental variable is the distance from the house to the nearest water operation station, and (ii) our sample is of children born to families that live on the border of a county. We find that access to tap water in early childhood significantly increases the probability of university admission.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43164047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34494-7
C. Perrotta, Salvatore Rizzello, Claudia Sunna
{"title":"Human Capital: The Driving Force for Economic Development","authors":"C. Perrotta, Salvatore Rizzello, Claudia Sunna","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-34494-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34494-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81840529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing difficulty in providing student transportation, school districts have increased their collaboration with public transit providers to offer access to public transportation through free or reduced-fare programs. One such program was implemented in Florida, allowing any K–12 student in Leon County to ride the bus for free at any time to any destination. This paper applies the synthetic control method to estimate the impact of this program on school attendance and chronic absenteeism. Surprisingly, our results show negative impacts on both attendance and absenteeism outcomes, highlighting the potential unintended consequences of programs with no restriction on student ridership.
{"title":"The Impacts of Fare-Free Bus Programs on Educational Outcomes of K–12 Students","authors":"E. Munoz, Hector H. Sandoval","doi":"10.1086/721376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721376","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing difficulty in providing student transportation, school districts have increased their collaboration with public transit providers to offer access to public transportation through free or reduced-fare programs. One such program was implemented in Florida, allowing any K–12 student in Leon County to ride the bus for free at any time to any destination. This paper applies the synthetic control method to estimate the impact of this program on school attendance and chronic absenteeism. Surprisingly, our results show negative impacts on both attendance and absenteeism outcomes, highlighting the potential unintended consequences of programs with no restriction on student ridership.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60727117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darío Cestau, D. Epple, R. Romano, Holger Sieg, Carl Wojtaszek
We develop an assessment strategy that uses matching algorithms to compare the outcomes of minority and majority college students who have comparable qualifications at entry. We implement this strategy through use of data from the United States Military Academy at West Point. We find that minority and majority students at West Point have similar graduation rates. Moreover, there are no differences in early career outcomes between minority and majority graduates. There is, however, an achievement gap between black and white students but not between Hispanic and white students. Finally, a 10-month program offered by West Point’s preparatory school substantially improves the college readiness of minority students.
{"title":"How Effective Are Colleges in Educating a Diverse Student Body? Evidence from West Point","authors":"Darío Cestau, D. Epple, R. Romano, Holger Sieg, Carl Wojtaszek","doi":"10.1086/723174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723174","url":null,"abstract":"We develop an assessment strategy that uses matching algorithms to compare the outcomes of minority and majority college students who have comparable qualifications at entry. We implement this strategy through use of data from the United States Military Academy at West Point. We find that minority and majority students at West Point have similar graduation rates. Moreover, there are no differences in early career outcomes between minority and majority graduates. There is, however, an achievement gap between black and white students but not between Hispanic and white students. Finally, a 10-month program offered by West Point’s preparatory school substantially improves the college readiness of minority students.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48222880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the relation of classmate gender composition to school absences and test scores in a context characterized by strong social norms and scarce school resources. We base our results on a unique survey of students across classrooms and schools in Ethiopia and exploit the random assignment of students to classrooms. We find a strong asymmetry: whereas females benefit from exposure to more female classmates as demonstrated by reduced absenteeism and improvement on math test scores, males are unaffected. We further find that exposure to more female classmates improves motivation and class participation, and, in general, that the effects of classmate gender composition are consistent with social interaction effects.
{"title":"Peer Gender and Schooling: Evidence from Ethiopia","authors":"D. Borbély, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti","doi":"10.1086/723111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723111","url":null,"abstract":"We study the relation of classmate gender composition to school absences and test scores in a context characterized by strong social norms and scarce school resources. We base our results on a unique survey of students across classrooms and schools in Ethiopia and exploit the random assignment of students to classrooms. We find a strong asymmetry: whereas females benefit from exposure to more female classmates as demonstrated by reduced absenteeism and improvement on math test scores, males are unaffected. We further find that exposure to more female classmates improves motivation and class participation, and, in general, that the effects of classmate gender composition are consistent with social interaction effects.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47397067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the impact of return migrants from the United States to Mexico on workers’ wages in Mexico and contrasts it with the effect of out-migration trends. The empirical estimation reveals that return migrants and nonmigrant workers are imperfect substitutes. The mechanism driving imperfect substitution is consistent with migrants’ foreign acquisition of human capital that is valued in the home-country labor market. The results suggest that occupation-specific experience in the United States drives imperfect substitution. Imperfect substitution generates distributional and sign asymmetries on the impact of wages for out-migrant- and return-migrant-induced labor supply shocks of the same magnitude.
{"title":"The Asymmetric Impact of Out-Migration and Return Migration on Wages in the Source Country: Evidence from Mexico","authors":"Julio Acuna","doi":"10.1086/723173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723173","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the impact of return migrants from the United States to Mexico on workers’ wages in Mexico and contrasts it with the effect of out-migration trends. The empirical estimation reveals that return migrants and nonmigrant workers are imperfect substitutes. The mechanism driving imperfect substitution is consistent with migrants’ foreign acquisition of human capital that is valued in the home-country labor market. The results suggest that occupation-specific experience in the United States drives imperfect substitution. Imperfect substitution generates distributional and sign asymmetries on the impact of wages for out-migrant- and return-migrant-induced labor supply shocks of the same magnitude.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44211249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a unique data set from the Netherlands, I estimate a discrete choice demand model under congestion effects to recover preferences for secondary school tracks between parents with different socioeconomic status (SES) but equally proficient children. I find that highly educated parents are willing to let their offspring commute longer distances to attend tracks that grant direct admission to university. Valuation heterogeneity for such options explains more than half of the observed enrollment gap between students from different SES divides. These results suggest that low-SES children sort into academic tracks with lower economic prospects, even in schooling systems with negligible choice restrictions.
{"title":"Cycling for Education? Heterogeneous Preferences for Academic Tracks at Secondary School","authors":"Sergio Parra-cely","doi":"10.1086/722818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722818","url":null,"abstract":"Using a unique data set from the Netherlands, I estimate a discrete choice demand model under congestion effects to recover preferences for secondary school tracks between parents with different socioeconomic status (SES) but equally proficient children. I find that highly educated parents are willing to let their offspring commute longer distances to attend tracks that grant direct admission to university. Valuation heterogeneity for such options explains more than half of the observed enrollment gap between students from different SES divides. These results suggest that low-SES children sort into academic tracks with lower economic prospects, even in schooling systems with negligible choice restrictions.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44005761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates whether parental decisions to invest in education of their disabled children are driven by equality or efficiency. Even if parents are inequality averse, they may still choose to invest more in nondisabled children than in disabled children if there are additional costs of parental inputs associated with disability. I show that variation in family size and children’s disabilities can be used to infer whether parents are averse to inequality, exploiting the fact that parents of single children cannot possibly exhibit inequality aversion. Using Mexican cross-sectional data, I show that equality is important for parental investments in education.
{"title":"Parental Human Capital Investment Responses to Children’s Disabilities","authors":"Anastasia Terskaya","doi":"10.1086/722834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722834","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether parental decisions to invest in education of their disabled children are driven by equality or efficiency. Even if parents are inequality averse, they may still choose to invest more in nondisabled children than in disabled children if there are additional costs of parental inputs associated with disability. I show that variation in family size and children’s disabilities can be used to infer whether parents are averse to inequality, exploiting the fact that parents of single children cannot possibly exhibit inequality aversion. Using Mexican cross-sectional data, I show that equality is important for parental investments in education.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42593304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I investigate the effects of high school career and technical education (CTE) on later-life outcomes, by constructing a dynamic structural model that instruments for curricula choice using variation in CTE opportunities and local labor market controls. Estimates derived from national longitudinal data suggest that trade CTE, relative to general education and business CTE, improves wages and employment opportunities while increasing high school graduation but decreasing university graduation propensities. Policy simulations suggest that incorporating vocational certification into CTE would improve labor market outcomes. Simulations also suggest that strict high school tracking would increase the dropout rate but improve outcomes for graduates at the expense of their high school utility.
{"title":"The Effects of High School Career and Technical Education on Employment, Wages, and Educational Attainment","authors":"Michael LaForest","doi":"10.1086/722309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722309","url":null,"abstract":"I investigate the effects of high school career and technical education (CTE) on later-life outcomes, by constructing a dynamic structural model that instruments for curricula choice using variation in CTE opportunities and local labor market controls. Estimates derived from national longitudinal data suggest that trade CTE, relative to general education and business CTE, improves wages and employment opportunities while increasing high school graduation but decreasing university graduation propensities. Policy simulations suggest that incorporating vocational certification into CTE would improve labor market outcomes. Simulations also suggest that strict high school tracking would increase the dropout rate but improve outcomes for graduates at the expense of their high school utility.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48821579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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