Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2086860
Hongwei Fan, Yizheng Zou
ABSTRACT This article challenges the dominant friendship-oriented scholarship on the China-Burma border in China and revisits the nature of China’s compromise with Burma in the territorial disputes between 1956 and 1960. Multi-archival and multi-lingual primary sources including official archives and memoirs from Burma, China, the United States and the United Kingdom, are extensively used. In particular, Chinese local archives are used for the first time to demonstrate a new picture of the CCP’s decision-making process in formulating policies of territorial compromise with Burma. Beijing was willing to offer concessions to Burma in the border dispute to improve its own national security because of the security vacuum in the China-Burma border region, Burma’s commitments to China, and the area’s critical geopolitical value.
{"title":"Rethinking the security issue in the China-Burma territorial dispute","authors":"Hongwei Fan, Yizheng Zou","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2086860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2086860","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article challenges the dominant friendship-oriented scholarship on the China-Burma border in China and revisits the nature of China’s compromise with Burma in the territorial disputes between 1956 and 1960. Multi-archival and multi-lingual primary sources including official archives and memoirs from Burma, China, the United States and the United Kingdom, are extensively used. In particular, Chinese local archives are used for the first time to demonstrate a new picture of the CCP’s decision-making process in formulating policies of territorial compromise with Burma. Beijing was willing to offer concessions to Burma in the border dispute to improve its own national security because of the security vacuum in the China-Burma border region, Burma’s commitments to China, and the area’s critical geopolitical value.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"23 1","pages":"45 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44397399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2104434
S. Onslow
In 2005 Cold War History published my research notes on South African archives in Pretoria. A great deal has changed since then: there has been a decline in archivist knowledge of the holdings in the South African National Archives, and problematic cataloguing. The archives in the then-Department of Foreign Affairs have been moved, and there have been significant changes in access procedures at the Department of International Relations and Cooperation. All in all, the research environment in South Africa is now more challenging. However, as these research notes make clear, scholars are being resourceful and consulting a wide range of different holdings, accompanied by new conceptual approaches, to enhance our understanding of the complexities of the regional Cold War in Southern Africa. We hope that this collection of Research Notes provides a useful resource for scholars analysing the ‘battle of race and class’ in the southern Africa region.
{"title":"Research Notes Special Collection: the Cold War in Southern Africa","authors":"S. Onslow","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2104434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2104434","url":null,"abstract":"In 2005 Cold War History published my research notes on South African archives in Pretoria. A great deal has changed since then: there has been a decline in archivist knowledge of the holdings in the South African National Archives, and problematic cataloguing. The archives in the then-Department of Foreign Affairs have been moved, and there have been significant changes in access procedures at the Department of International Relations and Cooperation. All in all, the research environment in South Africa is now more challenging. However, as these research notes make clear, scholars are being resourceful and consulting a wide range of different holdings, accompanied by new conceptual approaches, to enhance our understanding of the complexities of the regional Cold War in Southern Africa. We hope that this collection of Research Notes provides a useful resource for scholars analysing the ‘battle of race and class’ in the southern Africa region.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"343 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41593063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2078312
Fernanda Conforto de Oliveira
ABSTRACT This study examines United States (US)-International Monetary Fund (IMF)-Brazil relations amid international financial negotiations in the late 1950s. Washington pressed President Juscelino Kubitschek’s government into seeking loans conditional on the IMF’s standby agreements to advance US foreign economic policy in Brazil. The United States’ tough position persisted despite rising anti-US sentiment in Latin America and the potential damage to United States-Brazil relations, which demonstrates the continuity of US president Dwight D. Eisenhower’s foreign policy. The case of Kubitschek’s Brazil contributes to our understanding of the IMF’s policies in Latin America, the United States’ ongoing economic concerns and Brazilian foreign policy.
{"title":"The IMF as a ‘mantle of multilateral anonymity’: US-IMF-Brazil relations, 1956–9","authors":"Fernanda Conforto de Oliveira","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2078312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2078312","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines United States (US)-International Monetary Fund (IMF)-Brazil relations amid international financial negotiations in the late 1950s. Washington pressed President Juscelino Kubitschek’s government into seeking loans conditional on the IMF’s standby agreements to advance US foreign economic policy in Brazil. The United States’ tough position persisted despite rising anti-US sentiment in Latin America and the potential damage to United States-Brazil relations, which demonstrates the continuity of US president Dwight D. Eisenhower’s foreign policy. The case of Kubitschek’s Brazil contributes to our understanding of the IMF’s policies in Latin America, the United States’ ongoing economic concerns and Brazilian foreign policy.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"23 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48404428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2050698
Ji-Dong Gu
ABSTRACT In 1954, during his trip to China, Khrushchev asked Mao Zedong to send one million Chinese workers to the Soviet Far East and Siberia to participate in the ‘construction of communism’. The same year, the two parties signed an agreement, but only 2000 people eventually travelled to the USSR. The failure of the two parties to openly discuss existing issues and communicate their concerns ultimately prevented a mutually beneficial programme from being successfully implemented. At the same time, it further complicated bilateral relations.
{"title":"Unknown page of history: the dispatch of Chinese workers to the USSR (1954–1957)","authors":"Ji-Dong Gu","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2050698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2050698","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1954, during his trip to China, Khrushchev asked Mao Zedong to send one million Chinese workers to the Soviet Far East and Siberia to participate in the ‘construction of communism’. The same year, the two parties signed an agreement, but only 2000 people eventually travelled to the USSR. The failure of the two parties to openly discuss existing issues and communicate their concerns ultimately prevented a mutually beneficial programme from being successfully implemented. At the same time, it further complicated bilateral relations.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"437 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44451967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2077313
Bradley Reynolds
Committee (i.e. the same leaders whom China had protected from a Soviet intervention) sharply condemned the ‘lynch justice’ practised by the ‘reactionary gangs’ in Hungary (see ‘Polen für Verbleiben sowjetischer Streitkräfte’, Neues Deutschland, 3 November 1956), and in mid-November, the Chinese ambassador emphatically told Kádár that if the Hungarian leaders did not take ‘ruthless’ measures against the ‘counter-revolution’, they would be ‘swept away’ (p. 45). All in all, this work is a must-read both for specialists of Hungarian communist history and for scholars interested in the pre-1990 foreign policies of the PRC. It may also be useful for Cold War historians in general as it provides insight into the methods that the Kremlin employed to shape the actions of its East European satellites. It demonstrates how a satellite leadership sought to articulate and pursue its own specific interests within the framework imposed by its superpower patron as well as revealing how practical economic considerations could either weaken the ideologically motivated cooperation between two communist partystates or induce two estranged regimes to seek a modus vivendi. For instance, Vámos makes an observation of particularly great empirical and theoretical significance when he points out that the Soviet bloc’s post-1969 China policy was even more rigorously coordinated by Moscow than the satellites’ interactions with the United States (p. 104). Last but not least, it may be noted that Vámos’ book is fairly entertaining to read for a document collection. The files provide not only essential factual information, but also accurately reflect the psychological atmosphere in which the described events took place. To highlight one example: the Chinese embassy’s complaint about a Taiwanese label on a peanut sack – which triggered a meticulous Hungarian inquiry into the origins of the offending product – splendidly illustrates that in that period, any incident, no matter how minor or grotesque, could serve as a sufficient pretext for the Chinese leadership to pick a quarrel with a ‘revisionist’ country.
委员会（即中国保护的那些不受苏联干预的领导人）严厉谴责匈牙利“反动帮派”实施的“私刑正义”（见“Polen für Verbleiben sowjetischer Streitkräfte”，Neues Deutschland，1956年11月3日），中国大使强调地告诉Kádár，如果匈牙利领导人不对“反革命”采取“无情”措施，他们将被“扫地出门”（第45页）。总而言之，这本书是匈牙利共产主义历史专家和对1990年前中华人民共和国外交政策感兴趣的学者的必读之作。它也可能对冷战历史学家有用，因为它深入了解了克里姆林宫用来塑造其东欧卫星行动的方法。它展示了卫星领导层如何在其超级大国赞助人强加的框架内阐明和追求自己的具体利益，并揭示了实际的经济考虑如何削弱两个共产党国家之间出于意识形态动机的合作，或诱导两个疏远的政权寻求权宜之计。例如，Vámos指出，与卫星与美国的互动相比，苏联集团1969年后的对华政策得到了莫斯科更严格的协调，这一观察具有特别重大的经验和理论意义（第104页）。最后但同样重要的是，值得注意的是，Vámos的书作为一本文献集阅读起来相当有趣。这些档案不仅提供了基本的事实信息，而且准确地反映了所描述的事件发生的心理氛围。举一个例子：中国大使馆对一个花生袋上的台湾标签的投诉——这引发了匈牙利对违规产品起源的细致调查——极好地表明，在那个时期，任何事件，无论多么轻微或怪诞，这可能成为中国领导层与一个“修正主义”国家争吵的充分借口。
{"title":"Not one inch: America, Russia and the making of post-Cold War stalemate","authors":"Bradley Reynolds","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2077313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2077313","url":null,"abstract":"Committee (i.e. the same leaders whom China had protected from a Soviet intervention) sharply condemned the ‘lynch justice’ practised by the ‘reactionary gangs’ in Hungary (see ‘Polen für Verbleiben sowjetischer Streitkräfte’, Neues Deutschland, 3 November 1956), and in mid-November, the Chinese ambassador emphatically told Kádár that if the Hungarian leaders did not take ‘ruthless’ measures against the ‘counter-revolution’, they would be ‘swept away’ (p. 45). All in all, this work is a must-read both for specialists of Hungarian communist history and for scholars interested in the pre-1990 foreign policies of the PRC. It may also be useful for Cold War historians in general as it provides insight into the methods that the Kremlin employed to shape the actions of its East European satellites. It demonstrates how a satellite leadership sought to articulate and pursue its own specific interests within the framework imposed by its superpower patron as well as revealing how practical economic considerations could either weaken the ideologically motivated cooperation between two communist partystates or induce two estranged regimes to seek a modus vivendi. For instance, Vámos makes an observation of particularly great empirical and theoretical significance when he points out that the Soviet bloc’s post-1969 China policy was even more rigorously coordinated by Moscow than the satellites’ interactions with the United States (p. 104). Last but not least, it may be noted that Vámos’ book is fairly entertaining to read for a document collection. The files provide not only essential factual information, but also accurately reflect the psychological atmosphere in which the described events took place. To highlight one example: the Chinese embassy’s complaint about a Taiwanese label on a peanut sack – which triggered a meticulous Hungarian inquiry into the origins of the offending product – splendidly illustrates that in that period, any incident, no matter how minor or grotesque, could serve as a sufficient pretext for the Chinese leadership to pick a quarrel with a ‘revisionist’ country.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"23 1","pages":"209 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49069118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2076347
Mattie C. Webb
ABSTRACT Drawing from the author’s experience, this Research Note provides an overview of the University of the Western Cape Robben Island Museum Mayibuye Archives. This archive is rooted in the liberation struggle in southern Africa and contains a considerable number of historical documents, oral histories and audio-visual materials documenting the global anti-apartheid movement. Located in Bellville, on the outskirts of Cape Town, South Africa, the archive is easily accessible and well worth a visit from scholars of the Cold War in southern Africa, the global Black freedom struggle and international social movements.
{"title":"Research Note: Mayibuye Archives and the Cold War in Southern Africa","authors":"Mattie C. Webb","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2076347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2076347","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing from the author’s experience, this Research Note provides an overview of the University of the Western Cape Robben Island Museum Mayibuye Archives. This archive is rooted in the liberation struggle in southern Africa and contains a considerable number of historical documents, oral histories and audio-visual materials documenting the global anti-apartheid movement. Located in Bellville, on the outskirts of Cape Town, South Africa, the archive is easily accessible and well worth a visit from scholars of the Cold War in southern Africa, the global Black freedom struggle and international social movements.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"369 - 373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48317781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2077307
Balázs Szalontai
{"title":"Magyar-kínai kapcsolatok 1949–1989","authors":"Balázs Szalontai","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2077307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2077307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"23 1","pages":"207 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43805617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2077988
Liliane Stadler
Cold War security order that included Russia could have decreased tensions between the world’s two nuclear superpowersthereby decreasing tensions for all of Europe’ (p. 195). Alternatively, Mark Trachtenberg in his curiously under-cited commentary on NATO enlargement makes an ostensibly controversial remark: ‘historical analysis in itself cannot really answer the fundamental question of how the policy of NATO expansion is to be assessed, and it is not the historian’s business in any event to sit in judgment on the past’. Sarotte’s historiographical judgment furthers debate on the perpetual question of a contemporary historians’ moral and political responsibilities when bringing the past into the present. Not One Inch is a substantial addition in Sarotte’s unofficial trilogy (1989; The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall) and fortifies her legacy as a pathbreaking historian of the end of the Cold War and the post-Cold War period. The historiography of the 1990s is indebted to the groundwork she has laid. As knowledge production on post-Cold War European security plays an increasing role in contemporary political debates, it is important that historians of the 1990s ruminate on the imprint politics and morality may leave on the emerging historiography.
{"title":"The twilight struggle: what the Cold War teaches us about Great Power rivalry today","authors":"Liliane Stadler","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2077988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2077988","url":null,"abstract":"Cold War security order that included Russia could have decreased tensions between the world’s two nuclear superpowersthereby decreasing tensions for all of Europe’ (p. 195). Alternatively, Mark Trachtenberg in his curiously under-cited commentary on NATO enlargement makes an ostensibly controversial remark: ‘historical analysis in itself cannot really answer the fundamental question of how the policy of NATO expansion is to be assessed, and it is not the historian’s business in any event to sit in judgment on the past’. Sarotte’s historiographical judgment furthers debate on the perpetual question of a contemporary historians’ moral and political responsibilities when bringing the past into the present. Not One Inch is a substantial addition in Sarotte’s unofficial trilogy (1989; The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall) and fortifies her legacy as a pathbreaking historian of the end of the Cold War and the post-Cold War period. The historiography of the 1990s is indebted to the groundwork she has laid. As knowledge production on post-Cold War European security plays an increasing role in contemporary political debates, it is important that historians of the 1990s ruminate on the imprint politics and morality may leave on the emerging historiography.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"23 1","pages":"212 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42638244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2076345
Tycho van der Hoog
ABSTRACT During the decolonisation of southern Africa (1960s-1990s), several national liberation movements benefited from support from the Nordic countries, where they established foreign missions and mobilized international aid. As a result, a considerable amount of African primary source material has been amassed over the years. This material is now accessible through the Pamphlet Collection of the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI). The Pamphlet Collection contains over 700 boxes with (primary) source material from the entire African continent, including unique material from national liberation movements that is difficult to find elsewhere. Scholars of the Cold War can use this fascinating collection to study African agency during an era that – often wrongly - seemed to be dominated by Great Power competition. This Research Note explores contents of the Pamphlet Collection, with a particular focus on material from southern Africa.
{"title":"Research Note: the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI) Pamphlet Collection","authors":"Tycho van der Hoog","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2076345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2076345","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the decolonisation of southern Africa (1960s-1990s), several national liberation movements benefited from support from the Nordic countries, where they established foreign missions and mobilized international aid. As a result, a considerable amount of African primary source material has been amassed over the years. This material is now accessible through the Pamphlet Collection of the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI). The Pamphlet Collection contains over 700 boxes with (primary) source material from the entire African continent, including unique material from national liberation movements that is difficult to find elsewhere. Scholars of the Cold War can use this fascinating collection to study African agency during an era that – often wrongly - seemed to be dominated by Great Power competition. This Research Note explores contents of the Pamphlet Collection, with a particular focus on material from southern Africa.","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"22 1","pages":"363 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48880782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14682745.2022.2063752
Arnd Bauerkämper
{"title":"Revolutionaries for the right: anticommunist internationalism and paramilitary warfare in the Cold War","authors":"Arnd Bauerkämper","doi":"10.1080/14682745.2022.2063752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2022.2063752","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46099,"journal":{"name":"Cold War History","volume":"23 1","pages":"327 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43199388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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