In China, those who have a dragon zodiac sign are believed to be destined for greatness. We find that if Chinese students are born in a dragon year, they are more likely to have a college degree and receive higher university entrance exam scores. Similarly, Chinese middle school dragon students have higher test scores. The “dragon effect” on test scores is eliminated when we account for parents’ expectations of their children. Dragon parents have higher expectations, and they invest more in their children. Although dragon children are not inherently different, the belief in the prophecy of success and the ensuing investment become self-fulfilling.
{"title":"Can Superstition Create a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy? School Outcomes of Dragon Children in China","authors":"N. Mocan, Han Yu","doi":"10.1086/712476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/712476","url":null,"abstract":"In China, those who have a dragon zodiac sign are believed to be destined for greatness. We find that if Chinese students are born in a dragon year, they are more likely to have a college degree and receive higher university entrance exam scores. Similarly, Chinese middle school dragon students have higher test scores. The “dragon effect” on test scores is eliminated when we account for parents’ expectations of their children. Dragon parents have higher expectations, and they invest more in their children. Although dragon children are not inherently different, the belief in the prophecy of success and the ensuing investment become self-fulfilling.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/712476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43115453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At least one of every five marriages is consanguineous (between couples who are second cousins or closer) in the Middle East and North Africa, and the rate is higher than 50% in some parts of the world. We find that a Turkish education reform that increased mandatory schooling by 3 years made women less likely to find consanguineous marriage an acceptable practice. The reform reduced women’s propensity to marry a first cousin or a blood relative, and it altered women’s preferences in favor of personal autonomy, indicating that educational attainment alters behaviors and attitudes that may be rooted in culture.
{"title":"Education and Consanguineous Marriage","authors":"P. Akyol, N. Mocan","doi":"10.1086/723092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723092","url":null,"abstract":"At least one of every five marriages is consanguineous (between couples who are second cousins or closer) in the Middle East and North Africa, and the rate is higher than 50% in some parts of the world. We find that a Turkish education reform that increased mandatory schooling by 3 years made women less likely to find consanguineous marriage an acceptable practice. The reform reduced women’s propensity to marry a first cousin or a blood relative, and it altered women’s preferences in favor of personal autonomy, indicating that educational attainment alters behaviors and attitudes that may be rooted in culture.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42868509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1998, the Canadian province of Quebec introduced a $5 per day before- and after-school care program targeting primary school children. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, we employ a difference-in-differences analysis to study the effects of after-school care on child care arrangements and child development. Our results show an increase in the use of after-school care by 6–10 percentage points, mainly replacing self-care and care provided by a sibling. We also find an increase in indirect aggression, a deterioration in reading and writing skills, and a decrease in the incidence of the child getting injured.
{"title":"After-School Care, Child Care Arrangements, and Child Development","authors":"Ailin He, Nagham Sayour","doi":"10.1086/711950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/711950","url":null,"abstract":"In 1998, the Canadian province of Quebec introduced a $5 per day before- and after-school care program targeting primary school children. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, we employ a difference-in-differences analysis to study the effects of after-school care on child care arrangements and child development. Our results show an increase in the use of after-school care by 6–10 percentage points, mainly replacing self-care and care provided by a sibling. We also find an increase in indirect aggression, a deterioration in reading and writing skills, and a decrease in the incidence of the child getting injured.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/711950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48949639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluates the short-term impact of an early childhood education intervention on child development. The program randomly assigned an additional 19 teachers to coteach using a new curriculum based on the HighScope approach, in 19 out of 50 child care centers in rural Thailand. The main result indicates that the intervention had a positive and significant effect on child development in gross motor and personal and social skills with an effect size of 0.40 standard deviations for the benchmark case.
{"title":"Short-Term Impact of an Early Childhood Education Intervention in Rural Thailand","authors":"Wisuwat Chujan, Weerachart T. Kilenthong","doi":"10.1086/712727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/712727","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the short-term impact of an early childhood education intervention on child development. The program randomly assigned an additional 19 teachers to coteach using a new curriculum based on the HighScope approach, in 19 out of 50 child care centers in rural Thailand. The main result indicates that the intervention had a positive and significant effect on child development in gross motor and personal and social skills with an effect size of 0.40 standard deviations for the benchmark case.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/712727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42305788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the effects of education on the early investments of mothers in their young children exploiting a compulsory schooling reform in Turkey. I adopt a regression discontinuity design and document that education significantly improves mothers’ prenatal health investments and some postnatal health behavior. However, there is no evidence on the effects of maternal education on breastfeeding duration or compliance with the universal vaccination program. I then show that education leads mothers to spend time with their children at home and outside. These findings suggest that increases in maternal education in a developing country have the potential to reduce inequalities at birth.
{"title":"Effects of Maternal Education on Early Nonmonetary Investments in Child Development","authors":"Emine Kubra Usta","doi":"10.1086/711761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/711761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effects of education on the early investments of mothers in their young children exploiting a compulsory schooling reform in Turkey. I adopt a regression discontinuity design and document that education significantly improves mothers’ prenatal health investments and some postnatal health behavior. However, there is no evidence on the effects of maternal education on breastfeeding duration or compliance with the universal vaccination program. I then show that education leads mothers to spend time with their children at home and outside. These findings suggest that increases in maternal education in a developing country have the potential to reduce inequalities at birth.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/711761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44603882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the effect of accidents and chronic illnesses on participation in the French labor market while accounting for socioeconomic and gender effects. We use a dynamic definition of the control group and difference-in-differences exact matching estimators, which control for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that accidents have a slightly smaller effect than do chronic illnesses on employment but generate more inequalities across workers. Women and less educated workers are the most disadvantaged, and almost all transitions go from employment to inactivity. We interpret these results in relation to the incentives provided by the French social welfare system.
{"title":"The Socioeconomic and Gender Impacts of Health Events on Employment Transitions in France: A Panel Data Study","authors":"Emmanuel Duguet, Christine Le Clainche","doi":"10.1086/710507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710507","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the effect of accidents and chronic illnesses on participation in the French labor market while accounting for socioeconomic and gender effects. We use a dynamic definition of the control group and difference-in-differences exact matching estimators, which control for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that accidents have a slightly smaller effect than do chronic illnesses on employment but generate more inequalities across workers. Women and less educated workers are the most disadvantaged, and almost all transitions go from employment to inactivity. We interpret these results in relation to the incentives provided by the French social welfare system.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138536458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the effect of aid volatility on education outcomes and economic growth, in a model that focuses on a low-income economy where acquiring skills benefits from public subsidies partly financed through foreign aid. By creating uncertainty about the net return to education, a high degree of aid volatility mitigates agents’ incentives to invest in skills. If savings and growth depend on the composition of the labor force, aid volatility may have an adverse effect on the mean growth rates of investment and output. Panel data regressions for a group of aid-dependent countries provide robust evidence of a negative relationship between the volatility of education aid and schooling outcomes.
{"title":"Aid Volatility, Human Capital, and Growth","authors":"P. Agénor, Nihal Bayraktar","doi":"10.1086/710321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710321","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effect of aid volatility on education outcomes and economic growth, in a model that focuses on a low-income economy where acquiring skills benefits from public subsidies partly financed through foreign aid. By creating uncertainty about the net return to education, a high degree of aid volatility mitigates agents’ incentives to invest in skills. If savings and growth depend on the composition of the labor force, aid volatility may have an adverse effect on the mean growth rates of investment and output. Panel data regressions for a group of aid-dependent countries provide robust evidence of a negative relationship between the volatility of education aid and schooling outcomes.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/710321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44567326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we evaluate the impact of need-based grants on university outcomes, using student-level administrative data from all Italian universities. We compare students receiving the grant to those who were eligible but not awarded the grant. We estimate the average treatment, using blocking on the propensity score with regression adjustment. We show that around one-third of student recipients of grants would have left university at the end of the first year in absence of the aid. Moreover, grants have a relevant impact on the probability of completing college education.
{"title":"The Effect of Grants on University Dropout Rates: Evidence from the Italian Case","authors":"Francesca Modena, E. Rettore, G. Tanzi","doi":"10.1086/710220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710220","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we evaluate the impact of need-based grants on university outcomes, using student-level administrative data from all Italian universities. We compare students receiving the grant to those who were eligible but not awarded the grant. We estimate the average treatment, using blocking on the propensity score with regression adjustment. We show that around one-third of student recipients of grants would have left university at the end of the first year in absence of the aid. Moreover, grants have a relevant impact on the probability of completing college education.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/710220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42072044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study utilizes variation in the likelihood of living in a dormitory at a large, public university created by the school’s rules regarding on-campus residency to investigate how much dormitory residence affects student outcomes during college. Using an instrumental variables methodology, it finds that, for the average student, dormitory residence during the first year has no effect on student retention but does have a positive effect on student grade point average. Further analysis suggests that dormitory residence is beneficial to more academically marginal students by reducing the likelihood that students have poor academic performance during their first year.
{"title":"The Effect of Dormitory Residence during College on Student Outcomes","authors":"C. Reynolds","doi":"10.1086/709534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/709534","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilizes variation in the likelihood of living in a dormitory at a large, public university created by the school’s rules regarding on-campus residency to investigate how much dormitory residence affects student outcomes during college. Using an instrumental variables methodology, it finds that, for the average student, dormitory residence during the first year has no effect on student retention but does have a positive effect on student grade point average. Further analysis suggests that dormitory residence is beneficial to more academically marginal students by reducing the likelihood that students have poor academic performance during their first year.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/709534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42583059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper estimates the effect of human capital on countries’ youth unemployment ratio by using country average scores from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the unemployment ratio of the same birth cohort. The identification strategy is based on variations in skills within country × year and across PISA cohorts. We estimate that a 1 standard deviation increase in reading literacy decreases the unemployment ratio by 1.2 percentage points, which is accounted for by a significant increase in employment. We find some evidence that educational and labor market institutions play a role in the association between skills and unemployment.
{"title":"Skills and Youth Unemployment: Cross-Country Evidence from Synthetic Panel Data","authors":"M. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1086/708855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/708855","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the effect of human capital on countries’ youth unemployment ratio by using country average scores from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the unemployment ratio of the same birth cohort. The identification strategy is based on variations in skills within country × year and across PISA cohorts. We estimate that a 1 standard deviation increase in reading literacy decreases the unemployment ratio by 1.2 percentage points, which is accounted for by a significant increase in employment. We find some evidence that educational and labor market institutions play a role in the association between skills and unemployment.","PeriodicalId":46011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Capital","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/708855","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45312012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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