Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1489428
Vladislava Vladimirova
ABSTRACT This paper discusses different strategies used by indigenous women seeking social security in Nenets Autonomous Region, Russia. Social security is understood as state provision as well as cultural institutions and efforts of individuals to overcome insecurity. One case describes the history of a woman who after the loss of her husband resorted to a traditional solution: she moved in to join the household of the deceased husband’s brothers in the tundra. In the second case, a woman leaves her baby in a orphanage for a few months. This latter strategy shows how women are able to preserve a high birth-rate while sustaining a tundra-based life. Even though these choices are seen within the dichotomy of tradition and modernity, which is central to existing ethnographies, this paper attempts to take the analysis further. I apply anthropological insights about care as a process that reveals social bonds, group belonging and identity in different settings, from the more intimate ties within kin groups to large-scale social systems such as state institutions. My goal is to contribute to the study of the interconnectedness among bonds, relations and affective landscapes on different levels – from mother–children bonds, to the nuclear family to community and state institutions.
{"title":"Security strategies of indigenous women in Nenets Autonomous Region, Russia","authors":"Vladislava Vladimirova","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1489428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1489428","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper discusses different strategies used by indigenous women seeking social security in Nenets Autonomous Region, Russia. Social security is understood as state provision as well as cultural institutions and efforts of individuals to overcome insecurity. One case describes the history of a woman who after the loss of her husband resorted to a traditional solution: she moved in to join the household of the deceased husband’s brothers in the tundra. In the second case, a woman leaves her baby in a orphanage for a few months. This latter strategy shows how women are able to preserve a high birth-rate while sustaining a tundra-based life. Even though these choices are seen within the dichotomy of tradition and modernity, which is central to existing ethnographies, this paper attempts to take the analysis further. I apply anthropological insights about care as a process that reveals social bonds, group belonging and identity in different settings, from the more intimate ties within kin groups to large-scale social systems such as state institutions. My goal is to contribute to the study of the interconnectedness among bonds, relations and affective landscapes on different levels – from mother–children bonds, to the nuclear family to community and state institutions.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"68 1","pages":"164 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82709907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-26DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1489429
Zoia Tarasova, Elena Khlinovskaya Rockhill
ABSTRACT This paper explores the recent burst of genetic imaginations among the Sakha people of northeastern Siberia as it is reflected in their discourse on genofond (gene pool). We argue that this discourse, which claims the genetic uniqueness of the Sakha, has not only facilitated their ethnic solidarity but has also contextualized the hyper-biologisation of their parenthood whereby they view the use of new reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertlisation (IVF), both as an opportunity for a reproductive autonomy from their kin, as opposed to fostering, and as a crucial alternative strategy for the multiplication and well-being of their nation. Drawing on the anthropology of values, we suggest that this is a peculiar case of value reversibility. Sakhas’ shift from a collectivity-based reproduction within extended kin network to seemingly more individualistic new reproductive technologies is actually their contribution towards an even wider collectivity though now of a more imagined quality – their nation.
{"title":"In vitro fertilization, genetic imaginations, and values among the Siberian Sakha","authors":"Zoia Tarasova, Elena Khlinovskaya Rockhill","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1489429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1489429","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores the recent burst of genetic imaginations among the Sakha people of northeastern Siberia as it is reflected in their discourse on genofond (gene pool). We argue that this discourse, which claims the genetic uniqueness of the Sakha, has not only facilitated their ethnic solidarity but has also contextualized the hyper-biologisation of their parenthood whereby they view the use of new reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertlisation (IVF), both as an opportunity for a reproductive autonomy from their kin, as opposed to fostering, and as a crucial alternative strategy for the multiplication and well-being of their nation. Drawing on the anthropology of values, we suggest that this is a peculiar case of value reversibility. Sakhas’ shift from a collectivity-based reproduction within extended kin network to seemingly more individualistic new reproductive technologies is actually their contribution towards an even wider collectivity though now of a more imagined quality – their nation.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"11 1","pages":"182 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78285871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-25DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1491651
Y. Konstantinov
ABSTRACT The paper addresses a little examined case of gender asymmetry: the absence of women in game poaching. Observations of the phenomenon in rural Bulgaria and the reindeer-husbandry part of Murmansk Region indicate a type of boundary between legal and illegal game hunting that is rarely crossed by women and thus suggests presence of a ‘hyper-gender’ asymmetry. By the latter, I mean an excessively pronounced absence of women, compared to other situations in which men predominate. The radicalism of this divide and the nature of its construction and continuation weakens the thesis in ‘culture/nature’ debate regarding binaries as the work of empowered subjecthood in a teleology of domination. Using the case study of illegal taking from nature to explore the concept of hyper-gender asymmetry, I argue, instead, for the possibility of binary constructivism realized at a grassroots actors’ level, i.e. ‘from below.’
{"title":"‘Hyper-gender’ asymmetries: women's absence in illegal taking from nature (Poaching) (Notes from Bulgaria and Murmansk Region, NW Russia)","authors":"Y. Konstantinov","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1491651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1491651","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper addresses a little examined case of gender asymmetry: the absence of women in game poaching. Observations of the phenomenon in rural Bulgaria and the reindeer-husbandry part of Murmansk Region indicate a type of boundary between legal and illegal game hunting that is rarely crossed by women and thus suggests presence of a ‘hyper-gender’ asymmetry. By the latter, I mean an excessively pronounced absence of women, compared to other situations in which men predominate. The radicalism of this divide and the nature of its construction and continuation weakens the thesis in ‘culture/nature’ debate regarding binaries as the work of empowered subjecthood in a teleology of domination. Using the case study of illegal taking from nature to explore the concept of hyper-gender asymmetry, I argue, instead, for the possibility of binary constructivism realized at a grassroots actors’ level, i.e. ‘from below.’","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"43 1","pages":"217 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90886753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455757
M. Bennett
{"title":"Unfreezing the Arctic: science, colonialism, and the transformation of Inuit lands","authors":"M. Bennett","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455757","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"77 1","pages":"139 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74080250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1464077
A. Safronov
ABSTRACT We investigated the disappearance of the 4-engine H-209 aircraft along its route from Moscow, Russia to Fairbanks, Alaska in August 1937 operated by Levanevsky and a crew of five people. A radiogram analysis indicates that the aircraft could have crashed in the Alaska Range and thus analysis centered on this region was performed. A mixed methods approach was used to find the missing plane, including examining aircraft radio messages, historic newspapers, and information from witnesses and participants in the H-209 search expeditions; creating a geographical information system that utilized satellite imagery, GMTED-2010 topography, knowledge of polar navigation principles using astronomical instruments, and the spatial distribution of radio signals in the Alaska Range. In one satellite image a plane crash was located near the top of the Mt. Deception and the fuselage-to-wing ratio indicates a configuration typical of low-speed cargo aircraft of the 1930s–1940s.
{"title":"A mixed methods approach for locating the missing H-209 aircraft","authors":"A. Safronov","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1464077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1464077","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We investigated the disappearance of the 4-engine H-209 aircraft along its route from Moscow, Russia to Fairbanks, Alaska in August 1937 operated by Levanevsky and a crew of five people. A radiogram analysis indicates that the aircraft could have crashed in the Alaska Range and thus analysis centered on this region was performed. A mixed methods approach was used to find the missing plane, including examining aircraft radio messages, historic newspapers, and information from witnesses and participants in the H-209 search expeditions; creating a geographical information system that utilized satellite imagery, GMTED-2010 topography, knowledge of polar navigation principles using astronomical instruments, and the spatial distribution of radio signals in the Alaska Range. In one satellite image a plane crash was located near the top of the Mt. Deception and the fuselage-to-wing ratio indicates a configuration typical of low-speed cargo aircraft of the 1930s–1940s.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"8 1","pages":"126 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74460277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-02DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1457730
Hilma Salonen
ABSTRACT The Russian renewable energy industry has not yet succeeded in breaking through into the domestic market despite its potential, particularly in remote Arctic settlements. This article examines broad issues that influence national policy-makers and provides an analysis of the type of objectives that are emphasized in Russian energy policies. It can be assumed that the priorities behind these objectives have a more stable status than more concrete plans to boost the use of renewables, since they often fail to materialize. In order to discover these priorities, I analyze several relevant policy-making documents with the help of public justification analysis, a method developed to examine public claims made in favor of a certain cause, and the commonly known values that the claim-makers refer to in order to convince others. This paper reveals that Russian energy policy documents tend to emphasize concrete, technical tasks over more abstract, holistic goals. In addition, industrial needs dominate all policies, even those related to socio-economic or environmental issues. I conclude that the tendencies listed above may prevent fundamental structural change in the Russian energy industry, despite the potential of renewable energy, especially in the Arctic regions.
{"title":"Public justification analysis of Russian renewable energy strategies","authors":"Hilma Salonen","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1457730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1457730","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Russian renewable energy industry has not yet succeeded in breaking through into the domestic market despite its potential, particularly in remote Arctic settlements. This article examines broad issues that influence national policy-makers and provides an analysis of the type of objectives that are emphasized in Russian energy policies. It can be assumed that the priorities behind these objectives have a more stable status than more concrete plans to boost the use of renewables, since they often fail to materialize. In order to discover these priorities, I analyze several relevant policy-making documents with the help of public justification analysis, a method developed to examine public claims made in favor of a certain cause, and the commonly known values that the claim-makers refer to in order to convince others. This paper reveals that Russian energy policy documents tend to emphasize concrete, technical tasks over more abstract, holistic goals. In addition, industrial needs dominate all policies, even those related to socio-economic or environmental issues. I conclude that the tendencies listed above may prevent fundamental structural change in the Russian energy industry, despite the potential of renewable energy, especially in the Arctic regions.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"89 1","pages":"75 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82382017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-28DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455756
M. Drewniak, D. Dalaklis, M. Kitada, A. Ölçer, F. Ballini
ABSTRACT The starting point of the analysis in hand is a brief discussion of the so-called ‘Arctic Passages.’ Considering that ice and ice-pacts will remain a concern in the future, the support of icebreakers will still be needed to facilitate the safe passage of ships. Describing the state of these types of vessels currently available is the main aim, with a particular focus on key state players: the Russian Federation (RF), the United States of America (USA) and Canada. Additionally, a critical evaluation of future plans in relation to the introduction of icebreakers into service is taking place. Russia has already built and operates a certain number of vessels that are fully capable to handle current traffic demands, as well as the expected future increase. On the opposite direction, both Canada and USA are facing problems to deal with current demands and the situation during the next couple of years looks rather troublesome. Their obvious lack of icebreaking capabilities is somewhat disconcerting given the expected demand in the Arctic region in coming years coupled with the lengthy acquisition and production process required for a new icebreaking fleet. An acceleration of their acquisition plans and activities to cover the identified gap in icebreakers’ services is clearly a high priority.
{"title":"Geopolitics of Arctic shipping: the state of icebreakers and future needs","authors":"M. Drewniak, D. Dalaklis, M. Kitada, A. Ölçer, F. Ballini","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455756","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The starting point of the analysis in hand is a brief discussion of the so-called ‘Arctic Passages.’ Considering that ice and ice-pacts will remain a concern in the future, the support of icebreakers will still be needed to facilitate the safe passage of ships. Describing the state of these types of vessels currently available is the main aim, with a particular focus on key state players: the Russian Federation (RF), the United States of America (USA) and Canada. Additionally, a critical evaluation of future plans in relation to the introduction of icebreakers into service is taking place. Russia has already built and operates a certain number of vessels that are fully capable to handle current traffic demands, as well as the expected future increase. On the opposite direction, both Canada and USA are facing problems to deal with current demands and the situation during the next couple of years looks rather troublesome. Their obvious lack of icebreaking capabilities is somewhat disconcerting given the expected demand in the Arctic region in coming years coupled with the lengthy acquisition and production process required for a new icebreaking fleet. An acceleration of their acquisition plans and activities to cover the identified gap in icebreakers’ services is clearly a high priority.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"10 3 1","pages":"107 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89880772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455755
Njord Wegge, Kathrin Keil
ABSTRACT Puzzled by how geographical changes in the Arctic might cause changes in state behavior the authors of this article have been inspired to return to the roots of geopolitical reasoning. By combining insights from the intellectual roots of the geopolitical tradition with empirical data on geographical changes as well as policy changes in the Arctic today, we investigate the degree to which geopolitics, in the sense of geography influencing politics, is still a useful approach in the discipline of International Relations (IR). In limiting our primary focus to the state level, and investigating the period since the turn of the millennium, this article seeks to develop new knowledge concerning if, how, and to what extent geography matters in international politics. Our empirical investigation indicates that geographical changes in the Arctic have indeed had an effect on power relations among several states. Overall, this article shows that geography is an important factor in IR in the sense of enabling or empowering state actors. However, while it appears that physical geography is a possible factor in the cases analyzed to explain changes in identified power potentials, it does not always account for these changes on its own. Economic, political, legal, and historical factors also play a role in the observed power shifts.
{"title":"Between classical and critical geopolitics in a changing Arctic","authors":"Njord Wegge, Kathrin Keil","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455755","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Puzzled by how geographical changes in the Arctic might cause changes in state behavior the authors of this article have been inspired to return to the roots of geopolitical reasoning. By combining insights from the intellectual roots of the geopolitical tradition with empirical data on geographical changes as well as policy changes in the Arctic today, we investigate the degree to which geopolitics, in the sense of geography influencing politics, is still a useful approach in the discipline of International Relations (IR). In limiting our primary focus to the state level, and investigating the period since the turn of the millennium, this article seeks to develop new knowledge concerning if, how, and to what extent geography matters in international politics. Our empirical investigation indicates that geographical changes in the Arctic have indeed had an effect on power relations among several states. Overall, this article shows that geography is an important factor in IR in the sense of enabling or empowering state actors. However, while it appears that physical geography is a possible factor in the cases analyzed to explain changes in identified power potentials, it does not always account for these changes on its own. Economic, political, legal, and historical factors also play a role in the observed power shifts.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"62 1","pages":"106 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76223054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-16DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455758
J. Gilotti
{"title":"The polar adventures of a rich American Dame: a life of Louise Arner Boyd","authors":"J. Gilotti","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1455758","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":"54 1","pages":"142 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2018-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87506363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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