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JGH volume 16 issue 3 Cover and Front matter JGH第16卷第3期封面和封面
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022821000346
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引用次数: 0
From administrative to political order? Global legal history, the organic law, and the constitution of mandate Syria, 1925–1930 从行政秩序到政治秩序?1925年至1930年,全球法律史、组织法和叙利亚授权宪法
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-10-20 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000310
Adam Mestyan
Abstract This article explores the making of the State of Syria after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. I argue that an event-based approach in global legal history offers a useful perspective for studying the transition from imperial to international and national systems. Drawing on new archival research in France and Saudi Arabia, I focus upon the creation of the 1928 Syrian constitution in the League’s mandate to show the administrative framework of political orders. First, I describe the French administrative logic through the story of the international ‘organic law’. Second, I describe the way the organic law necessitated the Syrian political constitution. The constrained constitutional process resulted in a clash and a compromise about a Muslim president between secularist republicans and exiled, Saudi-related Muslim monarchists. Global history can profit from this approach by rethinking decolonization as administrative reorganization and by focusing on dissenting, non-state actors in state-making.
摘要本文探讨了奥斯曼帝国解体后叙利亚国的建立。我认为,全球法律史上基于事件的方法为研究从帝国制度向国际和国家制度的过渡提供了一个有用的视角。根据法国和沙特阿拉伯的新档案研究,我将重点放在1928年叙利亚宪法的制定上,该宪法是联盟的授权,旨在展示政治秩序的行政框架。首先,我通过国际“组织法”的故事来描述法国的行政逻辑。其次,我描述了组织法使叙利亚政治宪法成为必要的方式。受限的宪法程序导致了世俗主义共和党人和流亡的、与沙特有关的穆斯林君主主义者之间关于穆斯林总统的冲突和妥协。全球历史可以通过将非殖民化重新思考为行政重组,并关注国家决策中持不同意见的非国家行为者,从这种方法中获利。
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引用次数: 0
‘To the benefit of Africa, the world, and ourselves’: The American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA) Mission to Nigeria, 1966-1968 – CORRIGENDUM “为了非洲、世界和我们自己的利益”:1966-1968年美国黑人非洲领导会议尼日利亚代表团-勘误表
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-09-24 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022821000292
James Austin Farquharson
Far from having only marginal significance and generating a ‘subdued’ response among African Americans, as some historians have argued, the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) collided at full velocity with the conflicting discourses and ideas by which Black Americans sought to understand their place in the United States and the world in the late 1960s. One of the most significant aspects of African American engagement with the civil war was the American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa peace mission that sought to bring the Federal Military Government of Nigeria and the secessionist leadership of the Republic of Biafra together through the mediation of some of the leading Black civil rights leaders in the United States. Through the use of untapped primary sources, this article will reveal that while the mission was primarily focused on finding a just solution to the internecine struggle, it also intersected with broader domestic and international crosscurrents.
正如一些历史学家所说,尼日利亚内战(1967年至1970年)不仅具有微不足道的意义,而且在非裔美国人中产生了“温和”的反应,它与20世纪60年代末美国黑人试图理解自己在美国和世界中的地位的相互冲突的话语和思想全速碰撞。非裔美国人参与内战的最重要方面之一是美国黑人领导人非洲和平特派团会议,该会议试图通过美国一些主要黑人民权领袖的调解,将尼日利亚联邦军政府和比亚夫拉共和国分离主义领导人团结在一起。通过使用未开发的主要来源,本文将揭示,虽然任务主要集中在为自相残杀的斗争找到公正的解决方案,但它也与更广泛的国内和国际逆流相交。
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引用次数: 0
Chairman Cotton: Socialist Bulgaria’s cotton trade with African countries during the early Cold War (1946–70) 科顿主席:冷战初期社会主义保加利亚与非洲国家的棉花贸易(1946–70)
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000280
J. Ẑofka
Abstract This article follows Bulgarian officials engaged in cotton and textile exchange with African states in the early Cold War. These officials founded enterprises for carrying out transactions, collected information on prices at international cotton exchanges and attended meetings of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) to coordinate trade activities in capitalist markets. Exploring how Bulgarian foreign trade organizations positioned themselves on the scene of international trade, this article argues that cotton traders, instead of upholding the supposed bloc bipolarity of the Cold War, followed the logic of the markets they worked in. A focus on trade infrastructures in particular shows that early Cold War East–South trade was not as strictly bilateral as official agreements and statistics suggest and reveals the systematic embeddedness of the socialist traders’ practices in global capitalist structures. In the field of cotton, the globalizing economy of the early Cold War was not cut in half, as globalization studies have implied.
摘要本文关注冷战初期保加利亚官员与非洲国家进行棉花和纺织品交流的情况。这些官员创办了进行交易的企业,在国际棉花交易所收集价格信息,并参加了经济互助委员会(COMECON)的会议,以协调资本主义市场的贸易活动。本文探讨了保加利亚外贸组织如何在国际贸易舞台上定位自己,认为棉花贸易商没有坚持冷战时期所谓的集团两极性,而是遵循了他们所处市场的逻辑。特别是对贸易基础设施的关注表明,冷战早期的东西方贸易并不像官方协议和统计数据所表明的那样严格是双边的,并揭示了社会主义贸易商的做法在全球资本主义结构中的系统嵌入性。在棉花领域,正如全球化研究所暗示的那样,冷战初期的全球化经济并没有减半。
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引用次数: 1
Islam and the cognitive study of colonialism: The case of religious and educational reform at Egypt’s al-Azhar 伊斯兰教与殖民主义的认知研究——以埃及爱资哈尔的宗教和教育改革为例
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-08-09 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000267
Aria Nakissa
Abstract This article argues that the emerging Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) provides a valuable new perspective on colonialism. CSR argues that humans are innately inclined towards certain types of religious belief (e.g., belief in spirit beings, belief in immortal souls) and certain types of non-utilitarian morality (e.g., belief in an obligation to care for kin, belief in an obligation to avoid ‘disgusting’ substances or behaviours). These innate inclinations underlie many religious and cultural traditions transformed by colonialism, including Islam. The article suggests that colonial power operates not only by suppressing traditional non-Western institutions but also by suppressing the natural inclinations underlying non-Western traditions. This claim is developed through a study of colonial efforts to transform Egypt’s al-Azhar, the world’s most influential institution of Islamic learning and scholarship. These efforts made al-Azhar into the centre of a global Islamic reform movement, which sought to integrate Islam with a colonial scientific-utilitarian worldview.
本文认为,新兴的宗教认知科学(CSR)为研究殖民主义提供了一个有价值的新视角。企业社会责任认为,人类天生就倾向于某些类型的宗教信仰(例如,对精神存在的信仰,对不朽灵魂的信仰)和某些类型的非功利主义道德(例如,对照顾亲属的义务的信仰,对避免“恶心”物质或行为的义务的信仰)。这些天生的倾向构成了许多被殖民主义改变的宗教和文化传统的基础,包括伊斯兰教。这篇文章表明,殖民权力不仅通过压制传统的非西方制度,而且还通过压制非西方传统背后的自然倾向来运作。这一说法是通过对殖民时期改造埃及爱资哈尔大学(al-Azhar)的研究得出的,爱资哈尔大学是世界上最有影响力的伊斯兰学习和学术机构。这些努力使爱资哈尔成为全球伊斯兰改革运动的中心,该运动试图将伊斯兰教与殖民主义的科学功利主义世界观结合起来。
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引用次数: 6
What is refugee history, now? 现在难民的历史是什么?
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000243
Lauren Banko, K. Nowak, P. Gatrell
Abstract Refugee history at present lacks a conceptual framework, notwithstanding the proliferation of recent contributions that contribute to enlarging the field. Our article seeks to advance refugee history by drawing upon extensive research into historical case studies and proposing the framework of refugeedom. Refugeedom takes proper account of the states and other actors that defined the ‘refugee’ as a category and sought to manage refugees as figures of concern, but it also insists upon the need to consider refugees as an active and assertive historical presence in situations of crisis and constraint. It offers a promising approach for analysing episodes and sites of mass population displacement from the perspectives of governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Crucially, refugeedom incorporates the experiences of refugees and how they narrated displacement. Finally, the article outlines a direction for global history by drawing attention to past episodes of displacement in ways that capture not only its global scale, but also the multiple relationships and practices of refugeedom.
摘要难民历史目前缺乏一个概念框架,尽管最近有大量的贡献有助于扩大这一领域。本文试图通过对历史案例研究的广泛研究,并提出难民身份的框架,来推进难民历史。Refugeedom适当考虑了将“难民”定义为一个类别并试图将难民作为关注人物进行管理的国家和其他行为者,但它也坚持认为,有必要将难民视为危机和制约局势中积极而自信的历史存在。它为从政府、政府间组织和非政府组织的角度分析大规模人口流离失所事件和地点提供了一种很有前途的方法。至关重要的是,《避难所》融合了难民的经历以及他们如何讲述流离失所的故事。最后,这篇文章通过提请人们注意过去的流离失所事件,勾勒出了全球历史的方向,不仅反映了其全球规模,还反映了难民的多重关系和实践。
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引用次数: 3
Commodity frontiers and global histories: the tasks ahead – CORRIGENDUM 商品前沿和全球历史:未来的任务——CORRIGENDUM
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-07-21 DOI: 10.1017/s1740022821000255
S. Beckert, U. Bosma, Mindi Schneider, E. Vanhaute
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), which permits noncommercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is included and the original work is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use. Cite this article: Beckert S., Bosma U., Schneider M., and Vanhaute E. 2021. Commodity frontiers and global histories: the tasks ahead – CORRIGENDUM. Journal of Global History, doi:10.1017/S1740022821000255 Journal of Global History (2021), 1 doi:10.1017/S1740022821000255
©作者,2021。剑桥大学出版社出版。这是一篇开放获取的文章,根据知识共享署名非商业共享许可证的条款分发(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/),允许在任何媒介中进行非商业性的重复使用、分发和复制,前提是包含相同的知识共享许可证,并正确引用原创作品。商业重复使用必须获得剑桥大学出版社的书面许可。引用本文:Beckert S.、Bosma U.、Schneider M.和Vanhaute E.2021。商品前沿和全球历史:未来的任务——CORRIGENDUM。《全球历史杂志》,doi:10.1017/S1740022821000255《全球历史期刊》(2021),1 doi:10.10.17/S17402022 821000255
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引用次数: 1
Co-opting the cooperative movement? Development, decolonization, and the power of expertise at the Co-operative College, 1920s–1960s 选择合作社运动?20世纪20年代至60年代合作学院的发展、非殖民化和专业知识的力量
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-07-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000279
M. Moulton
Abstract Cooperative departments and organizations were a ubiquitous but rarely studied aspect of British colonial governance in the twentieth century. The Co-operative College in Britain provided specialized training in colonial cooperation to students from across the British Empire. The cooperative movement was a key part of the emergence of regimes of development in the decades between the 1920s and 1960s, reflecting their emphasis on modular solutions deployed by experts in an increasingly homogenizing ‘developing world’. However, the colonial and post-colonial students at the Co-operative College were also critical of colonialism and capitalism, participating in the anti-colonial internationalist effort to create a more just post-imperial world. As post-colonial governments retained cooperative structures, the former students of the Co-operative College used the movement as a counter-balance to the larger forces of nationalism and neo-colonialism.
摘要合作部门和组织是20世纪英国殖民统治中普遍存在但很少被研究的方面。英国合作学院为来自大英帝国各地的学生提供殖民合作方面的专业培训。在20世纪20年代至60年代的几十年里,合作运动是发展制度出现的关键部分,反映出它们对专家在日益同质化的“发展中国家”中部署的模块化解决方案的重视。然而,合作学院的殖民主义和后殖民主义学生也对殖民主义和资本主义持批评态度,参与了反殖民国际主义的努力,以创造一个更加公正的后帝国世界。由于后殖民地政府保留了合作结构,合作学院的前学生利用这场运动来对抗更大的民族主义和新殖民主义势力。
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引用次数: 0
The value within multiform commodities: North African phosphates and global markets in the interwar period 多种形式商品的价值:两次世界大战期间北非磷酸盐和全球市场
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1017/S1740022821000097
Rebecca Gruskin
Abstract Phosphates mined in France’s North African empire fed interwar Europe’s voracious appetite for chemical fertilizers. In critique of histories vesting commodities themselves with the agency to make the modern world, I trace not the substance but the value embedded within it. By following value, I argue that the ‘commodity’ is not a stable unit of analysis. Rather, commodities are multiform. They can acquire myriad properties when the value embedded within them changes across time and place. During the interwar period, phosphates’ character as a commodity transmuted in relation to flows of other goods, movements of labour, global financial exigencies and imperial considerations. As phosphates assumed new forms, the geographic scales over which they operated changed too. Through North African phosphates, I explore value-making processes that perpetuated capital-intensive farming, allowing for a history not of the commodity-as-substance but of the commodity-as-historical-object whose analytical boundaries and forms shifted across contexts.
在法国北非帝国开采的磷酸盐满足了两次世界大战之间欧洲对化肥的贪婪需求。在对赋予商品本身创造现代世界的能力的历史的批判中,我追寻的不是商品本身的实质,而是它所蕴含的价值。通过跟踪价值,我认为“商品”不是一个稳定的分析单位。相反,大宗商品是多种形式的。当嵌入其中的价值随着时间和地点的变化而变化时,它们可以获得无数属性。在两次世界大战之间的时期,磷酸盐作为一种商品的特性随着其他商品的流动、劳动力的流动、全球金融危机和帝国的考虑而发生了变化。当磷酸盐出现新的形态时,它们运作的地理尺度也发生了变化。通过北非磷酸盐,我探索了延续资本密集型农业的价值创造过程,允许不是商品作为实体的历史,而是商品作为历史对象的历史,其分析边界和形式在不同背景下发生变化。
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引用次数: 1
Two concerns about the interpretation of the estimates of historical national accounts before 1850 关于解释1850年以前的历史国民经济核算的两个问题
IF 1.9 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/S174002282000039X
J. L. van Zanden, J. Bolt
Abstract As contribution to the debate about the interpretation of the process of economic growth before the Industrial Revolution, we discuss two concerns about the currently available estimates of historical national accounts and the way in which these estimates should be interpreted. Firstly, we argue that estimates of the long-term trends of economic growth should make use of all information contained in time series of Gross Domestic Product (GDP henceforth), and therefore use standard regression analysis to establish those trends. Secondly, we point to the problem that the time series of historical GDP are based on very different estimation procedures, which probably affect the outcome in terms of the level of GDP per capita in the period before 1850. Both concerns imply that we do not entirely agree with Jack Goldstone’s views of pre-industrial growth. In particular, his conclusion that growth was cyclical before 1800 is inconsistent with the available GDP estimates, which point to sustained growth, albeit at a very low rate.
摘要:作为对工业革命前经济增长过程解释辩论的贡献,我们讨论了关于历史国民账户当前可用估计的两个问题,以及这些估计应该如何解释。首先,我们认为对经济增长长期趋势的估计应该利用国内生产总值(GDP)时间序列中包含的所有信息,因此使用标准回归分析来建立这些趋势。其次,我们指出的问题是,历史GDP的时间序列是基于非常不同的估计程序,这可能会影响1850年以前人均GDP水平的结果。这两种担忧都意味着,我们并不完全同意杰克•戈德斯通(Jack Goldstone)关于工业化前增长的观点。特别是,他关于1800年前经济增长是周期性的结论,与现有的GDP估计不一致,后者指向持续增长,尽管增长率非常低。
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引用次数: 4
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Journal of Global History
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