Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648581
A. Abramov, S. Davydov, A. Ivashchenko, D. Karelin, A. Kholodov, G. Kraev, A. Lupachev, A. Maslakov, V. Ostroumov, E. Rivkina, D. Shmelev, V. Sorokovikov, O. Tregubov, A. Veremeeva, D. Zamolodchikov, S. Zimov
ABSTRACT This study summarizes seasonal thawing data collected in different permafrost regions of northeast Asia over the 1995–2018 period. Empirical observations were undertaken under the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program at a range of sites across the permafrost landscapes of the Yana-Indigirka and Kolyma lowlands and the Chukotka Peninsula, and supplemented with 10 years of observations from volcanic mountainous areas of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Thaw depth observations, taken using mechanical probing at the end of the thawing season, and ground temperature measurements, were analyzed with respect to air temperatures trends. The data from 24 sites (16 in the Indigirka-Kolyma region, 5 in Chukotka and 3 in Kamchatka) reveal different reactions of the active layer thickness (ALT) to recent changes in atmospheric climate. In general, there is a positive relation between ALT and summer air temperatures. Since the early 2000s positive ALT anomalies (compared with mean data from all sites) prevail in the Kolyma and Chukotka area, with only one alas site showing a negative ALT trend. The only active site in the Kamchatka Mountains shows no significant thaw depth changes over the period of observation. Two other Kamchatka sites were affected during a volcanic eruption in 2012.
{"title":"Two decades of active layer thickness monitoring in northeastern Asia","authors":"A. Abramov, S. Davydov, A. Ivashchenko, D. Karelin, A. Kholodov, G. Kraev, A. Lupachev, A. Maslakov, V. Ostroumov, E. Rivkina, D. Shmelev, V. Sorokovikov, O. Tregubov, A. Veremeeva, D. Zamolodchikov, S. Zimov","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648581","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study summarizes seasonal thawing data collected in different permafrost regions of northeast Asia over the 1995–2018 period. Empirical observations were undertaken under the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program at a range of sites across the permafrost landscapes of the Yana-Indigirka and Kolyma lowlands and the Chukotka Peninsula, and supplemented with 10 years of observations from volcanic mountainous areas of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Thaw depth observations, taken using mechanical probing at the end of the thawing season, and ground temperature measurements, were analyzed with respect to air temperatures trends. The data from 24 sites (16 in the Indigirka-Kolyma region, 5 in Chukotka and 3 in Kamchatka) reveal different reactions of the active layer thickness (ALT) to recent changes in atmospheric climate. In general, there is a positive relation between ALT and summer air temperatures. Since the early 2000s positive ALT anomalies (compared with mean data from all sites) prevail in the Kolyma and Chukotka area, with only one alas site showing a negative ALT trend. The only active site in the Kamchatka Mountains shows no significant thaw depth changes over the period of observation. Two other Kamchatka sites were affected during a volcanic eruption in 2012.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83927032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648585
Da Palma, Alix Varnajot, Kari Dalen, Ilker K. Basaran, Charles Brunette, Marta Bystrowska, Anastasia Korablina, Robynne C. Nowicki, T. Ronge
ABSTRACT The effects of climate change are leading to pronounced physical and ecological changes in the Arctic Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). These are not only of concern for the research community but also for the tourism industry dependent on this unique marine ecosystem. Tourists increasingly become aware that the Arctic as we know it may disappear due to several environmental threats, and want to visit the region before it becomes irrevocably changed. However, ‘last-chance tourism’ in this region faces several challenges. The lack of infrastructure and appropriate search and rescue policies are examples of existing issues in such a remote location. Additionally, tourism itself may further amplify the physical and ecological changes in the Arctic region. In this article, we provide an interdisciplinary analysis of the links between the MIZ, climate change and the tourism industry. We also identify existing regulations and the need for new ones concerning operations in the MIZ and in the Arctic Ocean.
{"title":"Cruising the marginal ice zone: climate change and Arctic tourism","authors":"Da Palma, Alix Varnajot, Kari Dalen, Ilker K. Basaran, Charles Brunette, Marta Bystrowska, Anastasia Korablina, Robynne C. Nowicki, T. Ronge","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648585","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effects of climate change are leading to pronounced physical and ecological changes in the Arctic Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). These are not only of concern for the research community but also for the tourism industry dependent on this unique marine ecosystem. Tourists increasingly become aware that the Arctic as we know it may disappear due to several environmental threats, and want to visit the region before it becomes irrevocably changed. However, ‘last-chance tourism’ in this region faces several challenges. The lack of infrastructure and appropriate search and rescue policies are examples of existing issues in such a remote location. Additionally, tourism itself may further amplify the physical and ecological changes in the Arctic region. In this article, we provide an interdisciplinary analysis of the links between the MIZ, climate change and the tourism industry. We also identify existing regulations and the need for new ones concerning operations in the MIZ and in the Arctic Ocean.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78031460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648584
B. Kaltenborn, J. Linnell
ABSTRACT Debates on future resource policy in northern regions raises the question of who are the legitimate stakeholders to include in policy deliberations? The Lofoten archipelago in Northern Norway is a world-class nature tourism destination, the key spawning ground for North Atlantic cod as well as a reservoir of large unexploited off-shore oil and gas deposits. We surveyed the resident Lofoten population and the larger Norwegian public to ascertain to what extent local and national perceptions of the value of selected environmental attributes and the importance of drivers of environmental change align across geographic scales. Lofoten residents and the national public both assign high value to environmental attributes, but local residents place more emphasis on harvesting marine and agricultural resources than the national public, which is more concerned with the status of individual species and conservation symbols. Our results show that the national public expresses so much interest in Lofoten that they should be considered a legitimate stakeholder in discussions about its future development paths, and while they relate to the area in a broadly similar way, there may be some specific areas of conflict that need to be considered.
{"title":"Who are legitimate stakeholders? National and local perceptions of environmental change in the Lofoten islands, Norway","authors":"B. Kaltenborn, J. Linnell","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648584","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Debates on future resource policy in northern regions raises the question of who are the legitimate stakeholders to include in policy deliberations? The Lofoten archipelago in Northern Norway is a world-class nature tourism destination, the key spawning ground for North Atlantic cod as well as a reservoir of large unexploited off-shore oil and gas deposits. We surveyed the resident Lofoten population and the larger Norwegian public to ascertain to what extent local and national perceptions of the value of selected environmental attributes and the importance of drivers of environmental change align across geographic scales. Lofoten residents and the national public both assign high value to environmental attributes, but local residents place more emphasis on harvesting marine and agricultural resources than the national public, which is more concerned with the status of individual species and conservation symbols. Our results show that the national public expresses so much interest in Lofoten that they should be considered a legitimate stakeholder in discussions about its future development paths, and while they relate to the area in a broadly similar way, there may be some specific areas of conflict that need to be considered.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75849272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597394
O. Gudmestad, K. E. Solberg
ABSTRACT With the implementation of the Polar Code in January 2017, the focus on search and rescue operations in polar waters have been increased due to the five-day survival requirement. This requirement poses a strain on all lifesaving appliances and causes the need for improved personal protection equipment, improved survival crafts and personal survival kits and possibly group survival kits. The paper reports on findings from search and rescue exercises north of Spitzbergen. The first exercise was carried out during late April 2016, utilizing SOLAS approved lifesaving appliances (LSA) equipment and the second exercise was conducted with improved LSA equipment during the first week of May 2017. Focus is on the ability to survive and the effectiveness of the improved LSA equipment. Furthermore, a discussion is given with respect to possible mitigation measures to ensure quick rescue to avoid the evacuated persons be exposed to an unnecessary long stay in the survival crafts. Of particular reference is the cruise industry and the industry’s efforts to provide customers with visits to even more remote cruise locations. The study indicates significant gaps between the functionality provided by the LSA equipment and the functionality required to comply with the International Maritime Organization Polar Code requirement of survival for the expected time to rescue, minimum 5 days.
{"title":"Findings from two Arctic search and rescue exercises north of Spitzbergen","authors":"O. Gudmestad, K. E. Solberg","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597394","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With the implementation of the Polar Code in January 2017, the focus on search and rescue operations in polar waters have been increased due to the five-day survival requirement. This requirement poses a strain on all lifesaving appliances and causes the need for improved personal protection equipment, improved survival crafts and personal survival kits and possibly group survival kits. The paper reports on findings from search and rescue exercises north of Spitzbergen. The first exercise was carried out during late April 2016, utilizing SOLAS approved lifesaving appliances (LSA) equipment and the second exercise was conducted with improved LSA equipment during the first week of May 2017. Focus is on the ability to survive and the effectiveness of the improved LSA equipment. Furthermore, a discussion is given with respect to possible mitigation measures to ensure quick rescue to avoid the evacuated persons be exposed to an unnecessary long stay in the survival crafts. Of particular reference is the cruise industry and the industry’s efforts to provide customers with visits to even more remote cruise locations. The study indicates significant gaps between the functionality provided by the LSA equipment and the functionality required to comply with the International Maritime Organization Polar Code requirement of survival for the expected time to rescue, minimum 5 days.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76644530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-30DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597395
R. Sankar, M. Murray, Patricia J. Wells
ABSTRACT Dynamic changes in shoreline position as a result of natural processes and the effects of climate variability increase the susceptibility of Arctic communities that reside along the coastal zone. The application of new geospatial approaches is critical to providing updated measurements of shoreline change, necessary for sustainable coastal management strategies. This research is an integration of geographic data demarcating shoreline position and its analysis to detect change using an updated modeling application – Analyzing Moving Boundaries Using R (AMBUR). Rates-of-change were evaluated over three time periods: long-term (1984–2016); and two short-term eras (1995–2005; 2006–2016). The short-term periods were specifically chosen to assess the influence of changing sea-ice regimes, increased storm intensity, and elevated air and sea-surface temperatures. Results indicate a significant alongshore increase in the rates of erosion and the spatial extent of land loss across both segments of the study area over the short-term. Mean annual rates of change increased over the most recent period (2006–2016) along the eastern segment (−0.34 m/yr) of the study area, while the western shoreline retreated at a rate of −0.24 m/yr over the same interval. These are the highest erosion rates over any time period examined in this study. As air and ocean temperature increases continue to facilitate sea ice reduction and increased permafrost thawing, shoreline erosion may be exacerbated along the Paulatuk coastline in the coming years.
{"title":"Decadal scale patterns of shoreline variability in Paulatuk, N.W.T, Canada","authors":"R. Sankar, M. Murray, Patricia J. Wells","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597395","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dynamic changes in shoreline position as a result of natural processes and the effects of climate variability increase the susceptibility of Arctic communities that reside along the coastal zone. The application of new geospatial approaches is critical to providing updated measurements of shoreline change, necessary for sustainable coastal management strategies. This research is an integration of geographic data demarcating shoreline position and its analysis to detect change using an updated modeling application – Analyzing Moving Boundaries Using R (AMBUR). Rates-of-change were evaluated over three time periods: long-term (1984–2016); and two short-term eras (1995–2005; 2006–2016). The short-term periods were specifically chosen to assess the influence of changing sea-ice regimes, increased storm intensity, and elevated air and sea-surface temperatures. Results indicate a significant alongshore increase in the rates of erosion and the spatial extent of land loss across both segments of the study area over the short-term. Mean annual rates of change increased over the most recent period (2006–2016) along the eastern segment (−0.34 m/yr) of the study area, while the western shoreline retreated at a rate of −0.24 m/yr over the same interval. These are the highest erosion rates over any time period examined in this study. As air and ocean temperature increases continue to facilitate sea ice reduction and increased permafrost thawing, shoreline erosion may be exacerbated along the Paulatuk coastline in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73550242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-25DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597396
M. Groulx, L. Fishback, Amanda K. Winegardner
ABSTRACT International efforts to implement the Paris Agreement call for unprecedented levels of collaboration to address one of society’s most pressing crises. In this study we take the position that climate action work is very public work, in that decarbonization requires significant effort to learn together in ways that change commitments to enact environmental stewardship. To better understand this challenge, we examined citizen science as a space where climate action work is also the work of knowledge co-creation. Pre–post experience surveys and interviews with citizen scientists illustrate the transformative potential of place-based climate learning. Findings suggest that the relationships individuals developed with specific scientists and their personalized approaches to conducting science impacted how individuals related to the responsibility of environmental stewardship. This study highlights how effective, impactful collaboration is enriched when professionals share who they are in the context of the climate action work they do.
{"title":"Citizen science and the public nature of climate action","authors":"M. Groulx, L. Fishback, Amanda K. Winegardner","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1597396","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT International efforts to implement the Paris Agreement call for unprecedented levels of collaboration to address one of society’s most pressing crises. In this study we take the position that climate action work is very public work, in that decarbonization requires significant effort to learn together in ways that change commitments to enact environmental stewardship. To better understand this challenge, we examined citizen science as a space where climate action work is also the work of knowledge co-creation. Pre–post experience surveys and interviews with citizen scientists illustrate the transformative potential of place-based climate learning. Findings suggest that the relationships individuals developed with specific scientists and their personalized approaches to conducting science impacted how individuals related to the responsibility of environmental stewardship. This study highlights how effective, impactful collaboration is enriched when professionals share who they are in the context of the climate action work they do.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87174112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578291
Laine Chanteloup, F. Joliet, T. Herrmann
ABSTRACT In the Arctic, participatory researches that build bridges between Western academics and indigenous communities are increasing and are necessary to promote what Raheja [2007. Reading nanook’s smile: Visual sovereignty, indigenous revisions of ethnography, and atanarjuat (The Fast Runner). American Quarterly, 59(4), 1159–1185.] called ‘visual sovereignty’ and narrative sovereignty of the people of the North. This research project was carried out with Cree and Inuit communities in Nunavik, Canada on their perception of the land particularly in the context of the creation of the Tursujuq National Park. This paper presents and discusses the benefits and challenges regarding the participatory research design of the project and the methods employed with a special focus on participatory photography. It highlights the importance of using participatory methods in the cultural dynamics and practices of the communities. The paper illustrates and analyses some learnings and insights that emerged from developing participatory research in this intercultural context between indigenous and non-indigenous partners by focusing on rapport-building and community engagement.
{"title":"Learning and insights from a participatory photography project with Cree and Inuit about the land (Nunavik, Canada)","authors":"Laine Chanteloup, F. Joliet, T. Herrmann","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578291","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the Arctic, participatory researches that build bridges between Western academics and indigenous communities are increasing and are necessary to promote what Raheja [2007. Reading nanook’s smile: Visual sovereignty, indigenous revisions of ethnography, and atanarjuat (The Fast Runner). American Quarterly, 59(4), 1159–1185.] called ‘visual sovereignty’ and narrative sovereignty of the people of the North. This research project was carried out with Cree and Inuit communities in Nunavik, Canada on their perception of the land particularly in the context of the creation of the Tursujuq National Park. This paper presents and discusses the benefits and challenges regarding the participatory research design of the project and the methods employed with a special focus on participatory photography. It highlights the importance of using participatory methods in the cultural dynamics and practices of the communities. The paper illustrates and analyses some learnings and insights that emerged from developing participatory research in this intercultural context between indigenous and non-indigenous partners by focusing on rapport-building and community engagement.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88133506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578289
N. Rowley, J. Fegyveresi
ABSTRACT We analyze Landsat-7 imagery spanning a 13-year period (2000–2012) for the Jakobshavn Ablation Region (JAR) along the west coast of Greenland. In addition, we introduce a new semi-automated technique for the mapping of melt-lakes using FoveaPro image-processing software (plug-in to Adobe Photoshop™), greatly simplifying the process, and resulting in more-precise spatial melt-lake statistics over existing manual methods. We found a total mean melt-lake area of 0.30 ± 0.12 km2 (±1σ), with maximum melt-lake area increasing at an average rate of 0.032 km2 d−1 across the study periods. Additionally, we note a yearly seasonal increase (∼1.8 m d−1) in the overall mean lake elevation (∼200 m per season) as well as an optimal elevation of the largest-area melt-lakes of ∼1320 ± 20 m (±1σ). We also found an increase in the maximum average melt-lake elevation (MAME) of ∼3.8 m a−1 (∼50 m). Based on data recorded at nearby automated weather stations, the mean seasonal temperature increased ∼1.6°C over the 13-year period at an average rate of 0.125°C a−1. Although temperature is a driver for meltwater production, we conclude that mechanisms related to the surface topography are more likely modulating the spatial pattern and characteristics of melt lakes in the ablation zone.
我们分析了格陵兰岛西海岸雅各布港消融区(Jakobshavn Ablation Region, JAR) 13年(2000-2012)的Landsat-7卫星图像。此外，我们引入了一种新的半自动化技术，用于使用FoveaPro图像处理软件(插件到Adobe Photoshop™)绘制融化湖，大大简化了这一过程，并产生比现有的手动方法更精确的空间融化湖统计。研究发现，在整个研究期间，融化湖的总平均面积为0.30±0.12 km2(±1σ)，最大融化湖面积以0.032 km2 d - 1的平均速率增加。此外，我们注意到总体平均湖泊高程(每季约200米)呈年季节性增加(约1.8米d−1)，最大面积融化湖的最佳高程为约1320±20米(±1σ)。我们还发现最大平均融化湖高程(MAME)增加了~ 3.8 ma−1 (~ 50 m)。根据附近自动气象站记录的数据，平均季节温度在13年期间以0.125°C a - 1的平均速率上升了~ 1.6°C。虽然温度是融水产生的驱动因素，但我们认为与地表地形有关的机制更有可能调节融冰区融湖的空间格局和特征。
{"title":"Generating a supraglacial melt-lake inventory near Jakobshavn, West Greenland, using a new semi-automated lake-mapping technique","authors":"N. Rowley, J. Fegyveresi","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578289","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We analyze Landsat-7 imagery spanning a 13-year period (2000–2012) for the Jakobshavn Ablation Region (JAR) along the west coast of Greenland. In addition, we introduce a new semi-automated technique for the mapping of melt-lakes using FoveaPro image-processing software (plug-in to Adobe Photoshop™), greatly simplifying the process, and resulting in more-precise spatial melt-lake statistics over existing manual methods. We found a total mean melt-lake area of 0.30 ± 0.12 km2 (±1σ), with maximum melt-lake area increasing at an average rate of 0.032 km2 d−1 across the study periods. Additionally, we note a yearly seasonal increase (∼1.8 m d−1) in the overall mean lake elevation (∼200 m per season) as well as an optimal elevation of the largest-area melt-lakes of ∼1320 ± 20 m (±1σ). We also found an increase in the maximum average melt-lake elevation (MAME) of ∼3.8 m a−1 (∼50 m). Based on data recorded at nearby automated weather stations, the mean seasonal temperature increased ∼1.6°C over the 13-year period at an average rate of 0.125°C a−1. Although temperature is a driver for meltwater production, we conclude that mechanisms related to the surface topography are more likely modulating the spatial pattern and characteristics of melt lakes in the ablation zone.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87149847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-12DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578290
Julie Babin, F. Lasserre
ABSTRACT The upheavals caused by climate change in the Arctic region have contributed to its return to the geopolitical scene, leading to dramatic scenarios, such as the possibility of a new ‘perceived Cold War’, to the appropriation of Arctic resources, or the creation of ‘Arctic sea highways’ as objects of intense rivalries. If the Arctic States, including Russia, have actually operated in recent years a partial reorientation of their military and economic programs to the Arctic, it is nevertheless the growing interest of Asian States in this region that further drew the attention of western media and researchers in recent years. Indeed, many western media reflect concerns about the interest of Asian States for the Arctic and for the Arctic Council, and the possible loss of influence of the Arctic indigenous communities and States in the Arctic Council. Interrogations about the intentions of these new observers, India, Japan, South Korea and China (in particular), have fed concerns about their possible domination of the agenda of the Council. What is the attitude of these observers at the Arctic Council and are these concerns warranted?
{"title":"Asian states at the Arctic Council: perceptions in Western States","authors":"Julie Babin, F. Lasserre","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578290","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The upheavals caused by climate change in the Arctic region have contributed to its return to the geopolitical scene, leading to dramatic scenarios, such as the possibility of a new ‘perceived Cold War’, to the appropriation of Arctic resources, or the creation of ‘Arctic sea highways’ as objects of intense rivalries. If the Arctic States, including Russia, have actually operated in recent years a partial reorientation of their military and economic programs to the Arctic, it is nevertheless the growing interest of Asian States in this region that further drew the attention of western media and researchers in recent years. Indeed, many western media reflect concerns about the interest of Asian States for the Arctic and for the Arctic Council, and the possible loss of influence of the Arctic indigenous communities and States in the Arctic Council. Interrogations about the intentions of these new observers, India, Japan, South Korea and China (in particular), have fed concerns about their possible domination of the agenda of the Council. What is the attitude of these observers at the Arctic Council and are these concerns warranted?","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88915474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-12DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578287
J. Saarinen, Alix Varnajot
ABSTRACT The economic and political importance of the Arctic has grown considerably in recent decades, and the region’s role and visibility in tourism has also significantly increased. The idea of Arctic tourism has been discussed in academia for a long time, but there is no consensus on the definition of the concept. This review paper aims to discuss different perspectives on tourism in the Arctic by utilizing literature and selected examples. The outlined perspectives are spatial, produced and experienced Arctic tourism. They are interrelated and, thus, partly complementary, but they can also challenge each other. The perspectives demonstrate different ways to approach and understand various characteristics of Arctic tourism and diversity in tourism in the Arctic. All perspectives of the Arctic in tourism involve both benefits and limitations when thinking about what Arctic tourism is and what it involves. The paper concludes that there is a need to acknowledge the diversity of the Arctic as a changing idea and a geographical region in and for tourism. By acknowledging this, the Arctic would not be characterized mainly by static or external views in tourism but also by internal needs, knowledge, dynamics and concerns for sustainable tourism development in the region.
{"title":"The Arctic in tourism: complementing and contesting perspectives on tourism in the Arctic","authors":"J. Saarinen, Alix Varnajot","doi":"10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578287","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The economic and political importance of the Arctic has grown considerably in recent decades, and the region’s role and visibility in tourism has also significantly increased. The idea of Arctic tourism has been discussed in academia for a long time, but there is no consensus on the definition of the concept. This review paper aims to discuss different perspectives on tourism in the Arctic by utilizing literature and selected examples. The outlined perspectives are spatial, produced and experienced Arctic tourism. They are interrelated and, thus, partly complementary, but they can also challenge each other. The perspectives demonstrate different ways to approach and understand various characteristics of Arctic tourism and diversity in tourism in the Arctic. All perspectives of the Arctic in tourism involve both benefits and limitations when thinking about what Arctic tourism is and what it involves. The paper concludes that there is a need to acknowledge the diversity of the Arctic as a changing idea and a geographical region in and for tourism. By acknowledging this, the Arctic would not be characterized mainly by static or external views in tourism but also by internal needs, knowledge, dynamics and concerns for sustainable tourism development in the region.","PeriodicalId":46164,"journal":{"name":"Polar Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88207197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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