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Long-term Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program observations in Northern Alaskan tundra 北阿拉斯加冻土带长期环极活动层监测(CALM)项目观测
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/1088937x.2021.1988000
K. Nyland, N. Shiklomanov, D. Streletskiy, F. Nelson, A. Klene, A. Kholodov
The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) network is an ongoing international effort to collect and disseminate standardized measurements of active-layer dynamics to monitor the response of near-surface permafrost parameters to climate change. This work presents a distillation of 25 years (1995–2019) of observations from three north–south transects of CALM sites in tundra environments of Alaska. Transects examined in this work bisect tundra regions of discontinuous permafrost on the Seward Peninsula, and the continuous permafrost zone on the western and eastern sections of the Arctic Foothills and Arctic Coastal Plain. These transects represent regional climatic gradients, several physiographic provinces, and regionally characteristic landcover associations. Total active-layer thickening at observed sites ranged from 7 to 26 cm; more significant thaw occurred in the foothills despite less pronounced warming air temperature trends. This summary highlights several regional active layer responses to climate warming, complicated by distinct thermal landscape sensitivities, landscape variability, and documented thaw subsidence. Data summarized in this report are publicly available and represent an important validation resource for earth-system models that include regions in the continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones of northern and western Alaska. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 30 November 2020 Accepted 28 September 2021
环极活动层监测(CALM)网络是一项正在进行的国际努力,旨在收集和传播活动层动力学的标准化测量数据,以监测近地表永久冻土参数对气候变化的响应。这项工作是对阿拉斯加冻土带环境中三个南北样带CALM站点25年(1995-2019)观测结果的提炼。在这项工作中检查的样带将苏厄德半岛的不连续永久冻土带和北极山麓和北极海岸平原西部和东部的连续永久冻土带一分为二。这些样带代表了区域气候梯度、几个地理省和区域特征的土地覆盖关联。观察部位活性层增厚7 ~ 26 cm;尽管气温变暖的趋势不那么明显,但山麓地区出现了更显著的融化。这篇综述强调了几个区域活动层对气候变暖的响应,这些响应因不同的热景观敏感性、景观变异性和记录的融化沉降而变得复杂。本报告总结的数据是公开的,是地球系统模型的重要验证资源,其中包括阿拉斯加北部和西部连续和不连续永久冻土带区域。文章接收日期2020年11月30日接收日期2021年9月28日
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引用次数: 9
Nordicity and its relevance for northern Canadian infrastructure development 北欧及其与加拿大北部基础设施发展的相关性
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1995066
Katharina Koch
ABSTRACT Infrastructure development in Canada’s northern regions remains a challenge. Although scholars and policy-makers recognize the significant socio-economic potential of northern infrastructure, the prevailing piecemeal approach does not respond to many of the challenges faced by Indigenous communities. A pan-Canadian approach, such as a Northern Corridor, can circumvent some of the disadvantages stemming from fractured and uncoordinated initiatives but it still underlies the diverse environmental and socio-economic conditions across the Canadian North. The Nordicity index, originally developed by Hamelin, reflects northern Canada’s diversity and has been applied as a public policy tool, e.g. for determining northern living allowances or adapted for transportation development. However, these indices are spatio-temporally fixed which means they do not recognize changing spatial patterns of northern mobility. Thus, this paper argues that northern infrastructure development should be informed by Indigenous spatial practices of mobility. To this aim, the paper investigates the role of Nordicity in Canadian policy-making and analyses how northern Indigenous spatial practices of mobility have transformed throughout the last century. The Nordicity index recognizes the environmental and socio-economic conditions across Canada’s diverse northern regions but it should be complemented with an analysis of the spatial practices of northern Indigenous Peoples to inform future infrastructure development.
加拿大北部地区的基础设施发展仍然是一个挑战。尽管学者和政策制定者认识到北部基础设施的巨大社会经济潜力,但普遍采用的零零碎碎的方法并不能应对土著社区面临的许多挑战。一个泛加拿大的方法,如北部走廊,可以避免由于支离破碎和不协调的倡议而产生的一些不利因素,但它仍然是加拿大北部不同的环境和社会经济条件的基础。最初由Hamelin开发的北欧指数反映了加拿大北部的多样性,并已被用作公共政策工具,例如用于确定北部生活津贴或用于交通发展。然而,这些指数在时空上是固定的,这意味着它们不能识别北方流动的空间格局变化。因此,本文认为,北方基础设施的发展应借鉴本土的流动性空间实践。为此,本文调查了北欧在加拿大政策制定中的作用,并分析了上个世纪北部原住民的流动空间实践是如何转变的。北欧指数承认加拿大北部不同地区的环境和社会经济条件,但它应该辅以对北部土著人民空间实践的分析,为未来的基础设施发展提供信息。
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引用次数: 4
A linear mixed effects model for seasonal forecasts of Arctic sea ice retreat 北极海冰退缩季节预报的线性混合效应模型
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1987999
S. Horvath, J. Stroeve, B. Rajagopalan
ABSTRACT With sea ice cover declining in recent years, access to open Arctic waters has become a growing interest to numerous stakeholders. Access requires time for planning and preparation, which creates the need for accurate seasonal forecasts of summer sea ice characteristics. One important attribute is the timing of sea ice retreat, of which current statistical and dynamic sea ice models struggle to make accurate seasonal forecasts. We develop a linear mixed effects model to provide forecast of sea ice retreat over five major regions of the Arctic – Beaufort, Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev, and Kara Seas. In this, the fixed effect – i.e. the mean influence of the atmosphere on sea ice retreat – is modeled using predictors that directly influence the dynamics or thermodynamics of sea ice, and random effects are grouped regionally to capture the local-scale effects on sea ice. The model exhibits very good skill in forecast of sea ice retreat at lead times of up to half a year over these regions.
近年来,随着海冰覆盖面积的减少,进入北极开放水域已成为众多利益相关者日益关注的问题。获取海冰需要时间进行规划和准备,这就需要对夏季海冰特征进行准确的季节性预报。一个重要的属性是海冰消退的时间,目前的统计和动态海冰模型很难做出准确的季节性预测。我们建立了一个线性混合效应模型来预测北极五个主要地区——波弗特海、楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海和喀拉海的海冰退缩。其中,使用直接影响海冰动力学或热力学的预测因子对固定效应(即大气对海冰退缩的平均影响)进行建模,并对随机效应进行区域分组,以捕获局地尺度对海冰的影响。该模式在预测这些地区长达半年的海冰退缩方面显示出非常好的技巧。
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引用次数: 2
Cool, CALM, collected: the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring program and network Cool, CALM,收集:环极有源层监测程序和网络
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1988001
F. Nelson, N. Shiklomanov, K. Nyland
ABSTRACT The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program is the primary global-change monitoring program concerned with the seasonally frozen active layer above permafrost. The active layer has been designated by the Global Climate Observing System and the Global Terrestrial Observing Network as an ‘Essential Climate Variable’. CALM was launched in 1991 on a volunteer basis in cooperation with the International Tundra Experiment. CALM observatories in Russia and Alaska have been supported since 1998 by the U.S. National Science Foundation through five consecutive five-year funding cycles. In its current configuration, the CALM network includes observation sites throughout the circum-Arctic region and a substantial number of sites in Antarctica. Open access to data and data harmonization are hallmarks of the program. In addition to its ongoing emphasis on field observations of active-layer thickness, temperature, soil moisture, and thaw subsidence are currently being monitored at many sites. Increased emphasis is being placed on observing the dynamics of other landscape and ecosystem parameters, including vegetation, landscape patterns, and soils. Other developing features of the program include expanded education and outreach activities, close cooperation with other international programs, and provision of quality-controlled, standardized data products that meet the needs of the wider scientific community.
环极活动层监测(CALM)计划是主要的全球变化监测计划,涉及永久冻土以上的季节性冻结活动层。活动层已被全球气候观测系统和全球陆地观测网指定为“基本气候变量”。CALM于1991年在与国际冻土带实验合作的志愿基础上发起。自1998年以来,俄罗斯和阿拉斯加的CALM天文台一直得到美国国家科学基金会连续五个五年资助周期的支持。在其目前的配置中,CALM网络包括整个环北极地区的观测点和南极洲的大量观测点。对数据的开放访问和数据协调是该计划的标志。除了持续强调对活动层厚度、温度、土壤湿度和融化沉降的现场观测外,目前正在许多地点进行监测。越来越重视观察其他景观和生态系统参数的动态,包括植被、景观格局和土壤。该项目的其他发展特点包括扩大教育和推广活动,与其他国际项目密切合作,提供质量控制的标准化数据产品,以满足更广泛的科学界的需要。
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引用次数: 3
Long-term active layer monitoring at CALM sites in the Russian European North 俄罗斯欧洲北部CALM站点的长期有源层监测
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1981476
D. Kaverin, G. Malkova, D. Zamolodchikov, N. Shiklomanov, A. Pastukhov, A. Novakovskiy, M. Sadurtdinov, Andry Skvortsov, Andry Tsarev, A. Pochikalov, Sergei Malitsky, G. Kraev
ABSTRACT This paper presents results from long-term active layer monitoring at four CALM sites in the Russian European North. Observational records range from 10 to 24 years in length (1996–2019). The impact of climatic and landscape parameters on active layer thickness has been assessed through linear regression. The temporal dynamics of climatic parameters, responsible for the thaw depth changes, were investigated. The long-term data indicate that the active-layer thickness has increased at all the monitoring sites, in response to changes in both summer and winter climatic parameters. The surface organic layer also serves as a major landscape factor influencing spatial patterns of thaw depth and climate-induced rates of permafrost thawing.
本文介绍了俄罗斯欧洲北部四个CALM站点的长期有源层监测结果。观测记录的长度为10至24年(1996-2019年)。通过线性回归评估了气候和景观参数对活动层厚度的影响。研究了影响融化深度变化的气候参数的时间动态。长期数据表明,随着夏季和冬季气候参数的变化,所有监测点的活动层厚度都有所增加。表层有机层也是影响多年冻土融化深度空间格局和气候诱导融化速率的主要景观因子。
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引用次数: 7
Changes in sea ice travel conditions in Uummannaq Fjord, Greenland (1985–2019) assessed through remote sensing and transportation accessibility modeling 基于遥感和交通可达性模型的格陵兰Uummannaq峡湾海冰旅行条件变化(1985-2019
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1938271
V. D. Steiro, J. Ryan, S. Cooley, L. C. Smith, B. Dale, A. H. Lynch, S. Veland
ABSTRACT Shorefast sea ice provides an important platform for winter and spring travel between coastal Arctic communities unconnected by road networks. In the past two decades, local Arctic residents have reported thinning and earlier breakup of shorefast ice. Despite these assertions, however, there are few quantitative assessments of how these changes have impacted travel on sea ice. In this study, we use high-resolution satellite remote sensing and transportation modeling to assess snow mobile travel in Uummannaq Fjord, Greenland. Following classification of satellite imagery, we generate optimal least-cost travel routes according to surface types present in the fjord. We then estimate distance and duration of snowmobile travel potential between communities from 1985 through 2019. We find that snowmobile travel in Uummannaq Fjord has potentially become slower and more unpredictable in recent years (2014–2019) relative to thirty years prior (1985–2000), with greater changes for communities located more proximal to the shorefast ice edge. Our results also suggest that reductions in on-ice snow cover impede snowmobile travel more than fractures do. Overall, our analysis demonstrates how remote sensing and transportation modeling may be used to quantify the community-scale impacts of changing shorefast ice conditions and has potential to help manage localized climate-related risk.
滨岸海冰为北极沿海社区之间的冬季和春季旅行提供了一个重要的平台。在过去的二十年里,当地的北极居民报告说,滨冰变薄,并提前破裂。然而,尽管有这些断言,关于这些变化如何影响海冰旅行的定量评估却很少。在这项研究中,我们使用高分辨率卫星遥感和运输模型来评估格陵兰Uummannaq峡湾的雪地汽车旅行。根据卫星图像的分类,我们根据峡湾的地表类型生成成本最低的最佳旅行路线。然后,我们估计了从1985年到2019年社区之间雪地摩托旅行潜力的距离和持续时间。我们发现,与30年前(1985-2000年)相比,近年来(2014-2019年)Uummannaq峡湾的雪地摩托旅行可能变得更慢,更不可预测,更靠近滨快冰边缘的社区变化更大。我们的研究结果还表明,冰上积雪的减少比骨折更妨碍雪地摩托的行驶。总体而言,我们的分析表明,遥感和运输建模可以用来量化社区尺度上滨快冰条件变化的影响,并有可能帮助管理局部气候相关风险。
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引用次数: 5
Tourism and heritage in Antarctica: exploring cultural, natural and subliminal experiences 南极洲的旅游和遗产:探索文化、自然和潜意识的体验
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-24 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1918787
Bob Frame, D. Liggett, Kati Lindström, R. Roura, Lize-Marié van der Watt
ABSTRACT The guidelines on heritage management adopted by the 2018 Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting provide the most recent iteration for an Antarctic tourism sector which had, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, been projected to increase further with various risks and potential impacts requiring careful management. In this paper the role of cultural heritage for tourism prior to the COVID-19 pandemic is examined through three empirical perspectives. First, how the Antarctic cultural heritage is represented through the designation of Historic Sites and Monuments and Site Guidelines for Visitors; then how this is presented through tourism operators’ websites; and, finally, how it is experienced by visitors as narrated in open-source social media information. Each dataset suggests that, while cultural heritage is an important component of an increasingly commodified tourist offering, it is only part of an assemblage of elements which combine to create a subliminal and largely intangible Antarctic experience. In particular, a polarization of the heritage experience between cultural and natural does not appear productive. The paper proposes a more nuanced understanding of heritage tourism in Antarctica which accommodates the notion of a hybrid experience that integrates cultural heritage, the history and stories this heritage represents, and the natural environmental setting.
2018年南极条约协商会议通过的遗产管理指南为南极旅游业提供了最新的规划。在2019冠状病毒病大流行之前,南极旅游业预计将进一步增加,各种风险和潜在影响需要谨慎管理。本文通过三个实证视角考察了新冠肺炎大流行前文化遗产对旅游的作用。首先,如何通过指定历史遗迹和纪念碑以及游客指南来体现南极文化遗产;那么这是如何通过旅游运营商的网站呈现出来的;最后,在开源的社交媒体信息中,游客是如何体验的。每个数据集都表明,虽然文化遗产是日益商品化的旅游产品的重要组成部分,但它只是众多元素的一部分,这些元素结合在一起,创造了一种潜意识的、基本上是无形的南极体验。特别是,文化和自然之间的遗产经验的两极分化似乎没有成效。这篇论文提出了对南极遗产旅游更细致入微的理解,它包含了将文化遗产、遗产所代表的历史和故事以及自然环境结合在一起的混合体验的概念。
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引用次数: 2
The curious nature and humanity of ‘permanently’ frozen ground “永久”冻土的奇特性质和人性
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1940343
J. Graybill
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引用次数: 0
Ethnographic futures research as a method for working with Indigenous communities to develop sustainability indicators 民族志未来研究是与土著社区合作制定可持续性指标的一种方法
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1881647
H. Gordon
ABSTRACT Ethnographic futures research (EFR) is a participatory research method that allows the researcher(s) and Indigenous people to explore sustainability together. The method is in alliance with Indigenous methodologies and provides a space for storytelling and trust-building between all participants. EFR develops a proactive attitude toward the future and helps people find their place in the future, exploring what they can do to achieve the future they want. The method helps participants clarify their values and goals in order to be an active participant in the future. In this paper, the author explains how EFR may be a particularly productive method to explore sustainability with Indigenous people as it utilizes a three-scenario methodology of the optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely futures. A case study, using information from the author's dissertation, will show the utility of EFR by exploring how the three scenarios lead to more insight about sustainability for the community. The article goal is to demonstrate that EFR is in alliance with Indigenous methodologies, provides benefits for the participants, and allows a community to explore how to live sustainably, creating indicators for sustainability which can lead to strategic planning.
民族志未来研究(EFR)是一种参与式研究方法,它允许研究者和土著居民共同探索可持续性。该方法与土著方法相结合,为所有参与者之间讲故事和建立信任提供了空间。EFR培养了一种对未来积极主动的态度,帮助人们在未来找到自己的位置,探索他们能做些什么来实现他们想要的未来。该方法帮助参与者明确自己的价值观和目标,以便在未来成为一个积极的参与者。在本文中,作者解释了EFR如何成为一种特别有效的方法来探索土著人民的可持续性,因为它采用了乐观、悲观和最有可能的未来三种情景方法。一个案例研究,使用作者论文中的信息,将通过探索三种情景如何导致对社区可持续性的更多见解来展示EFR的效用。本文的目标是证明EFR与土著方法相结合,为参与者提供利益,并允许社区探索如何可持续地生活,创建可持续性指标,从而导致战略规划。
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引用次数: 8
Subjective well-being in East Greenland 东格陵兰的主观幸福感
IF 2.6 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2021.1881646
Naja Carina Steenholdt
ABSTRACT This paper analyses subjective well-being (SWB) among inhabitants in East Greenland. Recently, considerable public attention has been directed toward the conditions of East Greenland, particularly in the Ammassalik region. Shocking reports on severe social problems with substance abuse, domestic violence, and child abuse continue to emerge. Meanwhile, the latest studies of SWB show that satisfaction with life is relatively high despite the poor living conditions. This study aims to explore inhabitants’ perceptions of what it means to have a good life, via personal interviews in four locations on the East Greenlandic coast. It discusses specific domains and indicators, such as social relations, emotional well-being, and employment status, and their impact on overall well-being. Finally, the paper discusses whether the findings presented support or dispute existing research practices, with a focus on the report Arctic Social Indicators (ASI) and the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLiCA). This study highlights the gap in leading research practice, suggesting that additional research on SWB in Greenland and other areas in the Arctic be conducted to ensure that SWB, as a direct measure, is included in future social indicator research in the Arctic.
本文分析了东格陵兰居民的主观幸福感(SWB)。最近,公众的相当大的注意力集中在东格陵兰的情况上,特别是在阿马萨里克地区。关于药物滥用、家庭暴力和虐待儿童等严重社会问题的令人震惊的报告不断出现。同时,对幸福感的最新研究表明,尽管生活条件较差,但对生活的满意度相对较高。本研究旨在通过在东格陵兰海岸的四个地点进行个人访谈,探索居民对美好生活的看法。它讨论了具体的领域和指标,如社会关系、情感幸福感和就业状况,以及它们对整体幸福感的影响。最后,本文讨论了这些发现是否支持或争议现有的研究实践,重点是北极社会指标(ASI)报告和北极生活条件调查(SLiCA)。本研究强调了领先研究实践的差距,建议对格陵兰岛和北极其他地区的SWB进行更多的研究,以确保SWB作为一项直接措施,被纳入北极未来的社会指标研究。
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引用次数: 1
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